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Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09
qÁ. f. J¸ï. £À«Ã£ï PÀĪÀiÁgï, qÁ. ²æÃPÁAvï zÉÆqÀتÀĤ, ªÀÄvÀÄÛ qÁ. §¸ÀªÀgÁeï E£ÁªÀÄzÁgïvÀ½ ¸ÀAªÀzsÀð£Á «¨sÁUÀ
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gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀĪÀ£ÀÄß PÉƼÀî®Ä ºÉZÁÑV ªÀÄzsÀåªÀwðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CªÀ®A©ü¹gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ªÀiÁgÁlPÉÌ EgÀĪÀ GvÀÛªÀÄ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
CªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¸À ܼÀ, ªÀ iÁ°PÀgÀ ¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¨É¯É ¤zsÀðj¸À®Ä gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ªÀÄz sÀ åªÀwðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
CªÀ®A©ü À¨ÉÃPÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ C¤ªÁAiÀÄð.DzÀgÉ GvÀÛªÀÄ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄ«£À DAiÉÄÌAiÀÄ ¤zsÁðgÀªÀ£ÀÄß vÁªÉà ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¯ÉøÀÄ.
gÁ¸À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁgÁl ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ ªÀiÁgÁlUÁgÀgÀÄ gÁ¸À£ÀÄß PÉƼÀÄîªÀªÀjUÉ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁzÀ ªÀiÁ»w ¤ÃqÀĪÀÅ¢®è. ªÀAiÀĸÀÄì,
PÀgÁ«£À ¸ÀASÉå, gÁ¹£À DgÉÆÃUÀå, ºÁ®Ä GvÁàzÀ£É §UÉÎ CªÀgÀÄ ¤ÃqÀĪÀ CAQ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ gÁ¹£À ¤dªÁzÀ zÁR¯ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ
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ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀ ªÀiÁ»wUÀ¼À ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð Cj«gÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ºÉå£ÀÄUÁjPÁ GzÉÆåÃUÀzÀ°è£À ¯Á¨sÀ£ÀµÀÖ ªÀÄÄRåªÁV gÁ¸ÀÄ«£À DAiÉÄÌAiÀÄ
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vÀ½ DAiÉÄÌ: gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß Rjâ¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÄÄ£Àß vÁªÀÅ ¸ÁPÀ§AiÀĸÀĪÀ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À vÀ½AiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤zsÀðj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ
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CªÀ®A©üvÀªÁVzÉ.
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C£ÀĨsÀªÀªÀżÀî gÉÊvÀgÀÄ ºÉZÀÄÑ «zÉò ªÀA±ÀªÁ»¤UÀ¼ÀÄ EgÀĪÀAvÀºÀ «Ä±Àæ vÀ½ ºÉÊ£ÀÄgÁ¸ÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁPÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ
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¸ÁPÀĪÀÅzÀÄ GvÀÛªÀÄ. PÀæªÉÄÃt vÀªÀÄä C£ÀĨsÀªÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É «Ä±Àæ vÀ½ gÁ¸ÀÄUÀ¼À «zÉò vÀ½AiÀÄ ªÀÄlÖªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄA¢£À
¦Ã½UÉUÀ¼À°è ºÉaѸÀĪÀÅzÀÄ M¼ÉîAiÀÄzÀÄ.
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Newsletter Date : 30 September 2015 Volume No: 4 Issue : 9
Veterinary College, BengaluruMonthly e-Bulletin
ªÉÄêÀÅ ºÁUÀÆ ¥Ë¶×PÀ DºÁgÀ PÀrªÉÄ EzÀÄÝ UÀÄqÀØUÁqÀÄ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ªÉÄìĸÀĪÀ ¥ÀzÀÞwAiÀÄ°è ¸ÁPÀĪÀÅzÁzÀgÉ d¹ð
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Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09
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2. UÀ sÁðªÀ¸ÉÜ: vÀÄA§Ä UÀ¨sÀðzÀ ºÀ¸ÀÄ CxÀªÁ PÀgÀÄ ºÁQzÀ 10 ¢£ÀUÀ¼ÉƼÀV£À ºÀ¸ÀĪÀ£ÀÄß Rjâ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ Cw GvÀÛªÀÄ.
