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Employing ICT for Socio-‐Economic Development in Rural and
Remote Communi;es In Malaysian Borneo: A Systemic, Holis;c, Interdisciplinary, and
Par;cipatory (SHIP) Approach
Alvin W. Yeo PhD Director, Ins5tute of Social Informa5cs and Technological Innova5ons Professor, Faculty of Computer Science and Informa5on Technology
ISITI-CoERI is supported by: Long Lamai JKKK, Rurum Kelabit Sarawak
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Background • Educa;on
– BCompMathsSc (Hons) Waikato NZ – PhD (Human Computer Interac=on) Waikato NZ – 10+ indigenous communi=es
• Research & Prac;ce in BTDD – Researcher since 2002, Site leader eBario 2005 – Director for CRI 2009 & ISITI 2011-‐Present
• Research & Development Projects – Areas: ICT for Development, HCI, SoPware Interna=onalisa=on
Indigenous Knowledge Management – 50 + interna=onal and na=onal projects USD 5 mil. – 100+ publica=ons
• Knowledge Sharing & Dissemina;on – Na=onal: Ministries, Industries, Academia, Communi=es – Interna=onally: Europe, South-‐east Asia – UNESCAP Guidebook & Policy Brief & APC ICT – Presenta=ons ITU
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Where is Kuching?
Kuching
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Kuching
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Overview • ISITI • Context – Long Lamai Case
• Exemplars • Reflec;ons & Lessons Learnt
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Linking Research and Prac;ce
(Chib & Harris, 2012)
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Ins;tute of Social Informa;cs & Technological Innova;ons (ISITI)
• VISION: – Communi=es transformed into a knowledge-‐based society by leveraging on ICT innova=ons
• MISSION: – To generate, disseminate, apply and preserve knowledge through innova=ve and mul= (& inter) disciplinary approaches to empower society to sustainably address their developmental needs in a wider social and economic contexts
Facul=es of: 1. Social Sciences 2. Economics & Business 3. Cogni=ve Sc. & Human
Development 4. Applied and Crea=ve Arts 5. Engineering 6. Computer Sc. & IT 7. Medicine and Health
Sciences 8. Faculty of Resource Science
& Technology Centre of: 1. Language Studies 2. Applied Learning and
Mul=media
Centre of Excellence for Rural Informa;cs (CoERI)
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Objec;ves
• To define the extent to which contemporary ICT could deliver sustainable social and economic development to remote rural communi;es
• To iden;fy further needs and opportuni2es within such communi;es that can be sa;sfied by the innova2ve use of contemporary ICT
• Development Agents & ICT Ac;vists
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9
Work with (very) Remote Communi;es
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Telecentres
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Living Labs-‐Loca;ons
Bario
Lamai
Larapan
Buayan
Ba’Ke-‐lalan-‐
Gua Musang-‐Kelantan
Kuala Lipis, Pahang
PI1M-‐Bowang PI1M-‐Bogag PI1M-‐Skio PI1M-‐ Kg Serasot PI1M-‐ Krokong PI1M-‐Sibuluh
PI1M-‐Daro PI1M-‐Meradong
PI1M-‐Engkilili PI1M-‐Lubok Antu
PI1M-‐ Sungai Asap
PI1M-‐ Yan Kechil PI1M-‐Guar Chempedak PI1M-‐Yan Besar PI1M-‐ Bukit Besar PI1M-‐Kuala Sala PI1M-‐Limau Dalam
Northern Region: Jerlun, Pokok Sena, Langkawi Central Region: Putrajaya
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Communi;es • Bario: Kelabit • Ba’Kelalan: Lun Bawang • Long Lamai: Penans • Pulau Larapan: Bajau • Kpg. Buayan: Dusun • Pos Sinderut, Pos Lenjang:
Semai • Pos Gob, Pos Balar: Temiar • Bau districts: Bidayuh • Yan district: Malays • Daro: Melanau • Meradong, Engkilili, Lubok
Antu: Iban • Sungai Asap: Kenyah,
Kayan, Penans
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Living Labs-‐Loca;ons
Lamai
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Journey to Long Lamai
