SENWANE GAME FARM - DJ Syndico - The Market Leaders … GAME FARM_01.… · The main aim of this...

SENWANE GAME FARM - MARICO 20 KQ (PORTION 1)-

(ROOIBOKRAAL)

-DJ Farmer-

Resource Inventory & Ecological Assessment

Compiled by: David Lotter

Themeda Game Farm Services March 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS: Executive summary …1 Tasks …2 Location & size …3 Soil, Geology & Topography …4 Climate …6 Methodology …7 Water …9 Vegetation Community Description …13 Vegetation Monitoring Points 1 - 12 …14 Tree species composition & density …33 Grazing Carrying Capacity …41 Browsing carrying capacity …43 Current stocking density …44 Game stocking recommendations …45 Projected game production …48 Supplementary Feeding …51 Bush thickening & -encroachment …57 Alien- and Problem Plants …58 Fire Regime …59 Fencing …62 Equipment & buildings …66 Roads …69 Lucerne …70 Summary …71 Bibliography …73 Table 1: Grass Species Composition …26 Table 2: Ecological Index Values …27 Table 3: Grass Status Summary …28 Table 4: Grazing Value Summary …29 Table 5: Grass Succession Composition …30 Table 6: Weighted Palatability Composition …31 Tables 7 – 13: Tree Species Composition & Densities …34 Table 14: Current Stocking Density …51 Table 15: Game Stocking Recommendations …53 Table 16: Projected game production …56 Table 17: Recommendations – hunting purposes …57 Table 18: Marico Grass Species List …73 Table 19: Marico Tree Species List …74

Map 1: Senwane Game Farm Location …75 Map 2: Senwane Game Farm Infrastructure & Water …76 Map 3: Senwane Game Farm Basic Vegetation Communities …77 Map 4: Senwane Game Farm Vegetation Monitoring Points …78 Illustration 1: Marico location …3 Illustration 2: Marico geology …5

-1- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Mr Fredere de Jager of DJ Farmer appointed TGFS to undertake an ecological assessment

and ecological management plan of the particular area. Mr. de Jager and his company DJ

Farmer, need to know the ecological value and feasibility of the area for the purposes they

intend to utilize the farm for, which will include eco-tourism and hunting.

The main aim of this particular study is to determine the general veld condition, current

game pressure, current carrying capacity, natural resources, ecological aspects which may

influence the long term viability of the farm and general management principles necessary

to maintain the ecosystem for long term sustainable utilisation.

Other ecological aspects will also be addressed in the assessment of the enclosed area, with

the emphasis on long term ecological monitoring of the area so as to accommodate an

adaptive management system within the general management of the area. Certain game

species and -numbers will be recommended according to current veld conditions and

carrying capacity, as well as certain recommendations with regards to veld management

such as alien and invasive plants, erosion and fire management, with reference to the

different legislations necessary.

With the main emphasis on the farm being developed (utilised) for hunting for potential

investors, a request was forwarded to TGFS to determine the current status of game

currently occurring on the farm, the possibilities of future introduction of other indigenous

game species for hunting purposes, as well as workable (sustainable) hunting packages

resulting from surplus game production of species occurring on the farm. Because of limited

natural resources (bulk grazing) as found normal in these arid, sweet bushveld areas, and a

view to maintain and even improve on the natural biodiversity and sustainability of the area

(farm portions), a balance between current carrying capacity and game pressure will form

the core of the ecological assessment and recommendations made.

With reference to the NEMBA Act of 2004 (Biodiversity Act), it is clearly stated that no game

species may be introduced to an extensive wildlife system (free-roaming) if it falls outside

the natural distribution area of such a species (Regulation 23). With this limiting factor, as

well as factors such as habitat suitability, climate and adaptability to certain areas, some

game species indigenous to South Africa may well not be suited to be introduced to

Senwane Game Farm, particularly grassveld (Highveld) species, and will be stated as such

per recommendations.

-2- TASKS: Specific tasks to be undertaken, as discussed, include:

- Resource inventory lists (graminoids, herbs, woody species, alien & invasive species);

- Grass species composition and woody species composition of the area to be determined as

part of a long term monitoring system, within different representative areas;

- Determination of the current grazing capacity of the area as a whole, as well as for the

different vegetation communities found within the area;

- Recording all possible alien and invasive plant species, their impact on the natural

vegetation and environment, as well as prioritising the management thereof with possible

management recommendation;

- Mapping of the area with regards to current infrastructure and water, vegetation

monitoring points, recommended management areas and basic vegetation communities.

- Determining the current game pressure compared to the current grazing capacity;

- Recommendations with regards to game species and game numbers suited to current

conditions;

- Possible hunting packages & -numbers according to potential game production numbers;

- Inventory and recommendations of veld management equipment;

- Possible monthly expenditures with regards to necessary veld management and game

management activities;

- Fencing recommendations;

- Supplementary feeding;

- Parasite management.

-3- LOCATION & SIZE: The Farm Marico 20 KQ (Senwane Game Farm) is located approximately 10 km south of

Rooibokkraal, and approximately 50 km north-west of Thabazimbi, in the far south-western

parts of the province of Limpopo, close to bordering the Marico river against Botswana.

Coordinates of the Farm are S24⁰16.084’/E26⁰53.135’, at an elevation of approximately

880m above mean sea level.

The Senwane Game Farm area is located within the ‘Limpopo Sweet Bushveld – SVcb 19’,

according to the classification of L. Mucina and M. Rutherford (The Vegetation of South

Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland, 2006), the area previously known (classified) as the Arid Sweet

Bushveld (Acocks, 1953) and Sweet Bushveld (Low & Rebelo, 1996).

The total size of the area (portions 1) of Marico is 1 112 Ha, with approximately 51 Ha

fenced off for the purpose of Sable antelope intensive breeding, and then another 50 Ha for

cattle grazing, which will be incorporated into the larger farm area. Another 9 Ha is fenced

off for lucerne growing, which will be utilised as such for supplementary feeding in the

future.

Illustration 1

-4-

GEOLOGY, SOILS & TOPOGRAPHY:

Even though there is much debate and theories with regards to the historical development and age of geological features in general, no mention of that except the current geological features of the area will be discussed and illustrated.

Geological formations of the area underlying Marico Farm include the following: - Granite and granite-gneiss including small scattered occurrences of Swaziland System, of the larger Western Transvaal belt of metamorphism and mobilisation, and Archaean Complex; - Kalahari sand; - Probable dyke (partly controlled by faulting) inferred from aeromagnetic and photogeological data. (I.C Schutte, 1959: Thabazimbi Geological Series, Department of Mines) Soils of the area underlying Marico Farm include the following: - Red massive or weak structured soils with high base status, a mean soil depth of higher than 750mm, and average clay content of 15 – 35%, except deeper sandier soils, where clay content is less than 15%. (Dept. of Environmental Affairs & Tourism and University of Pretoria, 2000 – Generalised Soil Description) Topography of the area is relatively flat, with mean elevation of approximately 860m (2822 ft) above mean sea level.