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Dr. Maruthi S. T., Dr. Ranjith D., Dr. Kotresh Prasad., Dr. Sagar R. S. and Naveen Kumar T. J.College Of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala-673 576
(Email: [email protected])Biomaterials are substances or combination of substances (other than drugs) either synthetic or
natural, intended to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or functions of the body. Although
they have to satisfy many conditions useful for treatment, more and more research has been carried out to
replace various tissues in the body viz., tendons and bones.
Historical background: History of biomaterials evolves from hundred years ago, where Romans andChinese used gold in dentistry. Their use started from ancient civilization, where artificial eyes, ears,
Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09
and nose were used as found on Egyptian mummies. During late 18-19th century, different metal devices
as biomaterials were used to fix fractures (wires, pins made up of Ag, Au, Pt and Fe).
Polymethylmethacrylate was used as a first bio material in dentistry
during 1937.
P.Wiles (1938) carried out first total hip replacement by using
biomaterials.
M.J. Dorzee, A. Franceschetti (1940) used acrylics for corneal
replacement.
Poly ethylene and stainless steel substances were used for hip
implants (1960).
Recent advances includes the use of bio materials like gold Nano cells for photo thermal anti-tumor
treatment and bone tissue engineering technique used for bone grafting.
PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIAL:
A biomaterial used for implant should possess properties for long term usage without rejection. The
design and choice of bio materials depends on the following factors
Response of host organism to the implanted biomaterial or device.
An ideal biomaterial should be biocompatible with the ambient tissues and cause no hyper sensitivity or
allergic response.
It should possess anti-microbial, ant- inflammatory, wound healing and analgesic activities.
Ease for application and it should be economical.
It should be non-toxic, non-pyrogenic, non-carcinogenic and blood compactable.
It should have mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength, elasticity, hardness, cosmetic
appearance, tear and wear resistance, corrosion and fatigue resistance.
The material must satisfy its design requirements in its bio-functionality.
Biomaterial should govern the structure and function of normal and abnormal cells, tissues or organs.
They should be moldable, machinable and extrudable.
TYPES OF BIO MATERIAL:
During ancient day’s wide variety of natural biomaterials like rubber, glue, wood, tissues fromliving forms and manufactured materials viz., iron, zinc, glass and gold were used. A range of host
response were seen by use of biomaterials like some were tolerated and some were rejected and it has been
acknowledged that there is complete difference between vital and avital material. The following are the
types of biomaterials.
1) Metallic biomaterial: Most commonly used metals for manufacturing implants are iron (Fe),
chromium(Cr), cobalt (Co), Titanium(Ti), Molybdenum (Mb), Niobium (Nb), Tantulum (Ta) and
Tungsten (W). The biocompatibility of the metallic implants is of great concern because they can cor-
rode in an in-vivo environment.
2) Ceramic biomaterial: Alumina, Silicon nitrites, Zirconia and carbons are employed as inert
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Biomaterials for the reconstructionof corneal reconstruction in dogs
bioceramics. Semi inert bioceramics includes glasses, dense
hydroxyapatites, calcium aluminates and calcium sulphates which are
re-absorbable.
3) Polymeric biomaterial: Mainly includes polyamide, polyethylene,
polystyrene, Polyethylenterpthalate, polypropylene, Polymetacrylate,
polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylchloride.
4) Composite biomaterials: Fibre glass, alloys, foam, bone, wood,
dentin, cartilage and skin are the commonly used composite biomaterials.