Social Informa=cs Case Study
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Long Lamai and the surroundings
Long Puak
Long Banga Airport
Long Banga
Long Lamai
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Ngerabit eLamai vis-‐a-‐vis Smart Village • Problem – Very remote and lack of connec=vity
– Limits educa=onal and economic opportuni=es
• Solu;on – Ngerabit eLamai – Socio-‐technical solu=on – Integra=on of ICT & Social Systems
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eLamai: Integrated ICT Systems • Power – Solar Power (Photo-‐voltaics ) – 10 kWh & 20 baceries
• Telecommunica;ons – Very-‐Small Aperture Terminal – 256 kbps link
• Computers & LAN – 3 Dell Desktop Mini – 3 Dell Netbooks
• Telephones – 2 public phones
• Telecentre building – Designed by and for community use
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Inclusiveness • Par;cipatory Ac;on Research
• Involvement of all in: – Making decisions – Planning, Implementa=on, Maintenance
• Community dialogue – “YES” from the community
• Social equity – E.g. boat service (turn taking)
Ngerabit eLamai: Social Systems
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Sustainability • Empowerment • Telecentre: Financial and Human Resource – Volunteering and con=nuous training
– Governance • Ngerabit Lamai commicee
• eTabung (Savings/fund) – Percentage of profit gained from phone cards and future homestays
• Running for over 5 years
Ngerabit eLamai: Social Systems
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eCommunity • Address community needs • Improved connec;vity (Social Rela;ons) – Before: 1-‐hour walk to Long Banga – FaceBook and telephone to keep in touch
– Cater for young (FaceBook) and old (phone)
• Use of ICTs – Checking SPM (na=onal exam) results
– Looking and applying for jobs and further studies
– Coordina=ng logis=cs and project management
– Adver=sing and sale of handicraPs – Ci=zen Journalism
Ngerabit eLamai: Social Systems
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Ngerabit eLamai Agent for Social Transforma2on
• Increased ICT Literacy – Each household in Lamai has one person who is computer literate
• Improvement of Lives – Keeping in touch with families – Coordina=on of projects – Volunteers
• Increase English passes (in na=onal-‐level primary-‐6 exam) by 25% (2011); overall about 40%
• Window to the world • Job and educa=on opportuni=es • Obtained scholarships on tourism related ac=vi=es in KL and willing to return
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Ngerabit eLamai: Catalyst for Growth & Economic Transforma2on
• Recogni;on of Community & eLamai – Knowledge Transfer Programme Project (116 successful out of over 300 submissions)
– Japanese Gov’t funding: Micro-‐hydro Dam • Responsible Rural Eco-‐Tourism – Wilson Bian Headman
• Alterna;ve income – Homestays (7 as of today) – Boats (from 3 in 2008 to 30) – HandicraP (500 baskets FaceBook order) & Tourist Ac=vi=es
• Popula;on growth: Rural-‐rural Migra;on – 3 families from Ba Lai, 2 pending
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23
Initiative for e-Commerce
Capacity-building of Penans in Long Lamai
community
E-commerce website
development
Community Trainings
[7] Methodology
Pain;ngs Handicrads Homestays
Cultural Ac;vi;es
Empowerment Capacity Building
eLamai Telecentre manager Garen Jengan [email protected]
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Musical Instruments
Hun;ng
Raean Bracelets
Pencil Holder
Mat
Cooking Utensils
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Raean Handicrads by Long Lamai Ar;sans
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26
March 5, 2012
Education a lifeline for Penan kids Wilson Bian, Long Lamai Headman, says that
the Internet has opened their eyes to the world outside and to tourism, which many welcome as a sustainable source of badly needed income.
