Sentence Structures for All2

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SENTENCE STRUCTURES1. The singer/the dancer/(the + career) + Proper name The singer My Tam or My Tam singer

2. S + not only + V +.......+ but also + V + ....... = not only .but as well.

S + either + V +...... or + ....... / ..neither .nor

S + V + .... + whether + S + V + ....+ or........

3. Generally/Individually/Particularly/Basically, S + V + O.Ex: Generrally, he is right.

4. Passive sentences: S ( in living things ) + be + V3/Ed .......+ by ......( S as a person can be used inpassive voice. But when looking at the S as things, please use V in passive )

5. S + V + ......+ Without + Noun / Ving.Ex : She cannot live without money.Ex: I cannot stand her looking at me without closing her eyes.

6. (A/An) + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly)Ex: an extremely nice girlEx: a completely right test

Adverbs of degree : extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty.

Adj Verb + ing or Verb + ed EX: boring or bored

Action Verbs + Adv-ly : Speaker fluently, dance beautifully,...

7. Exactly +WH/H words + S + V .+ is/was not known (unknown).Ex : Exactly why she loves himis not known.

Wh/H words: When, what,.../How....Ex: Exactly why she cried yesterday is not known ( is unknown )

8. One of the Short Adj. estMost + long Adj. + N (s/es) V-S/es ( is/was) + ........

First, second...+ Adj

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Ex: One of the nicest girls in my class/ of all (girls) is Mary. ( Mt trong nhng )Mary is one of the nicest girls in my class/ of all (girls)

9. FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : Adv. Clause, Main clause

Cause: Because/Since + S + V + O, S + V + O.

Opposition (Contradary cause): Although/Though/Even though + S + V + O, S + V +

O. Contrast While + S + V + O, S + V + O.

Condition if + S + V + O, S + V + O.Unless + S + V + O, S + V + O.

Time: When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O.

Adverb Clause Marker with ever: Whenever/wherever/However/ + S + V + O, S + V + O.

Compared: S + V + O. S + V + O or + S + V + O, but + S + V + O (without but: wrong)

10.REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES

V_ing

When/Although/....+ V3/ED , S + V + O.......... ( Reduced Adv. Clause)ADJ

EX : When a stronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity.

When orbitingthe earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity.

Although it had been da m aged, the machine was still operartional. Although damaged, the machine was still operartional.

Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech.

Although nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech.

11. Two/ three/ .....+ plural N One + V + O, the other / the others + V + O(from one to another / from one another)

12. Quantity w ords + of + relative clause (both of, most of, many of, much of, some of....)

EX : I read a number of articles.Most of themwere very useful.

I read a number of articles,most of w hich were very useful.

13.APPOSITIVES

An appositive is a noun phrase that explains or rephrases another noun phrase.

S, Noun phrase, + V + O +......Noun phrase, S + V .

S, together with/ along with/ accompanied by/ including + Noun phrase, V ( ng t chia s t hay s nhiu ty thuc vo ch t S pha trc )

EX : The National Road, one of the first highways in North America, conected the East Coast tothe Ohio Valley. (appositive following a nown The National Road)

EX : A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive beforethe subject - Buffalo Bill).

S, Noun phrase, + be + no longer + ...../ S, Noun phrase, + V + no longer

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Noun phrase=A/An/The.....+ Adv + Adj. + Noun

Note: Adv of degree: extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty.

Adv of manner Adj. + ly Adv-ly: beautifully......Ex: an extremely nice girl

a terribly wrong test or a completely right test

14.INVERSIONS

14.1. Not only/ No longer/ Not untill/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly/ + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb...... ( Auxiliaryverbs : do/does/did . )

EX : Not once was he on time.

14.2.Only in (on, at, by,..) + noun phrase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V...

EX : Only in an emergency should you use this exit.

14.3.Only if/Only because/Only until/Only when/Only after/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S +main V...

EX : Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final ( o ng v sau )

14.4. So + Adj. or Participle (VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V......EX : So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum.

So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for dicrections.

14.5. Preposition + noun phrase + main verb + S

EX : Off the coast of Califonia lies the Channel Islands. (The channel Islands lies off the coast....)

Hardly had + S + V3/ed + O w hen S + V2/ed + O........ No sooner had+ S + V3/ed + O + than S + V2/ed + O........