-5-

Illustration 2

-6- CLIMATE:

With Marico Farm (Senwane) located within the ‘Limpopo Sweet Bushveld’, the long-term,

average rainfall and temperatures (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006) for this area is as follows:

Rainfall: Jan: 75 mm Feb: 60 mm Mch: 38 mm Apr: 20 mm May: 3 mm Jun: 0 mm Jul: 0 mm Aug: 0 mm Sep: 3 mm Oct: 20 mm Nov: 50 mm Dec: 65 mm The long-term mean rainfall for this area (south-west) is 500 mm Temperature: (averages) Min: Max: (⁰C) Jan: 19.5 32 Feb: 19 31.5 Mch: 17 30 Apr: 12 27 May: 8 25 Jun: 5 22 Jul: 3 21 Aug: 6 24 Sep: 10 27 Oct: 14 29 Nov: 17 30.5 Dec: 19 31 The mean amount of frost days (minimum temperatures below 0⁰C) is 9 days.

(L Mucina & MC Rutherford – Vegetation of SA, Lesotho & Swaziland, 2006).

-7-

METHODOLOGY: The site survey was undertaken from 8 April to 10 April 2013, with surveys and data

collection done by Mr. David Lotter, under supervision of Mr Fredere de Jager of DJ Farmer.

- An aerial photograph of the study area (Google earth) was firstly obtained, with the

purpose of identifying the different vegetation communities of the area.

- A first hand inspection (drive-through) of the area was made of the area, mainly to

compare key features of the area with that seen on the aerial photograph, and getting

information about the lay of the land and possible sensitive areas needed to be surveyed.

- After possible, different vegetation communities were identified on the aerial map,

random points (representative points) were selected and visited individually. At each

sample site (monitoring point), a fixed photo point was taken, the coordinates recorded

(GPS), and a monitoring transect followed in a specific (recorded) direction, at distances of

approximately 200m each (straight line). A foot-point (step-point) monitoring system (N

Tainton, 1999) was followed, identifying and recording each plant every 2 metres, as well as

the basal and crown grass cover at each point, completing 100 (one hundred) samples in

each transect. A fire index and topography index is also recorded for each monitoring point.

Method applied for survey purposes used for long-term monitoring.

(For reference purposes, grass species unknown were identified according to ‘The Guide to

the Grasses of southern Africa’: F van Oudtshoorn, 2012).

- At most vegetation communities, at least one woody species survey was completed within

the same transects, completing the transect in reverse from the grass monitoring survey. In

these surveys, a transect of 10m wide by 200m long was followed, identifying and recording

all woody species in height classes of <1m, 1 – 2m and >2m.

(For reference purposes, woody species unknown were identified according to ‘Trees &

Shrubs of Mpumalanga & KNP: M Lotter et al, 2007, as well as ‘Field Guide to the Trees of

Southern Africa’, B & P van Wyk, 2007).

- After all monitoring points (transects) were completed, the grass species composition,

ecological index values, weighted palatability composition scores, grazing values, basal and

crown grass cover, tree species composition and tree densities of each representative

monitoring point could be established, and the information used in establishing the

effective, current grazing capacity of each individual vegetation community and area overall.

-8-

- During the survey of the area, all alien and problem plants were identified and recorded.

(For reference purposes, all unknown alien and problem plants were identified according to

‘Problem Plants and Alien Weeds of South Africa’: C Bromilow, 2010, as well as ‘Alien Weeds

& Invasive Plants’: L Henderson, 2001.)

- Current game species and numbers according to aerial game census done in April 2013.

Game aerial census is necessary to get more accurate figures, though only recommended

from July to September when greatest leaf fall is experienced and visibility for game count is

effective. Current game numbers are used to indicate current game pressure in relation to

current carrying capacity, as well as difference and between grazers and browsers, as well as

relation between low-selective, high-selective, mixed feeders and browsers, as indicated.

These game numbers are used to predict possible (average) game production figures of

different species, used to indicate recommended game reduction numbers used for hunting

purposes within coming hunting seasons.

-9-

WATER:

(With reference to Map 2)

The current water resources on the portions of Senwane Game Farm under evaluation

consist of the following:

* Natural, seasonal ‘marsh’ (tributary of Lenkwane spruit running into Marico River) running

through the property from east to west, with it’s catchment area on bordering farm, Hern

House;

* Twelve dams/pans/drinking holes ranging from small 10mØ drinking holes to dams of

approximately 2 Ha in size when full;

* A cement reservoir for general farm use (mostly feeding waterholes - game), in the middle

of the farm;

* Two 5 000 litre water tanks at homestead for general and household use, filled from

borehole at homestead;

* Thirteen active, equipped boreholes on the farm, six of which are equipped with solar

panels, with main boreholes delivering water up to 40 000 litres/hour (due to underground

river – personal remark previous owner);

Seekoei

dam

-10-

Christo dam

Mamba pan

-11-

Barber dam

Water tanks at homestead

-12-

With this amount of water available in dams and from boreholes on Marico Farm

throughout the year, the following benefits are had on the long term:

* Permanent water available for game species throughout the year;

* Attraction of different animal species (free-moving) to the farm, particularly during dry,

winter months when water is scarce and unavailable in other areas;

* Attraction of different bird species to the farm;

* Nesting of different bird species needing to be close to permanent water;

* Settling of particular wading and water birds on the farm due to presence of permanent

water;

* Attraction and settling of amphibian species otherwise not possible, due to water

availability;

* Aesthetic and eco-tourism value;

* Possibility of introduction of species needing permanent water bodies such as

Hippopotamus and Crocodiles.

-13-

VEGETATION (PLANT) COMMUNITIES:

With reference to Map 3 of Resource Inventory.

Six basic vegetation (plant) communities were identified on the farm for the purpose of this

exercise, and include the following:

* Vegetation community 1. (312 Ha):

Mixed Acacia, Velvet raisin and Shephard’s Tree veld on red, sandy soils, with dominant

grass species including Guinea grass, Curly leaf and Lehmann’s love grass.


Silver Cluster leaf sandveld on deep, sandy soil, with dominant grass species including

Broom love grass, Guinea grass and Curly leaf.


Umbrella thorn, Ankle thorn and Velvet raisin on red, sandy soils, with dominant grass

species including Spreading three-awn and Lehmann’s love grass and.


Camphor Bush & Black-thorn veld on red, sandy soils with dominant grass species including

Guinea grass, Lehmann’s love grass and Curly leaf.


Velvet raisin shrub veld on red, sandy soils , with dominant grass species including Guinea

grass, Lehmann’s love grass and Curly leaf.


Closed Marshland on deeper, clayey soils.

Sable enclosures, Lucerne land and Farmstead area total 46 Ha, and will not be part of

current, natural grazing capacity determined.

-14- VEGETATION ASSESSMENT (Reference to Map 4)

Monitoring Point 1:

Fixed-photo point: Westerly direction

Transect: East - west

Area: Plant community 1.

Coordinates : S 24⁰16.084’/ E026⁰53.135’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soil with dominant, open woody vegetation

including Acacia spp, Boscia albitrunca and Grewia flava .

Basal grass cover: 9%.

Crown grass cover: 31%.

Grass composition: Of the 9 (nine) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 41% (4

species), Increaser l grasses 0% (0 species), Increaser lla grasses 20%

(2 species), Increaser llb grasses 0% (0 species) and Increaser llc

grasses 27% (3 species).

Forbs 11% (high)

Cyperus spp. 1%

Grazing values: Total amount of high & medium grazing value grasses (palatable

species) is 61%, with low grazing value grasses 27%.

EIV: 575

Date of survey: 08/04/2013.