“I understand tourism can bring about changes. There are fears of
negative influences, but we have faith that we can manage these changes with clearly set rules. There are many ways to make a project successful so that it benefits the community. We are keen to learn new things,” says Wilson.
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Socio-‐Technological Innova;ons
Leading to Socio-‐Economic Benefits
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Why PAR in Sodware Development?
• In the HCI domain, success of par=cipatory design • Opportuni=es to learn and improve
– Cost and opera=onal efficiency • Based on experience, PAR in development projects (IDRC &
UNIMAS) • Par=cipatory Ac=on Research (PAR)
1. Par=cipa=on: “Research is a par=cipatory process that requires the equal collabora=ve involvement of the ‘community of research interest’;
2. Ac=on: Research should be more than just finding out; research should also involve a component that seeks to engender posi=ve change.” (Walter, 2006)
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Social change process SoBware development process
(1) Obtaining consent
(2) Needs
Assessment
(4) Hypothesis forma=on
(5) Solu=on Design
(9) Reflec=on
(7) Implemen-‐ ta=on & Tes=ng
(6) Methodology Selec=on (3)
Problem Agreement
feedback
PRiSMA v3
(8) System
Evalua=on
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Botanical Walks in the Deepest Jungles of Borneo
Long Banga Airport
Long Puak
Long Banga
Long Lamai
Tajem Poison for darts
Selungang Kunil
Poisonous plants
Poisonous: Fatal if consumed Racun: Boleh ma2 jika makan
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Digi;sing and preserving, Oro, asynchronous “Secret” language of the Penans
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Objects: Branch, twig or s=ck
Interpreta;on: This symbol used to tell Penan people that we are friends. The whole picture bring out the meaning of I am your friend and I am hungry.
Rules: Bend the twig or s=ck into two equal length.
Sign:
Example of transcrip;on of Oroo:
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Oroo’ Tangibles: Tools for learning secret sign language of forest
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Implemen;ng Telecentre Programme for Orang Asli
Gua Musang-‐Kelantan
Kuala Lipis, Pahang
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Implemen;ng Telecentre Programme for Orang Asli
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TPOA Infrastructure Development and Community Development Programmes
Community Development Programmes Training • Dr Peter Nwanesi
Educa=on • Dr Sharifah Sophia
Agribusiness • Dr Goy
Indigenous Knowledge • Nicholas Gani
Tourism • Dyg Aizza
Health • Juna Liau
Infrastructure Development Telecentre Development • AP Dr Al-‐Khalid
Energy Supply • AP Dr Al-‐Khalid
Telecommunica=on • AP Dr Tan CE
Informa=on System Design (ICT Components) • AP Dr Tan CE
ICT Platorms (OA Gateway) Web Portals eLearning CD ROM eCommerce
Outcomes / Objec;ves/ Goals
Deliverables
Approaches – Planning & etc
Budgets (es;mates)
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Mul;-‐disciplinary Approach
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Par;cipatory Ac;on Research -‐ Pos Balar, Gua Musang
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Par;cipatory Ac;on Research -‐ Pos Gob, Gua Musang
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Par;cipatory Ac;on Research -‐ Pos Lenjang, Kuala Lipis
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Par;cipatory Ac;on Research Pos Sinderut, Kuala Lipis
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Influencing Prac;;oners & Policy Makers
ISITI-CoERI is supported by: MOHE, DAGS, MOSTI, Telekom Malaysia, Japan Official Development Assistance,
Long Lamai JKKK, Rurum Kelabit Sarawak, City-Link Express
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Changing Mindsets: Influencing Policy Makers & Industries
• Iden;fy Best Prac;ces – SHIP Approach – Engage respec=ve stakeholders – Collate & tests successes
• “Sandbox” Trial • Sejng expecta;ons
