9 September 1966Vol. 153, No. 3741

Babbin; Expedient Service:

W. R. Roderick; L. Ornsteini; Further Observations on Eskimo Culture:S. Atainian; English Spoken Here: W. D. Keller; The New Soviet Genetics:R. H. Osborne; Reactions to Nuclear Reactors: S. Novick; On BiomedicalDiscoveries: E. Menidelsoha, J. P. Swvazey, S. J. Reiser

EDITORIAL Preschool Education ...........................................

ARTICLES Use of Oral Contraception in the United States, 1965: N. B. Ryder and C. F. Westofif

The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior: B. F. Skinnier ......

Luminous Phenomena in Nocturnal Tornadoes: B. Vonniieg-lt and J. R. Wey,er ......

NEWS AND COMMENT

BOOK REVIEWS

Space: Caution on Post-Apollo; Systems Approach: Political Interest Rises ......

Report fromt Eutrope: Pasteur Institute Rebels Lose a RouLnd: V. K. McElhen7y ....

The Contract State: B. C. Dennyii

The Rise of the Techniiocrats: A Social History, reviewed by C. W. Conidit: otherreviews by W. E. Yasso, J. T. Vanzder.slice, F. W. Anderson, L. C. Birch,H. Levy; New Books ....

REPORTS Isotopic Composition of Strontium in Volcanic Rocks from Oahu:J. L. Powell and S. E. DeLon,g........

Some DouLbts about the Earth's Dust Cloud: C. Nilsson. .. ...............

Antipodal Location of Continents and Oceans: C. G. A. Harrison ..............

Ciliastatic Components in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke:T. R. Walker and J. E. Kiefer.

North Atlantic Deep-Sea Fertility: R. 0. Foiirnier.

Susceptibility of Human Diploid Fibroblast Strains to Transformation bySV40 Virus: G. J. Todaro, H. Greeni, M. R. Swift ......

Severe Impairment of Heat-Induced Saliva-Spreading in Rats Recovered fromI ateral Hypothalamic Lesions: F. R. Hains.wortli and A. N. Epwtein

1221

1226

1229

1231

1239

1 242

1246

1248

1250

1252

1255

BOARD OF DIRECTORS HENRY EYRING ALFRED S. ROMER DON K. PRICE

RZetiring President, Chairman President President Elect DAVID R. GODDARD MINA S. ::REES

VICE PRESIDENTS AND MATHENlATICS (A) PHYSICS (8) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (0)

SEC TION SECRETAR5S NAlbert W Tucker Allen V. Astin Alfred E. Browrt Philip C. KeenanS0ECTION SECRE-TARIES Wallace Givens Stanley S. Ballard Milton Orchin Frank Bradshaw- Wood

ANTHROPOLOGY fH) PSYCHOLOGY (I) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCECora Du Bois Robert M. Gagne Kenneth E. Boulding Melvin KranzbergAnthony Leeds Frank W. Finger Eugene B. Skolnikoff Norwood Russell Hanson

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Np) AGRICULTURE (0) INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUJCATION (QI

Andre Archambault Nyte C. Brady Ellis A. Johnson Clarence H.' Beer

Joseph P. Buckley Ned D. Bayley Burton V. Dean Frederic 8. Dcuttoi

DIVISIONS ALASKA DtIVSION PACIfIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIOlA, B. Colyer Eleanor Viereck Daniel G, Aldrich, Jr. Robert C. Miller Earl D. Camp Marlowe G. AndersonPresident Executive Secretary President Secretary President Executive Secretary

SCI:ENCE is published weekly on Friday and on the fourth Tuesday in November by the Americarl Associati'on for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., N

Washington. D.C. 20005. Now combined with The Scientific Monthly Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Copyright 4-4 1966 by the American Association for

:Advancerment of Science. Annual subscriptions $8.50; foreign postage, $1.5GO Canadian postage, 75<;-, single copies, 35(', except Guide to Scientific Instruments, which is

0School year subscriptions: 9 months, $7. 10 months, $7.50. Provide 4 weeks' notice for change of address, giving new and old address and zip numbers. Send a recer

address label. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature.