-15-

Monitoring point 2:

Fixed-photo point: South-westerly direction

Transect: North-east to south-west


Coordinates : S 24⁰16.412’/ E026⁰52.855’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soil in bush-thinned area (Acacia tortillis, A.

robusta & Grewia flava veld) .



Grass composition: Of the 8 (eight) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 6% (2




Forbs 8% (within norm)



EIV: 570


-16-

Monitoring point 3:

Fixed-photo point: Southerly direction

Transect: North- south


Coordinates : S 24⁰16.893’/ E026⁰54.658’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soil with dominant woody vegetation including

mixed Acacia species, Boscia albitrunca and Grewia flava.



Grass composition: Of the 10 (ten) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 28% (2





Cyperus spp 1%



EIV: 467


-17-

Monitoring point 4:

Fixed-photo point: Westerly direction

Transect: East - west


Coordinates : S 24⁰16.796’/ E026⁰53.847’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soil with open, dominant woody vegetation

including Tarchonanthes parvicapitulatus and Acacia mellifera .



Grass composition: Of the 11 (eleven) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 38%

(2 species), Increaser l grasses 0% (0 species), Increaser lla grasses

17% (2 species), Increaser llb grasses 6% (2 species) and Increaser llc





EIV: 549


-18-

Monitoring point 5:




Coordinates : S 24⁰16.360’/ E026⁰53.371’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soil with open, dominant woody vegetation

including mixed Tarchonanthes parvicapitulatus and Acacia mellifera .




species), Increaser l grasses 0% (0 species), Increaser lla grasses 8% (2

species), Increaser llb grasses 3% (1 species) and Increaser llc grasses

33% (3 species).


Cyp. spp. 1%



EIV: 606


-19-

Monitoring point 6:




Coordinates : S 24⁰16.636’/ E026⁰53.262’

Vegetation: Flat, sandy soils with dominant woody species including Terminalea

sericea.



Grass composition: Of the 7 (seven) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 30% (2

species), Increaser l grasses 0% (0 species), Increaser lla grasses 0% (0

species), Increaser llb grasses 0% (0 species) and Increaser llc grasses

67% (5 species).




EIV: 379


-20-

Monitoring point 7:

Fixed-photo point: South-easterly direction

Transect: North-west to south-east


Coordinates : S 24⁰17.003’/ E026⁰53.263’

Vegetation: Flat, sandy soils with dominant woody vegetation including

Terminalea sericea, Grewia flava & Boscia albitrunca.



Grass composition: Of the 12 (twelve) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 21%







EIV: 37


-21-

Monitoring point 8:

Fixed-photo point: Southerly direction

Transect: North - south


Coordinates : S 24⁰17.199’/ E026⁰53.611’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soils thick, dominant woody vegetation including

Tarchonanthes parvicapitulatus, Boscia albitrunca and Acacia

mellifera.



Grass composition: Of the 13 (thirteen) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to

45% (3 species), Increaser l grasses 0% (0 species), Increaser lla

grasses 13% (2 species), Increaser llb grasses 2% (2 species) and

Increaser llc grasses 38% (6 species).




EIV: 572


-22-

Monitoring point 9:

Fixed-photo point: North-western direction

Transect: South-east to north-west


Coordinates : S 24⁰17.909’/ E026⁰52.229’


Acacia tortillis, A. robusta & Grewia flava



Grass composition: Of the 12 (twelve) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 11%




Forbs 12% (high)



EIV: 324


-23-

Monitoring point 10:




Coordinates : S 24⁰17.888’/ E026⁰53.654’

Vegetation: Flat, reddish sandy soil on open, cleared veld, with dominant woody

vegetation including Acacia tortillis, A. robusta & Grewia flava.



Grass composition: Of the 9 (nine) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 21%

(2species), Increaser l grasses 0% (0 species), Increaser lla grasses 18%






EIV: 376


-24-


Fixed-photo point: Northern direction

Transect: South - north


Coordinates : S 24⁰17.883’/ E026⁰53.104’


Terminalea sericea, Tarchonanthes parvicapitulatus & Boscia

albitrunca



Grass composition: Of the 11 (eleven) grass species recorded, Decreasers amount to 38%




Forbs 9% (normal)



EIV: 553


-25-


Fixed-photo point: Southern direction

Transect: North - south


Coordinates : S 24⁰09.419’/ E027⁰48.132’(3 288ft)

Vegetation: Flat, open, reddish sandy soils in dominant woody vegetation

including Grewia flava, Acacia tortillis & A. mellifera.










EIV: 521


-33-

TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION & -DENSITY: (With reference to attached Tables 7 – 13, and Map 4) As a summary, the following tree densities for the representative monitoring areas were recorded (tree monitoring points as per Map 4)

Tree-density: Height class <1m: Height class 1 – 2m: Height class >2m:

Point 1: 820 TU/Ha 14.0% 47.6% 38.4%

Point 3: 665 TU/Ha 11.3% 63.9% 24.8%

Point 4: 695 TU/Ha 10.8% 70.5% 18.7%

Point 5: 690 TU/Ha 21.0% 51.5% 27.5%

Point 6: 685 TU/Ha 5.8% 54.0% 40.2%

Point 9: 780 TU/Ha 24.4% 43.6% 32.0%

Point 12: 905 TU/Ha 22.1% 59.7% 18.2%

Ave: 1 070 TU/Ha 15.6% 55.8% 28.5%

According to Tainton et al, 1999 (Veld Management in South Africa), grass production may

decline linearly with an increase in tree density higher than 200 TU/Ha (according to a study

in the Molopo area of SA), though areas in bushveld normal up to tree-densities up to 500

TU/Ha, with a density of 2 000 TU/Ha almost completely suppressing grass growth. The

reason for this could probably be ascribed to the increased water, sunlight and nutrient

uptake by woody species, resulting in a decreased availability thereof for grass species,

resulting in a negative grass-tree interaction.

With this taken into account, monitoring points 1, 9 & 12 (tree monitoring point – Map 4)

with tree-densities above 750 TU/Ha, these areas could be classified as becoming bush-

thickened, and definitely affecting the natural biodiversity and grazing capacity of the area.

Though thees are only a few representative areas assessed being as thickened, large areas

of the farm fall under the same density and need to be actively managed (thinned) over

time to rectify the problem.

-41- CURRENT GRAZING CAPACITY:

With reference to above monitoring points 1 – 12 (Map 4), and Tables 1 – 6, the current

grazing capacity determined with information as given, with following formula:

GU/100 ha = 0.547 x ((c + (r – 419) x 0.23) x a x f x (log₁₀g – 1)⁰·⁴), where: - c = EIV of particular monitoring point - r = long term rainfall of farm area - a = topography index - f = fire index - g = crown grass cover for particular monitoring point.

Plant community 1: Point 1 - 7.6 Ha/GU (Hectares per grazing unit) Point 3 - 7.7 Ha/GU (Average - 7.7 Ha/GU) - Carrying capacity of plant community = 312 Ha/7.7 = 40.5 GU’s. Plant community 2: Point 6 - 8.0 Ha/GU Point 7 - 8.2 Ha/GU Point 11 - 7.7 Ha/GU (Average - 8.0 Ha/GU) - Carrying capacity of plant community = 179 Ha/8.0 = 22.3 GU’s. Plant community 3: Point 2 - 10.9 Ha/GU Point 9 - 9.1 Ha/GU Point 10 - 9.1 Ha/GU (Average - 9.7 Ha/GU) - Carrying capacity of plant community = 151 Ha/9.7 = 15.5 GU’s. Plant community 4: Point 4 - 7.3 Ha/GU Point 5 - 7.2 Ha/GU Point 8 - 7.6 Ha/GU (Average - 7.4 Ha/GU) - Carrying capacity of plant community = 270 Ha/7.4 = 36.5 GU’s.

