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Transcript of September 21, 2006 DePaul University, Chicago, IL APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006...
September 21, 2006DePaul University, Chicago, IL
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property Law
Alicia Alvarez Berkenwald, Chem. Eng. Patent Attorney
Protection of Biochemical Inventions in Argentina.
Overview of Patentable Subject Matter
• Argentina: agricultural country
• Agriculture: competitive advantage
• Factors: - Direct sowing- Agribiotech
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Country Features
• Agribiotech: main protection systems
- Plant Breeders’ Rights - Patent Law
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
The Legal Frame
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patent Law
• 1995: New Patent Law
- Specific provisions on living matter
• 1996: Regulatory Decree
- More restrictive than PL
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patent Law
• 2002: Permanent working team
- Secretary of Agriculture / Patent Office
• 2003: Guidelines for patentability
- Restrictive interpretation of PL and regulatory
decree
• An invention is everything created by man which allows the transformation of matter or energy for exploitation by man
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Invention
• Not considered inventions:
- Discoveries
- Any kind of living matter and substances …
… pre-existing in nature or identical to a natural element -- Even purified and isolated
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Not considered inventions:
- Animals, parts or components that lead to a whole individual
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Not considered inventions:
- Plants, propagation materials, parts or components that lead to a whole individual
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Not patentable:
- Microorganisms pre-existing in nature -- even isolated and purified
• Patentable:
- Modified microorganisms
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Not patentable:
- Cells that may lead to a plant or animal
• However, any cell component is considered a substance
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Patentable:
- Modified substances
- Synthetic substances different from natural ones
- DNA, plasmids, proteins, sequences, etc.,which are not
identical to a natural element
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Not patentable:
- Essentially biological processes - “Series of steps that result in the obtention of plants
or animals and that are accomplished to a great extent
by action of phenomena existing in nature e.g. Selection
and Cross-Breeding”
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
• Patentable
- Microbiological processes - “Industrial processes that use, apply or result in a microorganism”
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Patentability Criteria
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• First decision concerning biochemical inventions
• Dealt with for the first time: - Clarity of claims - Enablement requirement
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• CIC applied for a patent claiming a sunflower seed comprising an oil with a greater content of stearic acid, obtainable by treating parent seeds with a mutagenic agent, germinating seeds, culturing plants, collecting and selecting seeds, optionally repeating stages
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• First office action: seeds cannot constitute patentable subject matter
• Seeds and plant varieties can be protected by
Plant Breeders’ Rights
• UPOV 78: no double protection allowed
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• New Claims:
- Product Claim: a sunflower oil characterized for having a
content of stearic acid 12% greater that the content of stearic acid in the oil obtained from wild seeds
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• New Claims:
- Method Claim: method for preparing a sunflower oil by
treating parent seeds with a mutagenic agent, germinating
seeds, culturing plants, collecting and selecting seeds,
optionally repeating stages
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• After 3 office actions, the application was rejected • The applicant judicially requested the reversal of the PTO decision
• The Lower Court and the Federal Court of Appeals
confirmed the PTO decision on the following basis...
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• The applicant defined the product (oil) by the content of
stearic acid in relation to the content of stearic acid of the
oil obtained from wild seeds • The applicant failed to define the stearic acid content of
the oil obtained from wild seeds
• Claim is indefinite
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• Method Claims: the proposed method leads to obtain
a sunflower seed or plant (plant variety)
• Seeds and plants are protected by Plant Breeders’ Rights
• Double protection is not allowed
• A method to obtain the oil was not disclosed
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• The result of the method is fortuitous since it depends on
selecting the appropriate seeds • Reproducibility is not guaranteed
• The applicant failed to provide enough explanatory
information
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
• Understanding what went wrong:
-The sunflower seed should have been protected through
Plant Breeders’ Rights.
-The oil could have been protected by a Patent if the claim
had been properly drafted.
The Sunflower Seed Ruling
Conclusions
• Plant Breeders’ Rights:
- Plants or seeds, even genetically modified
- Propagation materials
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Conclusion
• Patents:
- Plants and animals: No
- Plant or animal parts: No, if a variety is hidden
- Plant or animal cells: No, if a variety is hidden
- MO, DNA, genes, vectors, proteins, sequences: Yes,
if not identical to a natural element
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Conclusion
• Patents:
- Process for the production of plants or animals: No, if
essentially biological
- Process for the production of a plant or animal: Yes, if
it includes a technical step
- Process for treating plants or seeds: Yes, if new features
are non-inheritableAPLF- DePaul University College of Law
2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property Law
Conclusion
• IP system in AR is still developing
• Litigation is increasing and decisions are favoring IP
• Plant Breeders’ Rights can be supplemented by
Patent Rights
APLF- DePaul University College of Law 2006 Symposium on Intellectual Property
Law
Conclusion
Thank you.
E-mail: [email protected]: www.goberal.com.ar