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Sess2 5 mazengia-th1_abs171
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Transcript of Sess2 5 mazengia-th1_abs171
THE FARMING SYSTEMS OF POTATO PRODUCTION AREAS OF
CHENCHA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
Waga Mazengia1, Rogier Schulte2, Yenenesh Tadese1, Denis Griffin2, Steffen Schulz3 and Paul C. Struik1
1Wageningen University, Netherlands2Teagasc, Ireland
3CIP‐Ethiopia
1. Introduction • Potato has been cultivated since 1858• Chencha is one of the potato production • A research‐based development project has been launched
to make Chencha centre of excellence for seed potato– Vita, – Teagasc, – Wageningen University
• One of the aims of the project is – to ensure sustainability of the farming system while producing
potato• Therefore, there was a need to know major crop
production systems & bottlenecks
2. Material & MethodsThe study area
• Chencha a district in Southern Ethiopia – Area = 373 km2
– Population density 388 persons km‐2
– Altitude = 2000 to 3000 masl– Agro‐ecology is classified as
• highland (>2500 masl), 82% • midland (2000 – 2500 masl), 18% • minimum to 11 ‐ 13 0C; • maximum to 18 ‐ 24 0C
• The district has 45 administrativeunits (kebeles)
2. Materials & Methods
No.
Kebeles (areas) No. of villages
Altitude (masl)
Agro‐ecological representation
1 Losha 4 2749 High land2 Yuera 5 2600 High land3 Laka 6 2578 High land4 Gendo Gembela 2 2640 High land5 Tegecha 4 2250 Mid land
21
• 5 kebeles (1 mid & 4 highland)• 21 villages
2. Materials & Methods
Farmer selection
• 57 HHs selected randomly • 9 ‐ 14 HHs from each kebele
Laka Kebele
2. Materials & Methods
Data collection & analysis• Individual HH interview • Group discussions • Secondary data• Feeling method & visual observation (soil texture & colour)
• SPSS software
3. Findings
Rainfall pattern • Bimodal (2 seasons)
– 1st season ‐March ‐May …… more potato– 2nd season ‐ June ‐ October
• Annual rainfall– Fluctuate over years
• 830 mm (2003) • 1679 mm (2006)
Types of crops grown • 28 crop types
– 5 root & tubers – 6 cereals – 6 pulses – 8 vegetable &fruits – 3 oil & stimulant
crops
• 7 Widely grown (60-80% HHs)
– potato – enset– wheat – barley
– kale – faba bean – apple
• # of crops / HH– 5 ‐ 14 range– 7 ‐ 8 most
Trend of potato production
• Increasing in area & production– Replacing
• Plectranthus edulis• Arisaema schimperianum• Local potato cultivars
– Reason• Introduction of new productive varieties
Practice of using improved varieties
• Farmers use improved varieties mainly: Potato (73%), Wheat (77%) Maize (72%)Barley (21%)
• Rich farmers use moreE.g. potato:
Rich 100%Medium 86%Poor 33%
% of respondents Wealth status
Total
Rich Medium Poor
% n % n % nPotato 100 17 86 22 33 18 73Wheat 94 17 82 22 56 18 77Barley 29 16 27 22 6 18 21Faba bean 12 16 6 18 0 13 6Field pea 6 16 0 18 0 13 2Maize 100 1 50 4 67 3 72
Purposes of growing crops
• Potato – Food & cash (Rich & Medium)– Food (poor)
Crops Main purpose of growing
Wealth class
Potato, enset, wheat, sweet potato
Food & cash Rich & mediumFood Poor
Barley & haricot bean Food AllVegetables Food & sale Rich & mediumApple Sale All
• Potato produce– Food 61%– Cash 12% – Seed 27%
Purposes of growing crops
Crops% of respondents by wealth class
Rich Medium Poor
Food
Cash
Food
&Cash
Food
Cash
Food
&Cash
Food
Cash
Food
&Cash
Potato 17 11 72 36 0 64 83 0 17Enset 17 11 72 36 0 64 83 0 17Wheat 17 11 72 45 0 55 83 0 17Barley 56 0 44 77 0 23 94 0 6Faba Bean 50 0 50 64 0 36 91 0 9Field Pea 42 0 58 60 0 40 88 0 13Kale 28 0 72 59 0 41 53 0 47Apple 0 79 14 0 82 0 0 86 0