USES OF BIOMATERIALS:
Tissue regeneration and transplantation
Orthopedic implants
Treatment of tendon and joint defects
Bone plating and bone cementing
Dental implants
Blood vessel prostheses
Wound management
Repair of hernias
Contact lenses
Cosmetic surgeries
Corrective functional abnormalities
Joint replacement and implants
Aids in diagnose and treatment
ADVANTAGES:
They are strong, chemically inert and resistant to fatigue
degradation.
They have shape memory and can be sterilized easily before
use
Easy to manufacture and modify
Biodegradable
They have high compressive strength and tensile strength
They have low density and resistant to corrosion.
Biocompatablity, strong and durable, cost effective and easy to use.
DISADVANTAGES They may cause tissue reaction
Decreases bone growth
The intensive interaction with the body can lead to wear and tear
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POLYMETHYLMETH ACRYLATE
A Dogs leg repaired using the tightrope CCLprocedure
Injury repair using polyester with collagenmesh
They can induce formation of metal ions in the body.
High cost involved in the manufacture and difficulty in availability.
Use of biomaterials in Veterinary practices:
Various researchers across the world use polypropylene mesh for reconstruction of abdominal wall
defects like hernia, eventrations and eviscerations in large animals like cattle and horses. Animal derived
surgical mesh are made of intestine and skin, which provides support while repairing weakened or
damaged tissues, majority of the tissues used are derived from pig (porcine) or cow (bovine). Surgical
mesh can be used for urogynaecologic procedures including pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress
urinary incontinence (SUI). There are three main surgical procedures performed to treat pelvic floor
disorders with surgical mesh like transvaginal and transabdominal mesh to treat POP, mesh sling to treat
SUI.
Now a days bone grafts and their substitutes are gaining more importance in veterinary practices.
Demineralized bone matrix werecommonly used for bone grafting because of their osteoinductive
properties.The clinical use of bone marrow aspiratewere successfully evaluated for the treatment of
nonunion of tibia in sheep. Currently Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) developed from recombinant
gene technology were gaining more importance as a potential for bone induction in human and veterinary
medicine.Osteoconductive biomaterials likecalcium phosphate substitutes were used as allografts in
animals. Further, hydroxyapatite ceramics are widely used as bone substitutes because of their
osteo-conductivity and bio-compatibility.
Current status and future perspectives:
Biomaterial formulations are the major components used to deliver the bioactive molecules in to the
body. Various techniques like freeze-drying, polymerization, spray drying, gas foaming, supercritical fluid
technology etc. are commonly used for fabrication of scaffold preparations. These formulations are widely
used against diseases such as tuberculosis, bone deformities, cartilage damage, skin disease, cardiovascular
ailments, and periodontal diseases and wound dressing.
The study of biomaterial based formulations are exciting with newer approaches for drug/cell/gene
delivery being discovered increasingly. At present, extensive research is being carried out worldwide on
all aspects of tissue engineering and drug/gene delivery. In the future, main focus will be on development
of more patient compliant, sustained and controlled delivery systems against various diseases by
modification of manufacturing technologies.
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(Email:[email protected])§ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ ¸À¸ÀåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥À±ÀÄaQvÉìAiÀÄ°è §¼À¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÄÛzÀÝgÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ CªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ §UÉÎ
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±ÀÄAn (Zingiber officinale)EzÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ««zsÀ gÉÆÃUÀUÀ¼À aQvÉìAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃd£ÀPÁj. EzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄRå G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀªÉAzÀgÉ
eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ºÉÆmÉÖAiÀÄħâgÀ PÀrªÉÄ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. ±Áé ÀPÉÆñÀzÀ PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÀ¼ÁzÀ £ÀÄåªÉÆäAiÀiÁ, PɪÀÄÄä ºÀ¹ ±ÀÄAnCvÀÄåvÀÛªÀÄ OµÀ¢ü. ±Áé ÀPÉÆñÀzÀ PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÀ¼À®èzÉà fÃuÁðAUÀ ªÀÇåºÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA sÀA¢ü¹zÀ PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÀ¼ÁzÀ CfÃt9, ªÀÄ®§zÀÞvÉEvÁå¢ PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÀ¼À°è Mt ±ÀÄAnAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÅr ªÀiÁr EzÀ£ÀÄß ¨É®èzÀ ¸ÀAUÀzÀ ¨Égɹ eÁ£ÀĪÁjUÉ 5-6 ¢£À w¤ß¹zÀ°èGvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÀÄzÀÄgÉUÀ¼À°è Cwà ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁzÀ ºÉÆmÉÖ £ÉÆë£À°è EzÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁj OµÀ¢üAiÀiÁV §¼À¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ.