of stakeholders – Sustainability: success rate of SMEs
– Essen=al items to do • Needs analysis • Building Rela=onships
– Community Engagement • Communica;on/Networking/ Coordina;on
– All stakeholders “sit at the same table”
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Reflec;ons & Lessons Learnt
ISITI-CoERI is supported by: MOHE, DAGS, MOSTI, Telekom Malaysia, Japan Official Development Assistance,
Long Lamai JKKK, Rurum Kelabit Sarawak, City-Link Express
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Complex Socio-‐Technical Systems: SHIP Perspec;ve • Reflec;on using SHIP Approach
– Systemic, holis=c, interdisciplinary, par=cipatory (Manuaba,2007)
• Systemic Approach to Problems – Sub-‐systems: economic, cultural,
poli=cal, ecological – Demand Driven
• Holis;c Socio-‐technical solu;ons – Development Agents and
ICT ac=vists – Appropriated & Integrated – Interdisciplinary
• Concerted Effort – Engagement/Par=cipatory – Academia, Gov’t, Industry, Community
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Community Telecentre
Cultural/Knowledge
Homestay
e-Commerce
Government
Tourism activities
Local transportation
Human resources
Travel agencies
Banking/ Finance
Handicraft
Material resources
Environment
Pollution
Agriculture
Food
Water
Irrigation
Cultural groupsChurch
Logistics
Hydro power
Households
Social
Economic
Environment
Cultural
Figure: SHIP approach for sustainable rural tourism in Long Lamai 46
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Community Telecentre
Cultural/Knowledge
Homestay
e-Commerce
Government
Tourism activities
Local transportation
Human resources
Travel agencies
Banking/ Finance
Handicraft
Material resources
Environment
Pollution
Agriculture
Food
Water
Irrigation
Cultural groupsChurch
Logistics
Hydro power
Households
Social
Economic
Environment
Cultural
Figure: SHIP approach for sustainable rural tourism in Long Lamai 47
• Socio-‐technical issues • How to collect payment? • How to send out? (cost-‐effec;ve
logis;cs) • How do we share the proceeds? Who
gets what? • Need the community to understand
“Supply chain” – Cost of marke=ng
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Community Centred Research: Ripple Effects towards a Smart Village
Telecentre • Community Par=cipa=on
• Needs Analysis
• Infractructure
eToro • Indigenous Knowledge Preserva=on
• Plant collec=on
New proj. • HandicraPs • Tourism Research
• Micro-‐hydro • eOroo’
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CoERI Model
Community Engagement & Needs Analysis
Planning & Design
Technology access &
Deployment
Evalua=on & Reflec=on
Social Scien;sts
Social Scien;sts Technologists Economics & Business
Technologists Economics & Business
Social Scien;sts Technologists
Economics & Business
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Local Champion
Interna=onal Experts
Fellow Researchers (Students)
Innova;on “broker”: Win-‐win situa;on
• Community-‐ini=ated research themes • Agreement of focus • Researcher/Student-‐project – “Match-‐making” Mul=ple stakeholders
• Field trips, mentoring, & engagement for Student’s educa=on – Formal knowledge content – Skills (community engagement) – Avtudes
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Values ICTQ : S3RI
Community & Ins=tute
Trust
Respectul Responsible Resilient Sustainable Innova=ve
Quality
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CULTURAL PROTOCOLS OF LONG LAMAI
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• Guidebook for visitors • Flowchart for community-‐researchers engagement ac;vi;es
• Guidelines for researchers • Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPI&C) Agreement
Cultural Protocols
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Guidelines for Researchers
Respect indigenous world views Capacity building for ac;ve par;cipa;on
Ac;ve par;cipa;on in conclusion and interpreta;on of data
“Peer review”
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1. Respect indigenous world views
2. Jurisdic;on over research process
3. Par;cipatory-‐research: shared power and decision making