-42- Plant community 5: Point 12 - 8.1 Ha/GU (Hectares per grazing unit) (Average - 8.1 Ha/GU) - Carrying capacity of plant community = 45 Ha/8.1 = 5.5 GU’s. Plant community 6: (Average - 8.2 Ha/GU) (overall average of 1 – 5) - Carrying capacity of plant community = 29 Ha/8.2 = 3.5 GU’s. Farm area = 40.5 + 22.3 + 15.5 + 36.5 + 5.5 + 3.5 = 123.8 (124) GU’s

Cattle grazing = 6.0 GU’s

Total: 130.0 GU’s

The total area, plus cattle grazing camps of 80 Ha being included into larger grazing area

(excluding enclosure areas of Sable antelope) could thus currently carry 130 GU’s (one GU –

Grazing Unit - is equal to one Blue wildebeest)

-43-

CURRENT BROWSING CAPACITY (with reference to Tables 7 – 13):

The woody species (TU) density of the area, (excepting enclosures) ranges between 665 &

905 TU/Ha. Many of the woody species (trees and shrubs) found on the farm are palatable

species preferred by browsing game species, leaves and or fruit, including most Acacia

species, Dichrostachys cinerea (particularly pods), Grewia flava, Ziziphus mucronata, Grewia

monticola and Tarchonanthes parvicapitulatus.

With the relative density of the area, and taken into account the amount of species that

may be utilised by browser species, the browser capacity should be approximately 7 Ha/BU

(as found with other similar studies in more or less the same tree densities – F van

Oudtshoorn, 2008).

According to the assumed browser carrying capacity (7 Ha/BU), and the area 1 066 Ha in

size, it could carry 152 BU’s (Browsing Units).

Even though the density of the woody species in some areas could increase the browsing

capacity for certain species, it does lower the grazing capacity for grazing species, and

lowers the veld condition in general, and should not be seen as an advantage.

-44-

CURRENT STOCKING DENSITY (according to game numbers of January 2012) Table 14: Current Stock Density (Grazer units & Browser units)

Species: Total no of

animals:

Mean weight

(kg):

Grass in diet:

Number of grazers:

GU’s/animal on weight:

No of grazer units:

Browse in diet:

Number of

browsers:

BU’s/animal on weight:

No of browser

units:

Low - selective

Burchall Zebra 18 260 93% 16.74 1.32 22 7% 1.26 1.59 2

Blesbuck 0 65 90% 0 0.47 0 10% 0 0.56 0

High – selective:

Blue wildebeest 34 160 81% 27.54 0.92 25 19% 6.46 1.11 7

Gemsbok 16 210 75% 12 1.12 13 25% 4 1.36 5

Waterbuck 16 205 84% 13 1.10 15 16% 3 1.33 4

Red hartebeest 9 120 75% 6.75 0.7 5 25% 2.25 0.89 2

Mixed feeders:

Eland 16 460 50% 8 2 16 50% 8 2.44 20

Impala 400 41 45% 180 0.3 54 55% 220 0.4 88

Nyala 5 73 20% 1 0.5 1 80% 4 0.61 2

Browsers:

Kudu 10 140 15% 1.5 0.80 1 85% 8.5 1 9

Giraffe 6 830 1% 0.06 3.20 0 99% 5.94 3.80 23

Total: 152 162

* The assumption of this calculation is based on 1 GU (grazer unit) to be equal to 1 Blue wildebeest of 180 kg, and 1 BU (browser unit) to be

equal to 1 Kudu of 140 kg.

- With reference to the current carrying capacity as determined, allowing for 130 GU’s, the area is currently over-stocked with 22 GU’s.

- With reference to the approximate browsing capacity, allowing for 152 BU’s, the total area is overstocked with 10 BU’s.

-45-

GAME STOCKING RECOMMENDATIONS: Table 15: Recommendations for game species & numbers according to current conditions: (for ecological reasons due to current carrying capacity – no hunting involved)

Species: Current no: Recommended: Discussion:

Low-selective:

Burchall zebra 18 20 Zebra are bulk grazers and need to be part of the equation, though with limited bulk available, should be kept stable.

Blesbuck 0 0 Though area is over-stocked with grazers, Blesbuck tend to put too much pressure on limited, open areas.

High selective:

Blue wildebeest 34 15 With relatively little selective grazing available, these species should be limited (also low value animal).

Gemsbok 16 25 Area suited to this species, but with overstocking of game, should be limited in numbers.

Waterbuck 16 20 Species not in large numbers, should be maintained more or less.

Red hartebeest 9 15 Species not quite suited to ‘closed’ vegetation, though opened up areas should be advantageous, and a good hunting species.

Mixed feeders:

Eland 16 20 Has high impact on veld, and should be limited due to overutilization.

Impala 400 150 Large numbers have high impact on veld and should be decreased by a large margin .

Nyala 5 10 Amount of animals unsure, though little impact when in these numbers.

Browsers:

Kudu 10 30 Current numbers should have low impact, though with other browsers, numbers could be increased.

-46-

Giraffe 6 10 Enough browsing available to sustain numbers, only species competing for same feeding strata.

Total: 530 315

Above recommendations are made according to current conditions, not favouring high selective species, and due to high BU’s (browser) pressure. - Unfortunately no ‘grass veld’ species outside of their natural distribution areas may be

introduced due to legislation limitations, limiting more introductions of other species other

than those already present on farm. Blesbuck should be maintained in limited numbers

only.

NS. Above recommendations not taking into account hunting as proposed, only ecological

factors such as current grazing and browsing capacities, and current veld conditions.

Recommended game numbers for the purpose of viable game hunting as proposed for the

farm to be discussed in next chapter.

- It is imperative to constantly monitor and maintain game numbers according to the

current (updated) carrying capacity to maintain healthy veld conditions. Game such as

Impala, Kudu and even Blue wildebeest tend to increase in numbers very fast, and

particularly in dense vegetation conditions such as at Senwane. A yearly game count in the

winter months, when visibility is at it’s best, should be a constant management tool.

- Particularly in relative smaller management areas inbreeding may become a problem,

resulting in a limited gene pool within species on the farm, which impact physiological

factors of the animals too. For this reason it is particularly important to introduce new male

individuals from time to time, as well as removing males at the same time. Even though

natural selection is the perfect (natural) option, with smaller areas intensive management is

needed.

- With regards to Eland on a relative small area, the impact of this specie should be taken

into consideration. Except for the fact that the Eland has a relative big impact with regards

it’s stocking density (more than Buffalo), the vegetation damage becomes particularly visible

in the winter months. With too many Eland the competition with other browsers tends to

outweigh it’s value, and should therefore be managed very well (numbers). The Eland is a

very good indicator of external parasites as they tend to pick up ticks faster than any other

-47-

game specie, and should be valued for that fact. For this reason they should be monitored

more closely.