15. CLAUSES/ SENTENSES = S + V + O

I. A simple sentence consist of one clausea. S + V. ( No Object ) Ex : She slept soundly.b. S + V + O . Ex : She is eating dinner now.c. S + V + I.O + D.O Ex: She gave him a special gift.

S + V + D.O +for/ from/to + I.O Ex : She gave a special gift to him.* buy ... for* borrow/ get = learn/ protect/ prevent from* give = offer/ write/ send/ tell/ show/ bring = take = pass = hand/ lend/ teach.. to ..D.O : Direct Object ( ch vt ) I.O : Indirect Object ( ch ngi )

II. A compound sentenceconsist of two independent clause joined by a conjunction such as(and, but, or,....)

EX: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice.

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III. A complex sentenceconsist of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a subordinate(dependent) clause. Subordinate clause may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or adjective clauses.

E X: 1/The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold (adverb clause)

2/ I didnt realize that she was here. ( Noun clause)

3/ The man who is sitting next to you now is my teacher. (Adj. clause)

16.ADJ. CLAUSE:

16.1. The + Noun (people) who + V +....+ main Verb......(WhoSubject)

16.2. The + Noun (people) whom S + V +....+ main Verb......(WhomObject)

16.3. The + Noun (people) whose + Noun + S + V +.... + main verb. (WhosePossessive)The + Noun (people) whose + Noun + V +....+ main verb ..

16.4. The + Noun (things) which + V + main Verb......(WhichSubject)

16.5. The + Noun (things) which + S + V + main Verb......(WhichObject)

16.6.Noun (things) Preposition + which + S + V + main Verb......(WhichObject of Preposition)

E X: That is the top. I will write on it.

That is a topic on w hich I will write (write on)- The +Noun (Place) + where + S + V + ....+ main Verb...(Whereadv of place)

E X: He is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.

- The + Noun (Time) + when + S + V + .....(Whenadv of time)

E X: This is the hour when the children ussually go to bed.

* When which/ that/ whom are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted.

EX: The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (Which omitted)

* The + Noun (people) who + V + to/in... + main V ... Noun + to/in.. whom + V + main Verb....

Ex: The man to whom I am talking is my teacher.* In which where (it depends on the verb & preposition).

17.REDUCED (SHORTENED) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

17.1.Present participles (V-ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs(active meaning)

* NOUN, WHICH/.....+ V + O, MAIN VERB + O NOUN, VING + O, MAIN VERB + O

EX : Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.

Minnesota,joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.

Or joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.

17.2.Past participle (V3/ed) are used to reduce adjective clauses withpassive verbs (passivemeaning)

E X: William an Mary College, Which w as f o unded in 1693, is the second oldest university in theUnited States.

William an Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States.

*NOUN, WHICH/.... + BE + V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + ONOUN , V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O

17.3. Noun (people) who + V +... + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O Noun

(people) who + be V3/ed +... + main V ... NOUN+ V3/ed + O + MAIN VERB + O

17.4.Noun (things) which + V + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O Noun


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(things) which + be V + main V ...NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O

17.5. S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) V-ing + ..., S2 + V + O ( S as person V-ing)

S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) V-ing + ..., S2 + V + O ( S as thing V3/ed )

18.CLAUSE WITH IT

18.1. IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO + V1

E X: It is important to be punctual for appointments.

18.2. IT TAKE/TOOK + SOMEONE + TIME PHRASE + TO + V1

E X: It takes him a long time to learn a language.

18.3. IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause)

E X: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state.

18.4. IT WAS PROPER NAME/ S. PRONOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE

E X: It was Jackwho did most of the work

It was shewho came to class with this news

18.5. IT BE THE FIRST/SECOND+ time.. S + HAVE/HAS + V3/ED + O.Ex: It is the first time I have seen you.

18.6. IT BE SAID/BELIEVED that S + V + Oor S + BE + SAID/BELIEVED.... TO V(BE) + O

Ex: It was said that he was a superman.Or He was said to be a superman.

19. NEARLY/ALMOST + ADV-LY.

20.NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT

20.1. SUBJECT: WH/H-W O R DS + S + V +.... + SINGULAR VERB + OEx: What you want is unknown

20.2. OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... (What, where,....., How....)Ex: Nobody knows what you want.