¯ÉÆüɸÀgÀ ( Aloe vera)EzÀgÀ J¯ÉAiÀÄ°è ±ÉÃRgÀªÁVgÀĪÀ ¯ÉÆÃ¼É ºÀ®ªÀÅ jÃwAiÀÄ°è eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À ««zsÀ
gÉÆÃUÀzÀ°è ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁjAiÀÄVzÉ. GjAiÀÄÆvÀzÀ°è EzÀÄ CvÀåAvÀ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁj. CzÀgÀ®ÆèPÉZÀÑ®Ä ¨Á«£À aQvÉìAiÀÄ°è EzÀÄ vÀÄA¨Á ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁj OµÀ¢ü. ¯ÉÆüɸÀgÀzÀ ¸ÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄߣ ÉÆë¤AzÀ PÀÆrzÀ PÉZÀ Ñ°UÉ ¢£ÀPÉ Ì ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¸À® ºÀa ÑzÀ°è PÉZÀ Ñ®Ä ¨ÁªÀ Å¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁjAiÀiÁV PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ fêÀ¤gÉÆÃzsÀPÀzÀ §¼ÀPÉAiÀÄ eÉÆvÉUÉà EzÀ£ÀÄߣÉÆêÀÅ ¤ªÁgÀPÀªÁV §¼À¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. CxÀªÁ ªÀÄAzÀjÃwAiÀi PÉZÀѮĨÁªÀ£ÀÄß UÀÄt¥Àr¸À®Ä¸ÀºÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß §¼À¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ.
QgÀģɰè (Phyllanthus amarus)
aPÀÌzÁV ZÉÆPÀÌzÁV EgÀĪÀ F VqÀ ¦vÀÛd£ÀPÁAUÀzÀ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÉ ºÉýªÀiÁr¹zÀ OµÀ¢ü. eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è GuÉÚUÀ½AzÀ §gÀĪÀ ««zsÀ PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÀ½AzÀ¦vÀÛd£ÀPÁAUÀ ºÁ¼ÁzÁUÀ ¥Àæw¢£À MAzÀÄ ¨ÉÆUÀ¸ÉAiÀĵÀÄÖ F ¸À¸ÀåªÀ£ÀÄß 6-8 ¢£ÀUÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ ¢£À¤ÃrzÀ°è CvÀÄåvÀ ÛªÀÄ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §A¢zÉ. EzÀ£ÀÄß J¯Áè eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄUÀ¼À°è±ÀQÛªÀzsÀðPÀªÀ£ÁßVAiÀÄÆ ¸ÀºÀ §¼À¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. £Á¬ÄUÀ¼À°è ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV PÀAqÀÄ §gÀĪÀºÉ¥ÀmÉÊn¸ï PÁ¬Ä¯ÉUÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ EzÀÄ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁj. ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 10-20 UÁæA UqÀªÀ£ÀÄß ZÉ£ÁßVCgÉzÀÄ ºÁ°£À°è ¨Égɹ £Á¬ÄUÀ½UÉ 5-6 ¢£À PÀÄr¹zÀ°è EzÀÄ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁjAiÀiÁV PÉ®¸ÀªÀiÁqÀ§®èzÀÄ.
Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09
£ÁaPÉ VqÀ (Mimosa pudica)
£ÁaPÉ VqÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ jÃwAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃd£ÀPÁjAiÀiÁVzÉ. ªÀÄÄRåªÁV EzÀ£ÀÄß DPÀ¼ÀÄUÀ¼À ºÁ°£À°è gÀPÀÛ §gÀÄwÛzÀÝgÉ
100-200 UÁæA £ÀµÀÄÖ ¤ÃrzÀgÉ Cwà ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁj. C®èzÉà UÀ¨sÀðPÉÆñÀzÀ vÉÆAzÀgɬÄzÁÝUÀªÀÇ ¸ÀºÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß
§¼À¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. eÁ£ÀĪÀgÀÄ PÀgÀÄ ºÁQzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ UÀ sÀðPÉÆñÀªÀÅ ªÀÄqÀa ºÉÆgÀUÉ §AzÀ°è ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 200 UÁæA £ÁaPÉ
ªÀÄĽî£À gÀ¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¯Éæ¹zÀgÉ UÀ¨sÀðPÉÆñÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÉÆzÀ°£À ¹ÜwUÉ ¸Àé ÁÜ£ÀPÉÌ PÀ½¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ.
Dr. Rashmi, R., Dr. Jagadeesh. S. Sanganal and Dr. N.B. ShridharDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Veterinary College, Bengaluru-24
(email: [email protected]) Beta – lactam antibiotics constitute one of the most important and frequently used groups of
antimicrobial agents.
It comprises of Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems and Monobactams.
Penicillins: they are classified based on their spectrum of antibacterial activity and β – lactamase(Penicillinase) sensitivity
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are classified in terms of their chronological sequence of development and also on the
basis of their antimicrobial properties.
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Drug Interactions
Potentiation
Concomitant use of aminoglycosides and loop diuretics (Ex: Furosemide) potentiate the nephrotoxic
effect of cephalosporins.
Synergism
Penicillins, cephalosporins and imipenem with aminoglycosides produce synergistic or additive effects.
Extended spectrum penicillins and aminoglycosides produce synergistic effect against Pseudomonas
sp. Cefepime with aztreonam produces synergistic effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antagonism
Beta lactams with bacteriostatic drugs like chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin produce
antagonistic action.
Pharmacokinetic/ ADME interactions
1.Administration of oral cephalosporins viz cefadroxil with food decreases the nausea in those animals
prone to the side effect. Administration of cefixime with food can decrease its bioavailability by one
half, whereas the absorption of cephalexin is not affected by food.
2.Concomitant use of antacids and H2-receptor antagonists decreases the absorption and peak plasma
levels of cephalosporins. Thus, cephalosporins are administered 1 or 2 hour prior to or after
administration of antacids and H2-receptor antagonists.
3.Acid susceptible penicillins (Ex: Penicillin G) should not be mixed with normal saline or other acidic
pH parenteral fluids because they get inactivated by the acidic pH.
4.Carbenicillin and ticarcillin interact chemically and precipitate aminolgycosides when administered
simultaneously through the same I.V. line or through the same syringe. Therefore, penicillins are
administered 1 or 2 hour prior to or after administration of aminolgycosides.
5.Salicylates, phenylbutazone and sulphonamides displace penicillins from plasma protein binding sites
thereby increase their blood concentration and prolong their plasma half live.
6.Concomitant administration of Penicillins like carbenicillin, cephalosporins and anticoagulants viz
heparin, coumarins – warfarin, dicoumarol etc, thrombolytic agents – streptokinase, streptodornase,
Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01Pashubandha 2015 Volume No : 4 Issue : 09
urokinase etc and NSAIDS – salicylates and sulfinpyrazone enhances the risk of bleeding.
7.Concomitant administration of Penicillins like carbenicillin, cephalosporins with aspirin and other
NSAIDS and sulfinpyrazone also enhances the risk of bleeding.