- With regards to the right balance between bulk feeders and high selective feeders, a

sensible balance between these factors need to be taken into account. With the current

conditions, the veld having natural, limited selective grazing available, points out the

importance of managing the selective species more intensive. Without the right

supplementary feeding these species will have a hard time satisfying their minimum needs

for maintaining their health. Without this they gradually lose condition, resulting in

unneeded stress and a possible decrease in fertility and also death. Particularly during the

winter months one needs to concentrate on supplementary feeding when the protein

content tends to be very low in the natural vegetation.

-48-

TABLE 16: PROJECTED GAME PRODUCTION (SENWANE)

SPECIES: CURRENT POPULATION PROJECTED

NUMBERS: GROWTH: NUMBERS:

Burchall zebra 18 20% 22

Blesbuck 0 25% 0

Blue wildebeest 34 20% 41

Gemsbuck 16 20% 19

Waterbuck 16 20% 19

Red hartebeest 9 20% 11

Eland 16 25% 20

Impala 400 30% 520

Nyala 5 20% 6

Kudu 10 20% 12

Giraffe 6 10% 7

* Population growth according J du P Bothma (2005) and own assumptions.

Game numbers (current) as per figures made available from aerial game count in 2013.

Depending on increases in game numbers (introductions), as well as an effective game

count done during winter months, numbers may vary considerably, and should be accepted

according to census.

For the purpose of hunting on a yearly basis, presuming 17 (seventeen) packages were to be

made available, each package containing the same game species and numbers, a viable and

sustainable amount of game should be available from year to year, utilising the surplus

animals and keeping a viable breeding group to sustain the species for the coming year. The

following game species would be recommended to make up such a hunting package to

make it sustainable and practical from year to year:

-49-

- Impala (Aepeceros melampus melampus) 4

- Kudu (Tragelaphus strepciceros) 1

- Kudu (Tragelaphus strepciceros) 1 (1 additional every second year

- Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) 1

- Eland (Taurotragus oryx) 1 (every second year)

- Blesbuck (Damaliscus pygarcus phillipsi) 1

- Red hartebeest (Alselaphus buselaphus) 1 (every second year)

- Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) 1

- Zebra (Equus burchelli) 1 (every third year)

- Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) 1 (every second year)

- Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) 1 (every third year)

Table 17: Recommendations for game species & numbers for hunting purposes:

Species: Current no: Recommended: Discussion:

Low-selective:

Burchall zebra 18 31 If Zebra don’t become part of hunting packages, numbers need to be decreased to make way for huntable species.

Blesbuck * 0 50 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 17 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group.

High selective:

Blue wildebeest * 34 50 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 17 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group.

Gemsbok * 16 50 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 17 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group.

Waterbuck 16 35 With possible yearly increase, and only hunted every second year, decrease of 17 animals/2nd year will maintain viable breeding group.

Red hartebeest * 9 35 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 17 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group.

Mixed feeders:

Eland * 16 40 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 17 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group..

-50-

Impala * 400 260 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 51 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group, as population increase is usually more than 25%.

Nyala 5 30 With possible yearly increase, and only hunted every second year, decrease of 17 animals/2nd year will maintain viable breeding group, as Nyala usually lamb 3 times in two years.

Browsers:

Kudu * 10 70 With possible yearly increase, decrease of 17 animals/year will maintain viable breeding group.

Giraffe 6 10 Enough browsing available to sustain numbers, only species competing for same feeding strata.

Total: 530 661

* Species recommended for hunting packages.

Even though recommended numbers are high compared to grazing capacity, for hunting

purposes a large number of animals will be removed during each hunting season, with game

pressure lowered accordingly.

-51

SUPPLEMANTARY FEEDING: Phosphorus shortages in large areas of South Africa , particularly on granitic, sandy and

stony soils, where leaching of important elements and nutrients happens on a big scale,

particularly in times of high rainfall, effects these areas. With Senwane mainly on sandy and,

to a lesser degree, on shallow stony soil, phosphorus-supplementation becomes necessary.

During the summer months this supplementation is also important because of the animal’s

growth, and should be managed and even increased. Shortages of phosphorus could cause a

decrease in milk-production in lactating females; could cause slow-growth in animals; low

fertility and bone-abnormalities. (J du P Bothma – Game Ranch Management). Watervos or

Drinkvos may be added to the animals’ drinking water.

Iron-deficiencies usually occurs in sandveld, which could cause anaemia in animals. By

adding 1 to 2% iron-sulfate to the salt licks should provide for the deficiency.

Large areas in the Limpopo province has copper-deficiencies, which could cause bone-

fractures; a low appetite which will lead to worsening of the animal’s condition; slow

growth; bone abnormalities; low fertility and anaemia. Sulkupro may to added to the

supplementary feeding, recommended as 57g copper-sulfate for each 45kg of salt lick (by

mixing it into 4.5 litres of rain water and spraying it over the salt lick).

In the sour savannah areas (particularly sandveld and mountainous areas), the grassy

component contains very low amounts of digestible protein in the winter months, which

could decrease to levels as low as 3% (from around 11% in the summer). Shortages of

protein or energy will eventually cause weight loss, and thereafter low fertility. Protein

levels in grass start decreasing from as early as February/March, and could therefore be

supplemented from as early as March. Protein supplementation in the winter increases

digestion, which causes an increase in food intake to satisfy the animals’ energy needs. NPN

(non-protein nitrogen) is an excellent and relative cheap and effective way to increase the

levels of protein and nitrogen in animals. To increase the effectiveness of NPN, game should

have access to a relative amount of digestible carbohydrates such as molasses or maize, as

well as the right amounts of minerals such as sulfate and phosphate.

Urea is a good source of NPN. It takes the digestive systems of game around two to three

weeks to adjust and get used to the intake of urea, so much so that they could die of a too

great intake in a short time, if not yet used to it. Because of this enough relative amounts of

molasses and maize should be made available with the urea, of which these two products

would be an extra source of energy as well.

-52-

Energy is recommended for the summer months because of the low amounts of dry

material available this time of the year. Energy supplementation on protein-deficient veld

could cause a negative effect on game, and is therefore not recommended for winter

supplementary feeding.

Grain sources such as maize, sorghum, barley, corn and moat is generally used in SA, with

maize having the greatest energy values.

Salt licks is a good and effective way to provide game of most of their mineral- and

supplementary products. It’s an excellent source of sodium that game needs, and a way of

getting certain macro-elements such as phosphorus and selenium to the game. Certain

problems concerning salt licks must be overcome that could affect the game negatively

rather than positively:

- Urea-poisoning could occur when too much of it is ingested, and usually happens when

lying in water (rainwater) and ingested in dissolved form.

- Wet conditions could make salt licks unpalatable for game, and it is therefore

recommended to lay these licks on cement floors or in holders, preferably under a roof or

shelter.

- The composition of certain salt licks (contents) has an effect on the palatability and

edibility thereof, and will play a role in the amounts taken in by the game. By adding certain

products such as molasses and maize, the palatability will be increased, ensuring an increase

in intake.

- The palatability and edibility of mineral mixes could also affect the intake of licks because

game does not necessarily like the taste of any other mineral but salt. The amounts of

minerals could be managed quite accurately in the formulation of the licks by adding only

between 300 – 400 grams of minerals per salt lick.

Practical management aspects:

Except for the needs of, and benefits of supplementary feeding such as salt licks, this

management aspect can also be used as way of veld management to manipulate game

movements in area to a certain extent.