• Potato – Food & cash (Rich & Medium)– Food (poor)
• Potato produce utilizatn– Food 61%– Cash 12% – Seed 27%
Overall importance of crops
• Enset ‐ 1st
• Potato – 2nd &3rd
Crops Ranks by wealth classes Over all importanceRich (n=17) Medium (n=22) Poor (n=18)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Enset 83 6 6 0 82 5 0 5 89 6 0 0 84 5 2 2Wheat 6 17 28 28 5 5 27 36 0 11 28 33 3 10 28 33Barley 0 33 33 17 0 32 27 14 0 56 28 17 0 40 29 16Potato 6 39 28 17 9 50 23 18 11 17 28 22 9 36 26 19Maize 6 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0Kale 0 0 0 22 0 0 5 14 0 6 6 17 0 2 3 17Apple 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
% HH by wealth classesRank Rich
(n=17)Medium (n=22)
Poor (n=18)
Over all
1st 6 9 11 92nd 39 50 17 363rd 28 23 28 264th 17 18 22 19
Enset(Enset ventricosum)
Cropping systems
i) Intercropping – Sole cropping is most common – Some practices of intercropping – No potato intercropping
Major intercrops Minor intercrops Common Less common
Barley Lentil Linseed Wheat Linseed Linseed & BarleyAll major field crops except field pea
Arisaema schimperianum
‐
Enset Kale ‐Apple Kale & garlic Faba bean & barley Faba bean Field pea ‐Maize Haricot bean Sweet potato
Cropping systems ii) Double cropping / rotation in a year
– Common – Different arrangements (34)– The most common
• Potato ‐ wheat or barley (95% )• Barley – potato (52%)
Rotating crops(preceding followed by succeeding
crops)
% of respondents
Rotating crops(preceding followed by
succeeding crops)
% of respondents
Potato – Potato 3.4 Sorghum – Fallow 1.7Potato – Wheat/Barley 94.8 Haricot bean – Potato 5.2Potato – Faba bean/Field pea 20.7 Haricot bean – Wheat/Barley/Tef 6.9Potato – Maize 1.7 Sweet potato – Potato/Sweet potato 3.4Potato – Sweet potato 3.4 Sweet potato – Wheat/Barley 5.2Barley – Potato 51.7 Sweet potato – Maize 3.4Barley – Wheat/Barley 48.3 Sweet potato – Haricot bean 1.7Barley – Faba bean/Field pea 41.4 Sweet potato – Fallow 1.7Barley – Haricot bean 3.4 Tef – Maize/Barley 3.4Barley – Wheat/Tef 3.4 Tef – Haricot bean 3.4Barley – Sweet potato 3.4 Fallow – Potato 34.5Barley Fallow 3 4 Fallow Wheat/Barley 51 7
Sowing dates• Potato
– February 1st season– End of Aug – mid Sept 2nd season
Crop type Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Enset La Wheat L
a GG, Lo, La
Barley Potato Faba bean L
a GG, Lo
Field pea Kale Linseed Lentil P. edulis GG Lo A.schimperianum
Cabbage, carrot, beet root, onion & garlic
Trans plant - rain fed
Raise seedlings
Trans plant - irrigation
Raise seedlings GG, Lo, La La
Apple GG, Lo
La Maize Te Sweet potato
Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te
Haricotbean Te Tef Te Te Sorghum Te Coffee Te
Potato
Seed rates
• Potato = 600 – 1600 kg ha‐11800 – 2000 recommendation
Crop type Seed rate (kgha‐1) National recommendation
Potato 600 – 1600 1800 ‐ 2000
Wheat 88 ‐ 160 125 ‐ 175
Barley 120 ‐ 140
Faba bean 40
Field pea 80
Enset 1 x 1m ‐ 2 x 2m
Sweet potato ‐
Maturity dates
• Potato = 3 – 4* months
Maturity (months)Potato 3 – 4*Sweet potato 4 ‐ 6Wheat 4* ‐5Triticale 9Barley 4* ‐ 5Maize 5‐6Sorghum 9Tef 3.5Faba bean 4* ‐ 5Field pea 4* ‐ 5
Maturity (months)Lentil 4* ‐ 5Linseed 4* ‐ 5Haricot bean 3Enset 36 ‐ 120Kale, carrot & beet root 3Onion & garlic
4Plectranthus edulis
7* ‐ 9Arisaema schimperianum 36Apple 36 ‐ 60Coffee 36
Productivity
• Potato– 7,000 (local)– 15,000 (improved) – 11,000 (Av.)
