September 18 - Home | York University · Web viewJackson Pollock, for example (M p55) Antonio...
Transcript of September 18 - Home | York University · Web viewJackson Pollock, for example (M p55) Antonio...
September 18, 2017
Reading considered today:Moghaddam Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6
CHAPTER 3The Placebo Effect
Inactive substances can be effective when one believes in them.
Meaning systems explanations – a model of the effect
1. We interpret the situation and assign meanings
2. These interpretations and meaning influence us
3. Our changed behaviour (thinking, emotion) affects us physically
Shamans and other non-biologically oriented healers
Some non-medical examples
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Expectancy effects - Robert Rosenthal
Operation S.M.A.R.T.
Self-presentation and placebo (p 32)
William James example (with Grover)
When fearful, act confidently
Authority and placebo
The power of the stethoscope in ads
The Milgram study
The design of medical/drug experiments
Controlling for the placebo effect
Ethics of studying and prescribing placebos
Humanistic Psychology and the placebo effect
Rogers, Maslow, the anti-psychiatry movement (Laing, Szasz)
Jerome Frank's Psychotherapy as Rhetoric
Therapy is an attempt to persuade clients to change their meaning systems. In order to feel better, change your view of the world.
“In order to survive, humans must make sense of their experiences; that is, they must attribute meanings to them. The determinants of our thinking, feeling, and behaviour are the meanings we attribute to our own feelings and to personal events.”
“Successful psychotherapy relieves distress and disability by transforming the meanings patients ascribe to events from negative to positive.”
Jerome Frank
For more information on placebo effects:
Mechanism of the placebo effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy and expectancy effects
nocebos
The Healing Power of Placebos - a consumer-oriented article from the U.S. Federal Drug Administration
A review of York philosopher David Jopling's Talking Cures and Placebo Effects.
Journalist Erik Vance’s writing on placebo and suggestibility
Vox article on placebo effect
Culture-bound syndromes
CHAPTER 4Mind: Conscious, nonconscious and unconscious psychological processing
Processes that take place outside of conscious awareness
Automaticity
Automatic body processes
Stroop task (reading colours)
Implicit meanings and associations
Priming
Anagram task
Perceptual priming (M p58)
Fiery or charming?
False consciousness (class or gender relations)
Learning and memory processes
Savings scores
Reconstructive memory (M p56)
Courtroom examples
Sensation and perception
jnd (M p44)
Gestalt closure (M p45)
The Freudian Unconscious
Theories of Human Nature
Conflict
Thomas Hobbes
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Karl Marx
Conflict among id, ego, superego
Anxiety and its effects
Repression and other defense mechanisms
Sublimation
Dreams and slips of the tongue
Royal road to the unconscious
REMs and other biological aspects
Is it true?
Falsifiability
Freudian view of human nature
Deterministic, irrational (emotional rather than rational), instinctual, bestial, in conflict with society
Is it useful?
Film, literary, art criticism Jackson Pollock, for example (M p55)
Antonio Damasio’s studies of consciousness and emotion
Damasio’s TED Talk
From Damasio’s book Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain
CHAPTER 5
Study of the mind
Origins in philosophy
Influence of biological science
Search for objectivity
Reductionism and the nature/nurture debate
Causal science – normative science
The Bio-Psychological approach
Some philosophical matters
Materialism and monism
Mind and Body (M p64)
Associationism (M p66)
William James
A few things about neurons
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Pavlov's classical conditioning
Split-brain research
Gazzaniga videos (about 20 mins. total)
Genetics
Are there genes for particular psychological characteristics?
Can psychological characteristics be inherited?
Where is memory, how does it work?
Physical correlates of learning
Engram or memory trace
Materialism and monism
connected parts of brain, neurons, RNA molecules
Long-term potentiation
Moghaddam's footnote (p. 75)
Donald Hebb
Plasticity
Associationism
Pavlov's classical conditioning
Hebbian synapses, cell assemblies and phase sequences
Stimulation and Inhibition
Localization of psychological functioning in specific brain regions
Gall, Flourens, Broca, Lashley, Penfield
Phineas Gage
Ramachandran video
Potential locations of memory and mind
Cell structures
Electrical activity
Magnetic activity
Neurochemistry (LTP)
Eric Kandel prions, Randy Gallistel neurons
Potential to improve memory
Moghaddam's concerns (FM 74)
Duration of LTP
Reductionism (relation to meaning systems)
Psychological phenomena as side-effects
Changing our experience, changing our environment
Where is the agency?
CHAPTER 6Learning and Behaviourism
Basic tenets - natural science (M p80)
Associationism
Innate intuitions vs Tabula rasa
Experience: repetition, contiguity
Evolution
Positivism (M p316) (truth, observable)
No consciousness
Nothing subjective
Environmental orientation, adaptation emphasis
Reductionism (atomistic) and Individualism
Universal laws of learning (nomothetic, M p208)
Law of effect, law of exercise
Learning is a relatively long-term change in behaviour as a result of experience
S - R
S - O - R
Experimental, laboratory methodology
The classical conditioning paradigm
S - R learning
S - S learning
Stimulus substitution
Words as a second signal system
Applications of classical conditioning
Learned fears and other emotions
Kuo’s kittens
Little Albert on YouTube
Operant conditioning paradigm (instrumental learning)
Thorndike's puzzle box
Behaviour changes as a result of its consequences - not insight
Skinner box
Schedules of reinforcement – variable ratio, for example
Responses / Reinforcers
Control, measurement, free will
Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence
Deborah Skinner
Reinforcers, Reinforcement
Learning processes – extinction, generalization
Applications of operant conditioning
Transitions from behaviourism to cognitive science
Language - Chomsky and Skinner
Konrad Lorenz - Imprinting
Some behaviours more easily learned
Lev Vygotsky – scaffolding
Collaborative construction of meaning
Opening the “black box”
Causal conceptual frameworks for both
Behaviourism as a reaction to introspection problems
Behaviourism and materialism, Pavlov and Vygotsky
The North American zeitgeist
Rags to riches
Individual freedom
Personal responsibility
Reinforcers - The Premack principle
Attention and time-out
Punishment
Behaviour modification
Social learning theory
Albert Bandura (3:56)
Observational learning
Modelling
Topics in the video
S – O – R
Environment - Person - Behaviour
Desensitization and modelling
Self-efficacy (relation to effort and doubt)
Fortuity (Chance favours the adventurous and inquisitive)
Moral disengagement
Heredity and Environment (nature/nurture)