SERUM AND LIVER TISSUE HYDROCARBONS CONTENTS OF MALE RATS ORALLY EXPOSED TO BONNY LIGHT CRUDE OIL....
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Transcript of SERUM AND LIVER TISSUE HYDROCARBONS CONTENTS OF MALE RATS ORALLY EXPOSED TO BONNY LIGHT CRUDE OIL....
SERUM AND LIVER TISSUE HYDROCARBONS SERUM AND LIVER TISSUE HYDROCARBONS CONTENTSCONTENTS OF MALE RATS ORALLY EXPOSED OF MALE RATS ORALLY EXPOSED
TO BONNY LIGHT CRUDE OIL.TO BONNY LIGHT CRUDE OIL.
PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY
SAVIOUR U. UFOT,SAVIOUR U. UFOT, Ph.D MBA Ph.D MBA
BIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENTBIOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENTFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF CALABARUNIVERSITY OF CALABARCALABAR - NIGERIACALABAR - NIGERIA
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION::
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are
among the hydrocarbons constituents in
crude oil with most dangerous
environmental contaminants (Adeyemi et
al., 2008, 2009). Exploration and
exploitation of crude oil have caused several
environmental problems arising from
spillage of the oil and flaring of gas.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION::
Georgewill (2012) reported that large volumes
of crude oil are spilled annually into the Niger
delta creeks, thereby polluting the soil and
water within the environment. The adverse
effects caused by oil spillage on humans and
other organisms within the affected area(s)
may be attributed to the consumption of oil
polluted water, contaminated agricultural
produce and sea foods.
It has been reported that some Traditional
Medicine Practioners in Nigeria claimed that
crude oil has an analgesic effect that is
comparable to the analgesic effect of aspirin
(Orisakwe et al., 2000). Literature report
indicates that crude oil may provide remedy for
different types of ailments, including disorders of
the gastrointestinal tract, certain types of burns,
ulcers of the leg, “foot rots” as well as antidote
for poisoning; and that it has the ability to drive
away witchcraft (Dienye et al., 2012).
Direct exposure to crude oil has been
reported to have an adverse effect on some
biochemical and haematological properties in
experimental animals. According to Dienye
et al. (2012), exposure to crude oil produces
a variety of complications in different organs,
including liver, lungs, kidneys and the skin.
Introduction Cont’d
It has been reported that several petroleum
and petroleum products induced toxicity
effects are attributed to hydrocarbon
constituents of these products (Orisakwe et
al., 2000; Uboh et al 2012). However, there is
scarcity of information on the specific
hydrocarbon constituents of Nigerian Bonny
Light crude oil accumulated in the blood
following oral exposures.
The study aimed at assessing the types and
concentration of hydrocarbons accumulated
in the serum and liver tissues of male rats
orally exposed to bonny light crude oil.
MATERIALS AND MATERIALS AND METHODS:METHODS:
Animal Handling and Treatment: Twenty male albino Wistar rats (180–200g) were used in this study. The rats were distributed into two groups (control and test groups), with ten rats each. The test animals were orally gavaged 60mg/kg bwt of Bonny Light Crude oil (BLCO), once daily for twenty eight days, while the control animals were given distilled water.
MATERIALS AND MATERIALS AND METHODS:METHODS:The animals, housed in plastic cages with metallic top, were kept under the prevailing normal room temperature and humidity, and a 12-h light/dark cycle. . The animals were allowed free access to standard laboratory animal pellets (Guinea Feeds, Benin, Nigeria) and water ad libitum.
MATERIALS AND MATERIALS AND METHODS:METHODS:
The BLCO used in this study was obtained from the NNPC/TOTAL/SHELL Joint venture in Port Harcourt through procedural authorization from the Department of Petroleum Resources Zonal Office, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Animals handling and treatments in this study followed the guidelines of the Institution’s Animal Handling Ethical Committee. All the chemicals used were of analytical grade.
After twenty-four hours from the last exposure, the animals in both groups were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia, blood and liver tissues collected for analyses. The whole blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture, allowed to clot, and serum separated after centrifugation.
The serum and digested liver tissue samples were extracted and analysed for hydrocarbon types and concentrations . using Gas Chromatographic (GC) – Mass Spectrometry (MS) techniques as described by Tunsaringkarn et al. (2004)
Data Analysis:
Data generated from this research work were
reported as the mean values and standard
deviations. The data were further computed and
analyzed using one way “ANOVA” and unpaired
“Student’s t-test”. The data were analyzed with
the help of a statistical package, SPSS version
18.0 for Windows, and considered significant at
p<0.05.
Group
Treatment
Number of Rats
Males
1 Distilled Water (control) 10
2 60mg/kg body weight of crude oil 10
TABLE 1
Distribution and treatment of animals in the respective groups
RESULT & DISCUSION:RESULT & DISCUSION:
The results showed that benzene, toluene, ethylmethylene, xylene, BTEX, pyrene, naphthalene and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the serum and liver tissues of rats exposed to BLCO were significantly (p<0.05) higher, compared to respectively with the concentrations in the serum and liver tissues of control rats. However, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the serum and liver concentrations of these hydrocarbons in both the control and test animals.
The reports of ATSDR (1990, 1991) and Ritchie
et al. (2001) demonstrated that benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are
among the major aromatic hydrocarbon
constituents of most petroleum products,
including gasoline. NIOSH (1990), ATSDR
(2007), Weisel (2010) and McHale et al. (2012)
reported that most of these hydrocarbons are
biotransformed into reactive metabolites by
hepatic tissues metabolizing system.
Also, Schaumburg and Spencer (1978) earlier
reported that the aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons which are the major constituents
of petroleum products are metabolized in the
liver tissue. Several tissue toxicities have been
reported for petroleum polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in humans and experimental
animals (Otitoloju and Olagoke, 2011; King et
al., 2012; Osuala, 2012).
The results of this study indicate that these
hydrocarbons, on absorption within the GIT,
are relatively distributed equally within the
serum and liver tissues. The results also
suggest that the hydrocarbons, and/or their
metabolites, are implicated in the different
tissue toxicity effects reported for petroleum
and petroleum products in humans and
experimental animals.
Appreciation.Appreciation.
To OMICS Organising Committee for the
opportunity to present the result of my
studies.
To Associate Professor Dr. F. E. UBOH,
Professors Patrick E. Ebong and Eyong U.
Eyong for their guidance and support during
the course of the study.