20.3. WITH THAT: OBJECT

Say , know, understand, think, + That + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE)S +

believe, hear, feel, rumor

* (THE FACT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + .....+ MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE)

21.PARRALLEL STRUCTURES:

ADJ and ADJ

ADV but ADV

NOUN or NOUN

VERB as well as VERB

VS/ES V2/ED Have Be + Ving Will/ Can + V1 V + to + V1 Wh/H word +S + V VS/ES V2/ED V3/ED V-ing V1 V1 Wh/H word +S + V has/had+V3/ED


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22. PASSIVE VOICE : S(things) + Be + V3/ED .......By +.....+ O

23. CAUSTIVE VERBS:-S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1.....-S + HELP + + SOMEONE + V1.....- S + LET + + SOMEONE + V1.....- S + PERMIT/ ALLOW + SOMEONE + TO + V1 ...

-23.1. S + MAKE(S) + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO INFINITVE + .......

23.2. S + MAKE(S) + ADJ + O.C (OBJECT COMPLIMENT)

23.3. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + ADJ.....

23.4.

24. NOUN (things) of NOUN: the flow of liquids


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VING

25. OF THE MANY/NUMBER (TWO/...) + NOUNS/ES = ONE OF (ONLY ONE) + NOUNS/ES

26. OUT (PREPOSITION) OUTER (ADJ) : OUTER SPACE


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IN INNER

27. S + V + ADJ./ADV-LY + ENOUGH + (FOR S.O)+ TO INF

S + V + ENOUGH + NOUN + TO INF (V1)

28. WHATEVER + TYPE/KIND/SORT + OF + N + V ...., S + V + O

29. S + V + FROM + TIME/PLACE...+ TO + TIME/PLACE

S + V + FROM ONE + SINGULAR NOUN + TO + ANOTHER

PREVENT/PROTECT .......FROM........ PREFER + N/VING ........TO N/VING

30. NO/NOT

30.1. NO : OBJECT

- S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NO + SIN G ULAR UNCOUNT N O UN/ P L URAL N O UN

- THERE + BE + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN

30.2. NO : SUBJECT

SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN + VS/ES + ONO + PLURAL NOUN + VPLURAL + O

30.3.NOT: S + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + MAIN VERB + O.

- S + HAVE / H AS/HAD + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN

- THERE + BE + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN

* NOT HAVING + NOUN HAVING + NO +NOUN

31. BY MEANS: BY BUS/....... or ON FOOT.

THAT IS + NOUN IS THAT (=MEAN THAT) + S + V + O.

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S + BE + SAID/THOUGHT/KNOWN/BELIEVED/RUMORED + THAT + CLAUSE TO

BE....

33. FOR + NOUN + OF NOUN AND NOUN (COMPARED), S + V + O.

34. LIKE UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE, S + V + O.S + V + O + LIKE UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE.S + V + O + AS (JUST AS) A CLAUSE.

* S + FEEL LIKE + VING ...........

35. S + APPOINT + SOMEONE + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER).

S + THINK OF/ABOUT + ONESELF + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER): as mordencitizens

36. S + V + O + IN THAT + S + V + O (IN THAT POINT)

37. HUNDREDS/THOUNDSANDS/MILLIONS/BILLIONS/... + OF + PLURAL NOUN

38. NOUN + AS YOU/WE KNOWN + S + V + O

EX: English as we know it is not hard to study.

39. MAYBE = PERHAPS BECAUSE + A CLAUSE/ BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE

40. A/AN + .......+ ADJ. ADJ. ADJ...... + SINGULAR NOUN.

EX : A four month old baby


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41. ALLOW:

41.1. S + ALLOWS/ALLOWED + VING + .......EX: The teacher allows speaking loudy in class.

41.2. S + BE (NOT) + ALLOWED + TO + V1....EX: He is not allowed to smoke here

42.INFINITIVES

42.1. S + V + to infinitive + O (infinitive as object of a verb)

EX : She forgot to read the directions.She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat.

42.2.To infinitive + O + singular V ......... (infinitive as subject of a verb)

EX : To read the directions is important.

42.3. To/in order to + infinitive + O, S + V + O (Purpose)

EX : To learn how to cook, she took lessions.

42.4. It + Be + Adj + (For someone) to infinitive (infinitive after to be + Adj.)

EX : It is important to read the dicrections.

42.5. S + be + the first..........+ person + to be + V3/ed.........EX : John Glenn was the first American to obit the Earth.