- It is too often accepted as general practice to give supplementary feeding, particularly salt

licks, at watering points on the farm, to make sure that game actually get to use these licks.

-53-

These areas are then usually so trampled by game because of this (two reasons to be in that

specific concentrated area), it becomes a over-utilised dusty area. By simply moving the licks

away from these points, to other areas where game spend less time and need to attracted

to, these areas will be less effected. Game will find salt licks when necessary.

- After an area had been affected by fire, whether by accident or controlled burning, it is

very important to move all supplementary feeding from these areas to less affected areas.

Game will start concentrating on burned areas with re-growth of the grassy layer, and by

having salt licks and such outside these areas, they will be forced to move from these areas

from time to time, and give these burned areas time to rest (limit overgrazing of these

areas).

- When doing passive game capture on a game farm, supplementary feeding is used to

attract game into these areas. By doing this over time, game become used to these areas of

feeding, and when eventually captured, the stress of capture is less.

Suppliers of supplementary products:

- VOERMOL: 0834145928

- WES FEEDS: 014-7771330

- KK ANIMAL NUTRITION (SELFMIX 140): 031-9105100

- MOLATEK: 013-7911036

- VIRBAC – BROWSE PLUS: 012-6576000

The advantages of maintaining a good and balanced supplementary feeding regime of game

is the following:

- increase in production percentages

- increase in general condition and resistance against internal and external parasites

- licks are used as a method of dosing game against parasites, and is a easy way to manage

(volumes and types of licks)

- licks and other supplementary feeding types can be used to manipulate animal movements

on a farm.

It will be necessary to give the game a good quality hay, which should preferably contain

Eragrostis curvula, Cenchrus ciliarus, Panicum maximum, tef and lusern. Cattle licks could be

added to provide for the necessary minerals, vitamins and proteins. In the fodder the

following must be provided for:

-54-

- The fibre-content must be around 12% to provide for energy of approximately 12MJ/kg;

- The total protein content should provide for approximately 12% (minimum of 5%);

- The energy concentration should not be too high to prevent acidosis and laminitis;

- Mineral licks must be provided early on in the season, with urea, to prevent a ‘hunger’ for

salt later on, which could prove fatal when too much is ingested at one time, because of

that hunger. Licks should be kept out of the rain because of the danger of urea-poisoning.

- For good reproduction provision should be made for the right amounts of calsium (0.3 –

0.4%) and phosphate (0.25 – 0.3%), as well as vitamin A.

- A recommended mix used in the industry is: 50% salt lick/ 45% calcium-diphosphate and

5% Calorie-3000 molasses powder (JG du Toit – Game Ranch Management).

Important aspects to keep in mind regarding the feeding areas:

- Feeding troughs (preferably cement) should be kept under roof to keep all supplementary

feeding as dry as possible;

- Because of possible aggressive behaviour from dominant individuals the young individuals

tend to be pushed away from feeding areas when conditions become cramped, and is

therefore necessary to provide feeding troughs of at least 1 meter per individual;

- The feeding areas should be kept clean on a daily basis and with construction slippery

under-foot areas should be prevented;

- Feeding troughs and water troughs should be placed far enough apart to limit the chances

of fodder becoming wet and decreasing the chances of infected water from fodder falling

into the water;

- Lucerne should be free of mildew (caused by old, wet or bad quality lucerne);

WINTER FEEDING:

Protein-shortages as well as energy shortages is a problem in the dry winter months in

South Africa (grazing), particularly in the sour veld areas (sandveld), where grazing quality

already decreases from March and onwards, to levels as low as 2% (protein). In the

sweetveld areas of Senwane the protein does not decrease as much. These low levels

decreases the digestion and the volumes of intake, which limits the amount of grazing

ruminants can ingest. During this time game, which does nor receive supplementary

feeding, could loose between 25 – 30% of their body mass. The right type of supplementary

feeding increases their appetite, which helps to maintain a healthy body mass, which

increases production.

- In the first half of the winter (up to August) a product such as Econolek (cattle lick) which is

low in urea – 700 to 800 grams/day/animal -, or a Protein-block, may be used;

-55-

- Later in the winter a Production-lick may be used with the feeding-mixture or game pellets

(1.5 to 2 kg/day/animal). What is quite important to take into account is that this product

(Voermol product) contains high concentrations of ionofoor which could be dangerous to

game such as Rhino and Zebra.

- Because of the protein levels in the lower mixed and sweeter bushveld areas higher than in

the sour veld areas of the Highveld, the amounts of protein supplemented should be lower

(160 grams/day/animal).

Winter - recommended supplement:

- Game block

- Protein block (160 grams/day/animal) or-

- Econolek (700 grams/day/animal)

- Super 18

(Voermol products)

Late winter – recommended supplement:

- Production lick (2 kg/day/animal)

- Game pellets or-

- Game block

- Super 18

(Voermol products)

NPN (non-protein nitrogen) is also a good source of protein supplement (urea) in the winter,

though a too high intake thereof at one time could be dangerous to the individual, and

should therefore be give with carbohydrate sources or molasses.

Lucerne-hay is also a good source of protein supplementation in the winter, particularly in

the sour-veld areas, because it contains high concentrations of protein and energy.

Concerning the quantities of supplementary feeding, a good standard to use is:

- Game blocks: 1kg block/day/individual (larger animals)

- Lucerne: 1 bale/day/6 individuals

- Game pellets: limit to 1% of body mass/animal, with free access to grazing or hay.

Energy supplementation is also important, though to only supplement energy in the winter

(critical time of protein shortages), more damage than good will be done. Energy should be

supplemented with protein, which is particularly important in growing and lactating

animals, and never on it’s own.

-56-

SUMMER FEEDING: In the summer months vegetation is usually quite abundant, with protein quantities

relatively high against what is available in the winter months. In this time, phosphate,

certain spore elements and energy is particularly needed.

- In the summer months (one month after the rain), phosphate supplementary should start

in the form of Phosphate block or Superfos (pellets). Phosphate supplementation is

advantageous to the animals’ reaction to protein and energy supplementation (Tainton et

al).

- Energy supplementation is the main supplementation to consider in the summer months,

and is important to help maintain the animals’ weights through this time, as well as for

gaining weight in younger animals. Grain sources such as maize, grain, sorghum, barley,

wheat and oats is generally used in South Africa, with maize having the greatest energy

values.

Summer – recommended supplement:

- Phosphate block

- Rumevite P6

- Rumevite P12

(Voermol products)

-57-

BUSH THICKENING & -ENCROACHMENT: Bush thickening and/or –encroachment is usually the result of an imbalance between the

grassy layer and the woody vegetation, favouring the last, mostly resultant from overgrazing

over time, selective overgrazing, wrong veld management practises such as burning the veld

at the wrong time of the year, and more commonly a combination of some or all aspects.

Due to the pressure on the grassy layer, ideal circumstances are created that favour a burst

of seedling growth of particularly species such as Acacia species, Dichrostachys cinerea

(Sickle bush), Grewia monticola (Silver raisin), G. flava (Velvet raisin), G. flavescens

(Sandpaper raisin), Ochna pulchra (Peeling plane), Terminalea sericea (Silver cluster leaf)

and Combretum apiculatum (Red bushwillow).