1193

1197

1199

1 205

1213

Antibody Molecules: Discontinuous Heterogeneity of Heavy Chains:0.A.Roholt and D. Pressman...................................... 1257

Lead-210 and Polonium-210 in Tissues of Cigarette Smokers: R. B. Holtzmanand F. H. Ilcewicz ................................................... 1259

Alpha Globulin Injections and Decreased Gamma Globulin Production inChickens: B. B. Kamrin ............................................. 1261

Glycogen Content in the Wood-Boring Isopod, Limznoria lignorumn: R. Y. George 1262

Antiserum to Lymphocytes: Prolonged Survival of Canine Renal Allografts:A. P. Monaco et al. 1264

N-Cyclohexyl Linoleamide: Metabolism and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects in Rats:H. Nakatani et al. ................................................... 1267

Chloroplast DNA from Tobacco Leaves: K. K. Tewari and S. G. Wildman ...... 1269

Contractile Cells in Human Seminiferous Tubules: M. H. Ross and 1. R. Long .... 1271

Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli: Pressure andTemperature Effects: J. V. Landau ....... .............................. 1273

Pulmonary Arterial Vasculature in Neonatal Hyaline Membrane Disease:J. M. Lauweryns .................................................... 1275

Polymorphism of Shock Loaded Fe-Mn and Fe-Ni Alloys: T. R. Loree et al .. 1277

Malathion Degradation by Trichoderina viride and a Pseudomnonas Species:F. Matsumura and G. M. Boush ...................................1....278

Dominant Hemispherectomy: Preliminary Report on NeuropsychologicalSequelae: A. Smith and C. W. Burklund ................................ 1280

"Dream Deprivation": Effects on Dream Content: T. Pivik and D. Foulkes .... .... 1282

"Copulation-Reward Site" in the Posterior Hypothalamus: A. R. Caggiutlaand B. G. Hoebel .................................................... 1284

High-Pressure Reactions and Shear Strength of Serpentinized Dunite: C. B. Sclarand L. C. Carrison; reply by T. P. Rooney and R. E. Riecker .... .......... 1285

Technical Comments: Single Cells, Coconut Milk, and Embryogenesis in vitro:W. Halperin ............-------------------------.-.----------. 1287

MEETINGS Teaching Machines: V. Slamnecka; Mental Retardation: H. Eichenwald. 1290

COVER

Coarse grains of sand, mostly quartz,,from the ocean beach at Yachats,A ~. Oregon. The surface sheen is a resultof wave action (about X 3.5). See

review of The Movemnent of BeachSand, page 1232. [Victor B. Scheffer,Bellevue, Washington]

9 September 1966, Volume 153, Number 3741

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its. readers as a forum forthe presentation and discussion of impor-tant issues related to the advancement ofscience, including the presentation of mi-nority or conflicting points of view, ratherthan by publishing only material on whicha consensus has been reached. Accordingly,all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and bookreviews-are signed and reflect the indi-vidual views of the authors and not officialpoints of view adopted by the AAAS orthe institutions with which the authors areaffiliated.

Editorial Board

ROBERT L. BOWMAN EVFRETT I. MENDELSOHNJOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN NEAL E. MILLERJOHN T. EDSALL JOHN R. PIERCEEMIL HAURY KENNETH S. PITZERALEXANDER HOLLAENDER ALEXANDER RICHWILLARD F. LIBBY DEWITT STETTEN, JR.GORDON J. F. MACDONALD CLARENCE M. ZENER

Editorial Staff

EditorPHILIP H. ABELSON

Publisher Business ManagerDAEL WOLPLE HANS NUSSBAUM

Managing Editor: ROBERT V. ORMES

Assistant Editors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.RINGLE

Assistant to the Editor: NANCY TEIMOURIAN

News and Comment: DANIEL S. GREENBERG,JOHN WALSH, ELINOR LANGER, LUTHER J. CARTER,MARION ZEIGER, JANE AYRES

Europe: VICTOR K. MCELHENY, Fiat 3, 18 Ken-sington Court Place, London, W.8, England(Western 5360)

