Sess11 3 professor dr andreas gransee – how potassium and magnesium affect potato yield and...

K+S Group

K+S KALI GmbHHow Potassium and Magnesium affect potato yield an quality

Prof. Dr. Andreas GranseeK+S KALI GmbHGermany

Prof. Dr. Andreas Gransee, K+S KALI GmbH K+S Group

Potassium uptake (kg K2O) of potato during the vegetation period

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

23. 25. 26. 28. 29. 31. 32. 33. 35. 36. 38. 40.KW

kg h

a-1

Cilena tubers (430 dt/ha) Cilena leaves/stemsRusset Burbanks tubers (900 dt/ha) Russet Burbanks leaves/stems

K+S KALI GmbH

Source: K+S KALI GmbH field trials, 2004

Cilena: Table potato varietyRusset Burbanks: Processed potato variety


Nutrient demand of the potato crop

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K+S KALI GmbH

Average Potato Yield in Kenya (FAOstat): 19 t ha-1

Nutrient Removal Calculation by K+S KALI GmbH


Nutrient demand of the potato crop

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K+S KALI GmbH

Average Potato Yield in Germany (FAOstat): 46 t ha-1

Nutrient Removal Calculation by K+S KALI GmbH


K distribution in potato plants

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K+S KALI GmbH


Effect of different doses and forms of K on yield of potato

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35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

Yiel

d t/h

a

Control 100 kg K2O/ha as SOP 200 kg K2O/ha as SOP 300 kg K2O/ha as SOP

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K+S KALI GmbH

Bakum-Lüsche, slight-silty sand ST (2008): 138 mg K2O/kg soil (CAL) class ‘C’

32 mg Mg/kg soil (CaCl2) class ‘A/B’


Effect of K on yield and dry matter content of potato tubers

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20,4917,7

26,79

19,5

31,11

21,6

30,37

22,4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40T1 T2* T3* T4*

* = significant T1, 2, 3, 4 = 0, 100, 150, 225 kg K2O ha-1

(+ N = 150, P = 100 kg ha-1 each)

Tuber yield (t ha-1) Dry matter content (%)

(average of 10 fields), 1996-97

K+S KALI GmbH


Relative yield increase as affected by K supply (Control = 100 %)

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K+S KALI GmbH

K supply from soil

low middle optimal high

Yiel

d re

lativ

e to

co

ntro

l (%

)

K-MA / Prof. Dr. Andreas Gransee, Dr. Hendrik Führs K+S Group

K+S KALI GmbHQuality parameters for potatoes used in processing industry

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Processing quality

External quality Internal qualityExternal consitution• Tuber size• Tuber form• Skin firmness• Eye depth

Internal consitution• Valuable ingredients (e.g. starch,

vitamins, minerals)• Turgor and physiological age

External defects• Damages• Growth disruptions• Rot and scurf• Greening• Tuber misshaping

Internal defects• Internal damages• Internal rot• Invaluable ingredients (e.g.

nitrate, heavy metals, reducingsugars, alkaloides, acrylamide

• Black spots• Hollow centersAccording to Dr. Haase, Max Rubner-Institute (MRI) Detmold, 2010


Effect of Potassium and magnesium on tuber sensitivity to damages(No. of damages per 100 tubers)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 120 240 360 240*

dam

ages

(n)

20092008

9

K+S KALI GmbH

kg/ha K2O as Patentkali®, * as Korn-Kali®

Averages of three trials each, Landwirtschaftskammer Lower SaxonyVarieties: Verdi 2009, Kuras and Saturna 2008Artificial mechanical impact induced by damage test bench of potato research station Dethlingen and rating of necrotic tissue according to Bundessortenamt-Index


K fertilization and K form affect yield and starch content

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K+S KALI GmbH

47,551,2

57 56,7 58,3

7,7 8,5 9,5 8,5 8,6

16,116,5 16,7

1514,7

13

14

15

16

17

18

0

15

30

45

60

K 0 240 SOP 400 SOP 240 MOP 400 MOP

%t ha-

1

K fertilization kg K2O ha-1

Magnesium supply in all variants: 320 kg ha-1 Kieserit gran.

Schuby 2003 K content soil medium Cultivar : Linda

Tuber yield Starch yield Starch content

Source: Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig-Holstein


Factors for black spot incidence in potato tubers

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Growing conditions:site, water supply

VarietyHarvest conditions

Post harvest treatment

Maturity of tubers

Tuber content:• free phenolic amino acids• organic acids (pH)• other phenolic compounds• activities of enzymes

Mineral contents (K, Ca, Fe, Mg)

Fertilization

Storage conditions

(After Pawelzik, Delgado 1999)

K+S KALI GmbH


Black spots as a consequence of K deficiency

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Deficient K supply

Optimal K supply

K+S KALI GmbH


Effect of different K supply on black spot incidenceof potato

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0 102 205 3070

20

40

60

80

kg K2O/ha as SOP

Black spot incidence (%)

before after storage

Average of 9 trials with increasing K supply on light soils in northern Germany

K+S KALI GmbH


30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

controle 100 kg/ha K2O asSOP

200 kg/ha K2O asSOP

300 kg/ha K2O asSOP

300 kg/ha K2O asSOP

yiel

d (t/

ha)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

blac

k sp

ot in

cide

nce

(%)

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Influence of K and Mg application on yield and quality of potatoes (variety Premiere)

K+S KALI GmbH

Bakum-Lüsche, silty sandSoil analysis: Ø 13,6 mg K2O/100 g soilCAL

Ø 3,2 mg Mg/100 g soil CaCl2

+ 400 kg ha-1 ESTA® Kieserit

Prof. Dr. Andreas Gransee, K+S KALI GmbH K+S GroupK+S Gruppe / 16

Quality parameters NutrientsN P K Mg Ca

Tuber yield ++ + ++ + +Starch content - + +/- + +Protein content ++ ++ +Ascorbic acid - and citric acid + + ++Maturation - +Skin firmness - +After cooking blackening ++Storability - + +Reducing sugars - +Resistance against:Damages - + + +Black spot incidence - ++ +Discolourations +++ = positive effect ++ = very positive effect - = negative effect

Effect of fertilization on quality parametersK+S KALI GmbH


Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms

● Interveinal chlorosis on older lower leaves with a marbling effect (leaf veins remain green)

● Later various shades of red/purple can appear as chlorophyll breaks down leading eventually to leaf necrosis.

16Photos: K+S KALI GmbH

K+S KALI GmbH


Potassium Deficiency Symptoms

● Bronzing of leaves and necrosis of leaf margins and tips.

● Stunted bushy plants with small leaves and very premature senescence before adequate tuber bulking.

17Photos: K+S KALI GmbH

K+S KALI GmbH


Balanced FertilisationCrucial for potato yield and quality

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Potassium and Magnesiumare crucial for high potato yield and the risk management in unfavorable conditions such as drought.

Potassium decreases the incidence of discolorationssuch as internal blackening and blackspot

Potassium increases citric acid, vitamin C and starch content of the tuber

Potassium decreases reducing sugar content

important for processing

An optimum supply of potassium improves harvest and storage characteristics. This results in a reduced susceptibility to bruising

Magnesium is essential for the assimilation of the plant and affects protein and carbohydrate synthesis and their transport and storage in the tuber

K+S KALI GmbH

Potassium and Magnesium

Prof. Dr. Andreas Gransee, K+S KALI GmbH K+S GroupK+S Gruppe / 1

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Sess11 3 professor dr andreas gransee – how potassium and magnesium affect potato yield and...

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