8.Probenecid and other weak organic acids competitively block the tubular secretion of penicillin and
cephalosporins thereby increase their blood concentration and prolong their plasma half lives. But
probenecid has not been shown to alter the renal tubular secretion of ceftiofur in dairy cattle or of
cefazolin in mares.
Mamatha, G.S., Puttalakshmamma,G.C., Jaya N. Lakkundi and P.M.ThimmareddyDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology
Centre of Advanced Faculty Training,Veterinary CollegeKVAFSU Regional Campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru-560 024.
(Email:[email protected])
In tropical and subtropical countries like India, low productivity in small ruminants production are
attributed to unfavourable climatic conditions, low animal genetic potential, insufficient feed supplements
and lack of proper health care facilities in rural areas. Besides, factors like secondary pathogenic effects
caused by trematode parasites is a major contributing factor that decreases the quality and quantity of
wool, meat and meat products. These trematode infection which occur in clinical and subclinical
conditions adversely affect the health and socio-economic status of the farmers and cause enormous
economic losses to the livestock industry.
F.gigantica and G. explanatum are very common trematode
parasites affecting sheep and usually present in liver, bileducts and
gallbladder. The adult parasites are not much pathogenic however its
immature migratory flukes induce severe pathological effects.
The pathological changes induced by the F.gigantica and
G.explanatum are readily distinguishable from each other. Lesions
associated with the migration of immature flukes through the
parenchyma and honeycombed like appearance are a prominent feature
of infection of F.gigantica. In bileducts, infection with F. gigantica are
characterised by desquamation of the bile duct epithelium, presence of
more free blood in the lumen and a thicker duct wall. In acute
fasciolosis, the simultaneous migration of large number of immature
flukes cause traumatic hepatitis due to extensive destruction of liver
parenchyma and marked haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity due to
rupture of liver capsule. The liver will be enlarged, pale and friable with
numerous haemorrhagic tracts on the parenchymal surface. These
lesions should be differentiated from the anthrax disease characterised by
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Liver parenchyma showing migratorytracts and haemorrhage
Hyperplastic cholangitis
the presence of blood through all the natural orifices. In chronic condition, a hyperplastic cholangitis isobserved caused by the presence of adult flukes in the bileducts.
.
Whereas lesions induced by Giagantocytle explanatum are confined to the large bile ducts.
G. explanatum present in the bileducts form plugs or polyps like growth in the luminal surface by removal
of a plug of mucosa into their acetabulum. The lesions in the hepatic parenchyma are associated with
formation of progressively larger areas of scar tissue in the parenchymal migration and fibrosis which
occur in adjacent portal triads and interlobular septa. The absence of signs of migration through the hepatic
parenchyma by G.explanatum is regarded as evidences that these flukes gain entry to the bile ducts from
intestine through common bileduct. Hence, based on these lesions, the infection caused by the common
trematode parasites of F.gigantica and G.explanatum can be diagnosed in naturally infected sheep and
goats at necropsy.
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Giagantocotyle explanatum adult flukes inthe bileducts
Polyps like growth in the biliary epithelium
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“¥À±ÀĪÉÊzÀågÀÄ AiÀiÁjUÀÆ PÀrªÉÄ E®è”.
Shrikrishna Isloor and D. RathnammaRabies Diagnostic Laboratory,Dept. of Microbiology
Veterinary College, KVAFSU,Hebbal, Bengaluru(Email; [email protected])
Rabies is practically a 100% fatal disease and veterinarians play an important role in its control. In the
process, they need to ensure the safety of themselves as well as the others. Following are the points to
remember.
Tips for animal owners / general public:
How to avoid getting bitten
Do not stare at or provoke any animal.
Do not chase a dog or throw stones at them.
Do not run if a dog chases, instead stand still and call for help.
Do not tease a dog even if it is one’s own.