The absence of fire in certain veld types (excluding sweet bushveld) where fire used to occur

(to eradicate the old, dormant grasses), may also lead to the thickening of woody species. In

these circumstances, fire tends to kill off young woody seedlings, giving the grassy layer a

good platform to dominate again, balancing the system again.

The absence of grazers may also lead to unnatural increase in certain woody species, which

would otherwise be managed through continued grazing in a natural manner, which would

again produce new and more palatable leaf material for grazing animals.

Through scientific research done by Moore & Odendaal (1987), it was found that tree-

densities in certain vegetation types of 2 000 TU/Ha and more, suppresses grass growth in

totality. Because of the competition for water, light and much needed nutrients in the soil,

the grasses are negatively impacted and growth restricted.

With reference to Tables 7 – 13, as well as summary on p.34, the area is not as much

affected by bush thickening. The tree density found in general seems acceptable, though in

a normal savanna ecosystem these figure are still high. With tree-densities averaging

between 665 and 905 TU/Ha it doesn’t come close to 2 000 TU/Ha where grass growth is

permanently suppressed, though with this density the visibility in general is limited,

particularly when looking for game, as well as for hunting purposes. In light of this it is still

recommended to maintain bush-thinning as had been the case for the last 5 (five) years,

though some practical management pointers will be discussed in the management plan.

-58- ALIEN & PROBLEM PLANTS: Only a limited amount of alien and/or invasive plants were identified at Senwane game

Farm (excluding plants within farmstead fenced-off area) during the evaluation, including:

- Opuntia ficus indica (Sweet prickly pear)

- Datura stramonium (Common thorn-apple)

- Datura ferox (Large thorn-apple)

Within legislation (Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983) these species are

proclaimed as Weeds (Category 1), and need to be controlled or eradicated.

* The Sweet prickly pear has the ability to aggressively invade areas, having the same result

as the above plant. They do not occur in high numbers, mainly within enclosed areas where

cattle were kept and proposed enclosures for Sable antelope.

- Control of the Sweet prickly pear is the same as the Queen of the Night, as well as with a

glyphosate active ingredient, though with heavy infestation biological control had been

proven successful (cactoblastis and cochineal). At Senwane, with the lesser infestation, the

recommended method would be to physically chop down and remove the plants, burying

and burying them.

* The Common thorn-apple and Large thorn-apple do occur widespread on the farm,

though also in no large numbers.

- Control of these plants, particularly in numbers found on the farm, could be controlled by

mechanical means, by pulling out plants when soil is wet, to ensure roots are also removed.

With probable seeds laying dormant in soil over time, follow-up on a regular basis should be

done to ensure control over spread of plants in future.

-59-

FIRE REGIME:

Due to Senwane Game Farm situated in the Limpopo Sweet Bushveld, no fire regime will be

necessary for this farm. Due the natural, limited amount of grass building up in these areas,

as well as low rainfall, and normal utilisation of the grazing strata, the chances of accidental

spread of veld-fires is very limited. No controlled burning (block-burning) is recommended

for these areas, also due to limited amount of dormant grass building up, making controlled

burning necessary.

There should however be an emergency plan and equipment on hand in the case of

accidental fires, if at all possible, particularly spreading from outside of Senwane, and

particularly for the possibility of keeping Sable antelope in the proposed enclosures, where

they will have no chance of escape.

It is however recommended to make contact with and join the local Fire Association and

make sure about legal aspects regarding fire breaks, as there is definite legislation with

regards to making fire breaks on one’s property.

15.1 National Act on Veld & Forrest fires, 101 of 1998. ( extracts of the more important aspects for land owners) - Article 12:

(1): All land owners of property where veld fires could occur and spread must

make fire breaks on their sides of the fence;

(2)(a): When a land owner makes a fire break, he or she must do it on a date

decided on before hand and organized with the neighbours and

fire protection association (if in area);

(b): If a date cannot be agreed upon, the other neighbours should be given

written notice of at least 14 days with all relative information;

(3): A neighbour agreeing on a specific day must:

- make fire breaks on the same day;

- must be present or organize someone to be present;

- must assure enough people present on his or her property to stop the spread

of possible fire if needed.

(4): A land owner may not make fire breaks if:

- the Fire protection association makes objection;

- a warning is published according to law because of a fire hazard in the area;

- the circumstances are just not right for making fire breaks at the time.

-60-

(5): If the land owner cannot make fire breaks on the proposed dates, other dates

should be decided upon in accordance with particular neighbours;

(7): Neighbouring land owners may make a jointed decision to make a fire break

A distance away from the fences;

(8): When a land owner is going to be absent from his or her property for a time

longer than 14 days, when fires are normally made, a contact number must be

left with neighbours in case of emergencies;

(9): If a land owner is not present on his or her land on the dates decided upon, or

has not left a contact telephone number, the fire breaks may be continued

with.

- Article 13:

A landowner compelled to make fire breaks, and maintain them, must assure these fire

breaks are long and wide enough to stop the spreading of fire to neighbouring farms; that it

does not cause soil erosion; that it is clear of possible flammable materials which could help

in the spread of fires;

- Article 15:

A landowner could get exemption to make fire breaks from the Minister, with certain

conditions and with good reason;

- Article 16:

A landowner making fire breaks, should where protected plants occur, remove these plants

and re-plant them, or make the fire breaks in such a way to avoid these protected plants;

- Article 17:

Any landowner where veld fires could occur, must:

- have trained personnel, protective clothing and equipment to help limit veld

fires;

- assure that someone on or near his property is responsible to manage veld fires,

and to contact neighbours and the fire protection association if needed;

- Article 18:

(1): Any landowner on whose property a fire had started which could potentially

put the lives or property of neighbours at risk, should contact these

neighbours and do whatever is needed to stop this fire;

(2): In case of above mentioned, any person may enter any land to help fight

Such a fire;

-61-

(3): A fire fighting official may at any time take over the management of the

control of fires, and ask any person not younger than 16 years or older than

60 years of age to assist him or her.

-62-

FENCING:

Fence on north-western perimeter.

Fence on south-eastern border

-63-

* Current fences of the farm include the following:

North-west and other perimeters (not south-east)

-Height of fences – 2.4m

-Number of wires – 18 strands (smooth)

-Straining posts - round pipe (100mm Ø)

- spacing of 200 meters (other than at corners or areas where fences

change direction)

-Line posts - Y standards

- spacing of 15 metres

-Droppers - ridgeback iron droppers

- spacing of 1.2 metres

-Extra binding wire weaved between droppers to a height of 1.8m.

Condition of fences - fair, though well-kept.

* Electrification:

- Offsets - 10:

- Distance from fence - 1 metre

- Posts - wooden & droppers

- Spacing - 2 metres

- Voltage - 6 000 V.

Condition of fence - Well-kept

South-eastern perimeter:

-Height of fences - 2.4m

-Number of wires - 19 strands (smooth & barbed wire)

-Straining posts - Round iron posts (120mm Ø)


change direction)

-Line posts - Wooden (100mmØ)


-Droppers - Wooden (60mmØ)


-64-

Condition of fences - fair, though will need to be replaced within next 2 – 3 years. .

* Electrification:

- Offsets - 10:

- Distance from fence - 1 metre

- Posts - wooden & Y-standards

- Spacing - 6 metres


Condition of fence - Fair, well-kept.