Crop type Yield (kgha‐1) National productivity (2012)
Potato 11,000 (Av.) 7989 kg/haSweet potato 18,000Wheat 1,700 (2,600)* 2000
Triticale 1,800Barley 1,600 – (3690) Tef (450)Faba bean 500 – (940)Field pea 300 – (840) Apple (6857)Note: The source of information of figures in parentheses was Chencha OoA, 2012
Tillage & weeding frequency
• Potato– Tillage 4– Weeding 1 – 3
(row & local planting)
Crop type Ploughing frequency
Weedingfrequency
Potato 4 1‐3Sweet potato 3 2Plectranthus edulis
1 ‐ 4 2 ‐ 3
Arisaema schimperianum
1 0
Enset 1 ‐ 3 1 ‐ 2Wheat 3 ‐ 4 1Barley 3 ‐ 4 1Maize 3 2Tef 4 2Sorghum 3 1Haricot bean 3 1Faba bean 1 ‐ 2 0 ‐ 1Field pea 1 ‐ 2 1
Soil types
• 12 soils types (local classification) • Abundant
• local classification – fertility status – sticky ness – hardiness to plough1. Modo 69 % Clay loam to loam
2. Gobo 67 % Clay, clay loam 3. Kalta 50 % Clay
1
2
3
4
Kalta
Fertilizer use
• Practice use for crops– DAP 81%– Urea 78%– FYM 97%– Compost 40%
• Fertilizer use for potato– Inorganic 60%– Organic 21% – Inorga + Orga 19%– No fertilizer 0%
Crop Fertilizer type & practicing households (%)
Inorganic
organic Inorganic & organic
No fertilize
Potato 60 21 19 0Wheat 50 29 21 0Barley 19 53 23 5Enset ‐ 98 ‐ 2Vegetable & apple seedling
‐ 66 ‐ 34
Faba bean ‐ 7 ‐ 57Field pea ‐ 5 ‐ 47Sweet potato 5 3 ‐ 7Maize 9 ‐ ‐ 5Tef 3 12
Seed & food sources
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Own farm Own farm & external
% of h
ouseho
lds
Fig Sources of seed and food
Source
Seed
Seed
Food
Food
Income sources
0102030405060708090100
Crop Livestock Weaving Trading Sellinglabour
Remittance Hiring outoxen
% of respo
nden
ts
Income sources
% of households against income sources
Constraints of crop production
No. Constraints Remark
1 Crop disease 1. Enset BW2. Potato LB, BW3. Wheat Yellow rest (new vars.)
2 Unproductive varieties & shortage of improved seed supply
3 Un predictable rainfall 4 Decline in soil fertility & high cost of
fertilizers Continuous cropping & erosion
5 Insect pests on potato, field pea & kale 6 Land shortage 7 Vertebrate pests (monkeys, apes,
porcupine)
4. Conclusion
• Diverse crop types
• Potato is one of the most important crops
• There are diverse soil types (3 major)
• The main income sources are crop products
including potato
4. Conclusion
• Crop production is constrained with different challenges that need interventions
1. Pests are very important challenges of potato. Specific pest types should be further identified & proper control measures taken
2. Improved seed demands are not addressed.There is a need to strengthen seed production at local level
4. Conclusion
2. Soil fertility is declining. Proper practices should be in place to restore soil fertility (conservation, fertilizer efficient methods ...)
5. Cash shortage has limited input purchasing power.Introduction of income generating activities would solve problems related to cash shortage
6. Farmers grow many crops using different management practices on small area. However, there is no information on the efficiency of management practices in terms of production, economic & labour use. Therefore, there is a need to know their efficiencies for sustainable production.