If a dog attacks, then curl and protect face, be still and call for help.
Adults must supervise all animal - kid interactions.
Do not give the animals hugs or kisses
Do not use aggressive punishment with the dog.
Put the pet dog in its cell with its favorite toy to chew when there is a gathering at the home.
Avoid stray dogs, cats and wild animals.
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Never try to feed or approach a stray / wild animal.
Be careful of pets that one does not know.
If any animal is acting strangely, always report to the veterinarian.
IF AN INDIVIDUAL IS BITTEN, WHAT TO DO?
In case of children, encourage them to inform the elders immediately.
Do not apply any chilli powder, coffee powder or any other irritants to the wound
Do not succumb to superstition
Consult the doctor immediately so that he can decide on the further course of action to be taken.
Confine the dog , if possible
Must follow below mentioned three simple steps in the event of dog bites:
STEP - 1: Wash the wound immediately with water and soap / detergent for 15 minutes. Apply antiseptics
like povidone iodine / 70% ethyl alcohol. Consult the medical doctor immediately.
STEP – 2: A full course of rabies vaccine should be taken as per the medical doctor’s advice. Commonlyemployed regimen includes post exposure prophylactic vaccination on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28.
(Note: No contraindications to post exposure prophylaxis in infants, pregnant woman or
immune-compromised individuals. As vaccines are susceptible to extremes of temperature including care
should be taken to ensure that cold chain is maintained).
STEP - 3: In severe bite cases, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) should be administered into the wounds. A
bleeding wound at any site must be infiltrated with either Human RIG or Equine RIG. ERIG is affordable
by a common man. Approximately it costs Rs. 1500/- per individual. Rabies immunoglobulin is
administered only once preferably at or as soon as possible after initiation of post exposure prophylaxis.
Not indicated beyond 7th day after the first dose of rabies vaccine because of interference of active
antibody due to vaccination and passive immunization.
PRECAUTIONS FOR PET OWNERS:
Wash Hands thoroughly after handling animals
Don’t handle stray dogs /animals
Remove feces/dung from animal houses regularly
Avoid animals if suffering from any infection
Don’t let animals/pets drink water from sewage or toilet
Avoid being licked by animals or don’t kiss them
Don’t share food /utensils with pets
Clipping pet claws regularly to avoid scratches
Vaccinate your pets regularly
Use disinfectants to clean houses and animal sheds
Do not throw animal waste or dead animals in neighborhood
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REMEMBER Be familiar with the clinical manifestation of rabies in animals
Rabies is a 100% vaccine preventable disease.
Always institute prophylaxis immediately without delay.
Dog rabies control through immunization is the most cost effective single measure available. Always
vaccinate pets.
Identify aggressive dogs through frequent observations of community / village dog populations and
removed, isolated and dealt in a humane manner.
Laboratory confirmation of suspect / probable cases of rabies should be attempted and should become
an integral part of the programme
Stay away from stray animals, Always ask the owner or an adult before petting a dog, cat or any otheranimal.
Never adopt wild animals or stray animals and bring them home without consulting a veterinarian.
Discourage feeding street dogs / animals instead adopt them on consulting veterinarian.
Pre exposure prophylaxis is recommended for anyone who is at frequent or increased risk for exposure
to the rabies virus, such as laboratory workers dealing with rabies virus, veterinarians and animal
handlers. Commonly employed regimen is intra muscular administration of one dose given on each of
the days 0, 7 and 21 or 28. Day 0 is the date of administration of the first dose of vaccine. One intra
dermal (I/D) injection of 0.1 ml is given on each of the days 0, 7 and 21 or 28.
LOVE ANIMALS BUT STAY SAFE
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Contact :Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangaloreemail: [email protected]
Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
monthly e-BulletinPublished and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru.
Editor: Associate Editior:Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept. of Vety.& Animal Husbandry Extension EducationDr. S. Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr. K. Satyanarayan (Ex-Officio)