Farmstead fence & Sable antelope enclosures:

-Height of fences - 2.4m

-Number of wires - 19 strands (smooth)

-Straining posts - Round iron posts (100mm Ø)


change direction)

-Line posts - Y-standards

-Droppers - Iron ridgeback

-Wire mesh - 500mm & apron

* Electrification:

- Offsets - 2:

- Spacing from ground - 500mm / 800 mm


Condition of fences - Quite good

-65-

Farmstead fence & Sable antelope enclosures

-66-

EQUIPMENT & BUILDINGS (Game & veld management purposes):

General equipment on farm for the purpose of veld and/or game management includes the following:

- Tractors (3)

Working condition

- Bushcutter (1)

Diesel-powered bush-cutter for the purpose of bush-clearing, in working condition.

- Water-cart (1)

A water-cart, pulled by tractor or vehicle, with 2 000 litre capacity is available for general

purposes, though not ideal for fire-fighting (if ever necessary)

- Grader (1)

A grader (pulled by vehicle) for the purpose of grading roads is available on farm, though

currently tyres are used (effectively).

-67-

Vehicles

- Diesel-powered Land-cruiser for the purpose of game-drives and hunting, with capacity for

approximately 11 (eleven) persons comfortably.

- All-purpose game drive/hunting vehicle, capacity of approximately 11 (eleven) persons.

-68- Abattoir & cold room:

Other equipment: Trailers (3) Slasher Baler Hammer mill Feed mixer Compressor Fertilizer spreader Lucerne rake Lawnmowers Trax pick-up Boscut (munual) Weadeaters Road grader-blade Portable generator Five-tooth ripper Disc plough Double-furrow plough Store-room with tools

-69- ROADS: With reference to Map 2 (Infrastructure). The management roads on Senwane Game Farm cover approximately 46.6 kilometres, of which 15.4 km is the perimeter road of the farm. These distances exclude roads within the camped off areas where cattle used to graze, as well as proposed Sable antelope enclosures. In general the management roads and perimeter roads are in good condition, and with the topography of the area, erosion due to water run-off is limited. Due to the soil structure of the area maintenance on the roads should be relatively simple and basic, with roads needing to be scraped and levelled using the tyres behind a vehicle every so often. The actual scraping of the roads using the scraper should be limited. An aspect of the road maintenance needing some time involves the clearing of brush alongside the roads, causing damage to vehicles using the roads.

-70-

LUCERNE:

The 6 Ha land used for planting and cultivating lucerne on a constant basis is of great value

to Senwane Game Farm for supplementary feeding purposes. Properly harvested lucerne

hay is high quality feed with a digestibility of up to 70%, and a crude protein content of

approximately 20%. Under good management annual yields of good quality hay one may be

able to achieve 20 (twenty) tonnes per Ha. With 6 (six) hectares a yield of 120 (one hundred

and twenty) tonnes a year is thus possible.

With Senwane Game Farm situated in the drier climate of South Africa, and bulk

(supplementary food) needed during the drier winter months, lucerne would be quite

valuable to sustaining the game on the farm, in particular the Sable antelope in the breeding

enclosures. With the amount of lucerne that may be cut, baled and stored during the

warmer months, enough food should be made available to carry throughout the year.

-71-

SUMMARY:

1. Resulting ecological assessment pointed out the following factors:

* Relatively big difference in presence of Decreaser (high grazing value, climax) grass

species found throughout the farm, ranging from 6% to as high as 48% in representative

monitoring areas, compared to a relatively high amount of Increaser llc grass species

(low grazing value, pioneer) throughout;

* Total (average) high and medium grazing value grass species found in representative

monitoring points overall is quite high (82.9%) – palatable species, against the relative

amount of low grazing value grasses (10.3%);

* Ecological Index Values of representative evaluation points differ significantly, ranging

between 310 (low) and 606 (relatively high for these areas), with an average EIV of 467;

* Average amount of climax and sub-climax grass species found in the representative

evaluation areas (palatable grasses) is quite average (51%), compared to 42.8% pioneer

grass species, which is relatively high;

* Weighted palatability composition score of the evaluated areas totalled 38.4% (ave.),

which is relatively low;

* With data from tree species composition and tree densities, most of the areas were

found to be relatively high in density, a sign of bush thickening in process, lowering the

overall grazing capacity, though increasing browsing capacity. With areas ranging

between 665 and 905 TU/Ha, no suppressing of grass growth should should be

experienced, though much needed water, sunlight and necessary minerals and

elements are lost to woody species, lowering grazing capacity in general.

2. Current grazing capacity found to be on average of 8.2 Ha/GU, allowing for a total of

124 GU’s (Sable antelope enclosures excluded).

Current browsing capacity (approximately 7 Ha/BU) allowing for 140 BU’s in total;

3. Current stocking density for grazers and browsers totals 213 GU’s and 220 BU’s respect-

tively, which is 89 GU’s over grazing carrying capacity, and 80 BU’s over browsing carrying

capacity;

4. Two recommendations are made with regards to the species and numbers for the farm,

firstly for ecological sound management to merit current carrying capacity and veld

conditions, and secondly for the purpose of long term hunting for sustainable utilisation;

5. Supplementary feeding recommendations made for common shortages of certain

nutrients and elements in the soil where Senwane Game Farm is situated;

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6. Insight and recommendations with regards to bush thickening and encroachment of

indigenous vegetation on Marico, with management options to control

particular problem species. Species involved include Acacia erubescens, Grewia flava,

Terminalea sericea and Dichrostachys cinerea; (Management Plan)

7. Exotic & problem plants on the farm, an inventory list of plants found, and management

Recommendations. Species include Sweet prickly pear, Common thorn-apple and Large

Thorn-apple;

8. Short insight into a possible Fire regime, though needs to be evaluated separately when

a management decision is made to accept such a fire regime;

9. Fencing evaluated, with most parts in relatively good condition, including electrical

Fencing;

10. Equipment and buildings pertaining to veld and game management looked at and a very

basic evaluation done;

11. Roads in general looked at, in fair condition, currently a system of 46.6 km;

12. Proposed Sable enclosures evaluated separately for purpose of application (Breeding

project);

13. Resource inventory lists (Grass species and Tree species found during evaluation period);

14. Necessary mapping of farm, including Location of farm, Infrastructure, Vegetation

communities and Vegetation monitoring points.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

BOTHMA, J du P & DU TOIT, J.G. (2010). Game Ranch Management (5th Edition). BROMILOW, C. (2010). Problem Plants & Alien Weeds of South Africa. CHIEF DIRECTORATE SURVEYS & LAND MAPPING, (1996). 1:50 000 Geological Map Series – Thabazimbi . DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, (2007). A guide to the use of herbicides of Bush Encroachment,

DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS & TOURISM, (2000). Generalised Soil Description,

Environmental Potential Atlas for the Northern Province.

GIBBS RUSSEL, G.E. et al (1990). Grasses of southern Africa. LOTTER, M. et al (2007). Trees & Shrubs of Mpumalanga & KNP. MUCINA, PROF.L & RUTHERFORD, DR. M.C. (2006). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho

& Swaziland (SANBI).

SKINNER, J.D & CHIMIMBA, C.T (2005). The Mammals of the Southern African Sub region. TAINTON et al, (1999). Veld Management in South Africa. VAN OUDTSHOORN, F. (2012). Guide to the Grasses of South Africa (3rd Edition). VAN WYK, B & VAN WYK, P. (2007). Field Guide to the Trees of southern Africa (11th Edition).

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