Session 1 Earth and Chart1
Transcript of Session 1 Earth and Chart1
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Coastal Nav (Session 1)
The Earth and the Navigation Chart
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Coastal Nav – Session 1 (3 Hours)
Learning Outcome IMO 1.1.2
2.1, 2.2 , 2.3, 2.4
On completion the learner should be able to interpret the information on a navigationalchart and apply it to the techniques of coastal navigation.
Session 1
• Locate and identify appropriate navigational charts required for localoperations and for a coastal passage.
• Explain the advantages of using charts drawn on the Mercatorprojection for plotting the ship’s track.
• Explain the principles of position and direction on the earth’s surface
and define the terms used to apply the principles to navigation.
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – OVERVIEW
Definitions
The Earth 1 Hour
Charts 1 Hour
Course and Distance 1 Hour
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• Navigation getting A to B
• Coastal Nav still insight of land
• Offshore Nav uses time and celestial bodies
• Navigating – Position fixing and adjusting
• Piloting – Combination of nav and conning
• Conning – Visual cues and instructions only
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – DEFINITIONS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
► Earth assumed to be a sphere for navigation
► Rotates West to East about Polar axis► Bulges at equator – ellipsoid.► Flattening (or compression) of ellipsoid
F = Equatorial axis – Polar axis / Equatorial axis► For WGS 84, F = 1/298.2572
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► Earths surface not regular► Geoid – surface assumed to conform to
mean sea level.► Ellipsoid will only conform to Geoid over
limited area.
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
► Datums► Each country will use datum that “best fits” Ellipsoid to Geoid► Australia AGD66 – many charts► AGD84 – new datum► GDA94 – Geocentric Datum of Australia – replaces AGD and is
compatible with GPS► GPS uses WGS84 – World Geodetic System 1984.
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
► Great Circle – plane passes through centre of Earth, e.g. Equator► Small Circle – plane does not pass through Earths centre
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Geographical Positions
Quoted as Latitude and Longitude
Used to find a position on the Earth’s surface or describe one
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
Seconds replaced with Decimal of a Minute
33 ° 15 ·2’ S 151 ° 58 ·7’ E
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
•Prime Meridian – Meridian of Greenwich.•Meridians run from pole to pole
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LatitudeParallels of Latitude
Equator is a Great Circles, all other Latitudes Small Circles
Angular measurement North or South of Equator to Poles 90 °
D’lat = Difference of Latitude between any 2 points measuredalong a meridian
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
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Longitude
Meridian of Longitude
Run between the Poles
Are Great Circles
Angular measurement East or West from Prime Meridian 180 °
D’long = Difference of longitude – smaller angular distancebetween two oints measured alon a arallel.
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – THE EARTH
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Mercator Projection
Gnomonic Projection
Chart Scale
Chart Index
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
l
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Mercator Projection
► Cylindrical Projection► Rhumb lines (loxodromes) – straight lines. Cuts all meridians at
the same angle, i.e. a constant compass direction.
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Gnomonic Projection
► Projection to a tangent plane► Least distortion at tangent point.► Great Circles shown as straight lines
► Diagram from Wikipedia
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Mercator Chart
► Longitude scale is constant► Latitude scale (distance) varies as secant of
latitude► Lat scale = long scale x sec lat
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Mercator Chart
► What is the length of 1 minute of latitude ineach of the following latitudes, on a chartwhere 1 minute of longitude is 5mm.
► a) 5 degrees► b) 32 degrees►
c) 60 degrees► d) 90 degrees
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► a) 5.02mm► b) 5.90mm►
c) 10.0mm► d) infinite.
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Chart Scale
► Natural Scale – measure of how much areaa chart covers
► Small scale – e.g. 1:10 000 000. Oceanchart. Enough detail for passage planningonly
► Large scale – e.g. 1:250 000. Coastal chart.Sufficient detail for a coastal passage – main lights and all navigation hazards
► Very Large scale – e.g. 1:7500. Harbourplans. Large amount of detail including allbuoys and beacons.
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TITLE BLOCK
• Country / State / Area
• Chart Name
• Information up to …
• Scale
• Depths and Heights
• Projection
• Authorities Number is outside Boarder
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 CHARTS
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MAINTENANCE
• Chart correctionsNotices (permanent corrections)Temporary and Preliminary NoticesLatest EditionNAVAREA X Warnings
AUSCOAST Warnings
• Corrections from Chart Agents, Hydrographic Office, WebSite (www.hydro.gov.au)
• Magenta ink for corrections
• Noted outside chart boarder
• Chart correction log
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav S ession 1 CHARTS
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav S ession 1 CHARTS
C t l N S i 1 CHARTS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
ECDIS► Electronic Chart Display and Information
System► Meets IMO performance standards► ECS – Electronic Chart System, does not
meet IMO standards► Vector Chart – chart built from electronic
database► Raster Chart – electronic image of paper
chart
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
ECDIS can be used to meet SOLAS chart
carriage requirements if:► Type approved► Official electronic charts► Appropriate back up system► Operators properly trained► If full vector charts not available, back up
must include paper charts
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – CHARTS
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 CHARTS
ECDIS Training► Use of vector charts – differing symbols and
presentation to traditional charts► Controls► Layering► Limitations of raster charts►
Electronic updating and correction► Integration with other systems, particularlyGNSS
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Course / Direction
Measured in degrees from North 360 degrees clockwise
Using the Compass Rose
Note the Cardinal Points
Points 11 ¼ Degrees (rarely used)
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
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► Gyro Compass – points to (or close to) TrueNorth
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE
C l N S i 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Distance1 Sea Mile = 1’ of Arc of Latitude measured at location, 1842.9m
at equator and 1861.7 metres at poles.
Varies due to Earths ShapePolar Circumference = 21 602.52 nmEquatorial Circumference = 21 638.78 nmInternational Nautical Mile = 1852 metres (mean sea mile - 1’ at
Lat 48 ° ) A Cable is a length measurement of 1/10 th of a MileKnot – unit of speed. 1 nautical mile per hour.
C t l N S i 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE
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Coastal Nav ~ S ession 1 – COURSE AND DISTANCE