Book Reviews: SYLVIA EBERHART

Editorial Assistants: ISABELLA BOULDIN, ELEA-NORE BUTZ, BEN CARLIN, GRAYCE FINGER, NANCYHAMILTON, OLIVER HEATWOLE, ANNE HOLDSWORTH,KONSLYNNIETTA HUTCHINSON, KATHERINE LIVING-STON, DIRGHAM SALAHI, BARBARA SHEFFER

Advertising Staff

Director Production ManagerEARL J. SCHERAGO ROSE MARIE ROMAGNOLO

Sales: New York, N.Y., 11 W. 42 St. (212-PE-6-1858): RICHARD L. CHARLES, ROBERT S. BUGBEE

Scotch Plains, N.J., 12 Unami Lane (201-889-4873): C. RICHARD CALLIS

Chicago, I1I. 60611, 919 N. Michigan Ave., Room426 (312-DE-7-4973): HERBERT L. BURKLUNDLos Angeles 45, Calif., 8255 Beverly Blvd. (213-

653-9817): WINN NANCE

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Phone:202-387-7171. Cable: Advancesci, Washington.Copies of "Instructions for Contributors" can beobtained from the editorial office. ADVERTISINGCORRESPONDENCE: Rm. 1740, 11 W. 42 St.,New York, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212-PE 6-1858.

SCIE:NC:E

Preschool Education

The education of 3- to 5-y-ear-olds is no longer a subject of interestonly to a few specialists and certain parents of young children.. Acombination of urgent need, new money, and fresh ideas has createda climate highly favorable to research and action.The demand for more knowledge and better practice in preschool

education springs from several sources. Children of poverty need helpto break out of the cycle of inadequate education, low occupationalskill, low pay. Many children in low-income and minority groups haveneither adequate educational opportunitie-s nor the ability to take fulladvantage of the meager opportunities they have. In addition, the lastdecade has seen a premium.placed on the intellectual content of educa-tion, and people are asking why children cannot acquire significantintellectual skills before entering first grade and thus accelerate theirprogress. Recently the Educational Policies Commission of the Na-tional Education Association called for universal preschool educationat public expense for 4- and 5-year olds.

In 1964 total preschool enrollment was 3,187,000 children, with471,000 in nursery schools and 2,716,000 in kindergartens. The Officeof Economic Opportunity began its preschool program, Operation Head,tart, in the summer of 1965 and estimates that 550,000 children were

enrolled in the 1966 summer program at a cost of $110 million to thefederal government. In only 2 years this one new federal program in-creased preschool enrollment by 17 percent.

Although we know comparatively little about the effectiveness ofearly-education techniques, it is increasingly clear that the preschoolchild is an extremely plastic organism capable of widely varying intel-lectual behavior under different conditions of--environment and training.-Jean Piaget's monumental work and other studies of the reception ofinformation from the environment, information processing, and languageand communication all demonstrate that the preschool child is develop-ing intellectually as he grows physically and matures in emotional andsocial behavior. A corollary conclusion is that inadequate stimulationat early ages results in long-term deficiencies in cognitive functioning.We do not have enough scientific knowledge to design with con-

fidence the kinds of preschool programs that will meet the needs ofyoung children. More research is called for on several levels-in thelaboratory, to analyze and understand the relation of those environ-ments to development; and in different settings, to evaluate the effects of

many different approaches to early education.At the same time society will not wait. Preschool education will

inevitably become more and more widespread, but it is too soon to

systematize early education. Increased public financial support is neces-

sary, and it should be used to help develop the best of traditional nurseryschool education as well as radically different approaches. Television isan untapped resource, and its potential for early education should be'

fully tested.A better understanding of the limits of early achievement-in'tel-

lectual, social, emotional, and physical-is the key scientific problemin this area. Once we attain that understanding we will be able to

decide on the appropriate obectives. At the same time, we should besure our system of preschool education is broad enough and flexibleenough to accommodate and test new ideas.-LLOYD N. MORRISETT,Vice President, Carnegie Corporation of New York