4. Free Consent: collec;ve and individual
5. Privacy and confiden;ality
6. Support mechanism for sacredness of IK
7. Explicit acknowledgment of IPRs
8. Mutual benefits
9. Capacity building for ac;ve par;cipa;on
10. “Peer review”
11. Ensure Accessible and understandable communica;on 12. Respect the rights of community generated from data 13. Transfer of data and informa;on to third party 14. Consent for secondary use of data and informa;on 15. The other party’s product “on loan”
16. Ac;ve par;cipa;on in conclusion and interpreta;on of data 17. Explicit way of acknowledgement for community’s contribu;on in research
Guidelines for Researchers
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Community takes co-‐ownership of research agenda
and ac=vi=es
Co-‐Researchers
Community makes sugges=ons,
recommenda=ons and valida=ons
Validators
Community is informed about
the wider context -‐Open ques=ons -‐Community can ask ques=ons and make sugges=ons
Informed Par=cipants
Community answers
researchers’ ques=ons
Informants
Degree of Community Engagement
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Degree of Community Engagement Re
searcher
Informants Informed Par=cipants Validators Co-‐Researchers
Community
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Cri;cal Success Factors • People, people, people • Champions from all stakeholders
– Formal and informal leadership • Develop rela=onship with
community – Responsibility & Respect
• Addressing the needs • Sustainable Development
– Empowerment, Inclusiveness & Equity, Ownership
– Free, Prior, Informed Consent • Top management support (e.g.
from University) • Mul=-‐disciplinary teams
• Smart Partnerships
– Community-‐Government-‐Academia
– Opportuni=es • Changing Roles
– Gatekeeper / Proxy • Liaison • Myth-‐bus=ng
– Collaborators • Raising awareness & engagement
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Research making an impact
Community Engagement
Free Prior Informed Consent
Cultural Protocols
Community first
Research
Dev’t Agents & ICT Ac;vists
Dev’t & Tes=ng Hypothesis
Analysis and Findings
Development & Commercialisa;on
Applica;on & Replica;on in other Sites
Techniques Tools
Training Standardisa=on
Policy Research & Development
Success stories to influence Policy Makers
Ecosystem: Mul=-‐
stakeholder Mul=-‐
disciplinary
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Summary
• Bridging Digital Divide using telecentres • Leveraging on ICTs to bring about socio-‐economic development,
• Genera=ng knowledge through research ac=vi=es in the area of ICT for Development – No one-‐size fits all
• Bridging the theory-‐prac=ce gap (SHIP) • Influencing policy makers and industry • Pathways to impact through research and innova=on
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Jian Kenin Q & A
© UNIMAS: Please email alvin@isi;.unimas.my if you would like any part of the slides thanks.
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eBorneo Knowledge Fair (eBKF V) Ba’ kelalan, 18-‐20 November, 2015
TOPICS • Paper Presenta=ons • Postgraduate Colloquium • Workshops/walkshops
– Tourism – HandicraP – Indigenous knowledge – Smart Villages – Climate change – Aerial photography – Service Learning
• Community-‐Driven Workshops
PARTNERS • Community
– FORMADAT – Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan
• Academia – UNIMAS, Smart Village
Ini=a=ve – Cornell University
• Government – MCMC & MCMC Sarawak – EPU – ICT Unit, Sarawak
• Industry – MAXIS – Sacofa
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Long Lamai 4 Days/3 nights D1 (Sat): Flights & Boat D2 (Sun): Telecentre, Solar-‐ PVs D3 (Mon): Micro-‐hydro D4 (Tues): Boat, Flights (LBP-‐MYY-‐KCH) Other aerac;ons • Handicrad making • River-‐picnic • Padi farms • Botanical Walk • Nature walks
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Ba’Kelalan 4 Days/3 nights
D1 (Sat): Flights (MYY-‐BKM) D2 (Sun): Telecentre, Solar-‐PVs D3 (Mon): Micro-‐hydros D4 (Tues): 4WD, Flights (LWY-‐MYY) Other aerac;ons • Padi farms • Apple Farm Visit • Award-‐winning school • Nature walks • Handicrad making