42.6. S + be + the first ......+ person + to be + V3/ed............

EX : Roberta was the first person to be askedto speak at the meeting.

43. GERUNDS PREPOSITION (in, on, at, about, with, without,...) + Ving43.1. VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES (Simple present) + O. (Gerund as subject of a verb)EX : Playing chess is enjoyable.

43.2. S + V + (Preposition) +VING + NOUN PHRASE. (Gerund as Object of a Verb)EX : He enjoyplaying chess.

43.3. S + V + N + PREPOSITION + VING +NOUN. (Gerund as Object of a Preposition)

EX : He passes the time byplaying chess.

43.4. S + V + PREPOSITION + MY /YOUR/OUR/THEIR/HIS/HER/....+VING +.....

EX : We objected to her cutting class last week.

43.5.S + V + PREPOSITION + PROPER NAMES +VING +.....

EX : We objected to Alices cutting class last week.

43.6.VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O.

43.7. Not + VIN G + NOUN PH RASE + VS/ES + O.

Singular S

(PLEASE GO TO ENCLOSED SHEETS OF GERUNDS)


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Gerunds: VING

I. Defination: The gerund is a Verb + ing form used as a noun. It can function as a subject,subject of a complement, object, object of a preposition.

EX : 1) Writtingessays in English requires practice. (Subject)

2) My hobby is collecting stamp = Colle c t in g stamp is my hobby.

(subject of a complement)

3) I like skiing (Object)

4) She is afraid of walking alone at night (Object of a preposition)

II.


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Formation: ( S hnh thnh c a Gerunds) Preposition

Noun and preposition

Gerund Adjectives and Preposition

Verbs and Preposition

Idoms and Preposition

Verbs1. Gerund sau g i i t : Gii t + VING

E X : Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house.

By listening, he quickly picked up the language.

2. Gerunds sau cc danh t nht nh k t hp v i gi i t s a u:

- Choice of (la chn)/ Posibility of( Kh nng)/ excute for (xin li)/ reason for(l do)/intention of (xu hng)/method for (of) (phng thc)

- EX: She h no excuse for behaving in that matter.

3. Gerunds sau cc tnh t nht nh + g i i t s a u: Be + Adj + Prep + VING (Gerund)- Accustomed to(quen vi)/afraid of(s)/amazed at (ngc nhin)/interested in (quan tm)/

fond of(thch)/tire of(chn)/ tire from(mt)/ good at (gii v)/bad at(d v)/successfulin(thnh cng)/capable of(c th)/Busy with(bn rn)/excited about(hi hp)/ against/beorget + used to/.....

- EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday.

4. Gerund sau cc ng t nht nh + Gii t sau:

- Approved of: Chp thun - think of = think about : Ngh v

- Give up: T b - depend on = count on = rely on: l thuc vo

- Be better off: tt hn - succeed in: thnh cng

- Put off: Dp tt, tr hon - insist on: ni n, i

- Worry about: Lo lng v

5. Gerund sau cc thnh ng c nh:


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- keep on = go on = carry on: tip tc

- Look forward to: mong ch, ngng mong - take to: quan tm

- Its no use: mt cng, khng c li - cant help: Khng trnh khi, khng th khng

- Its worth: xng ng


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- cant stand = cant bear: khng chu c

- Its no worth: Khng xng ng - cant resist: Khng th chng li

- There is no + VING - what a nuisance...!: Phin qu


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- Be busy:bn - Its much use: rt c li

EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon.

6. Gerund sau cc ng t nht nh

- Admit: tha nhn - delay: hon li - practise: thc tp

- Miss:b l - regret: ly lm tic - resent: bc tc

- Risk: Liu lnh - appreciate: hiu r, nhn thc - finish: hon hnh

- Deny:ph nhn - postpone: tr hon - quit=stop: ngng

- Avoid: trnh xa - enjoy = fancy: thch - consider: xem xt=involve: linquan

- Mind:phn i, kh chu - l ike/love - recall: nh li, nhcnh

- Resume: ginh li


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- try: c gng - dislike: Khng thch

- Detest=hate: ght, gh tm - forgive: tha th - mention: cp

- Pardon: tha li - tolerate: khoan hng, tha th - understand: hiu

- Recomend: gii thiu, dn d - prevent from: ngn nga - Defer: chu theo

- Imagine: tng tng - Discuss:tho lun - recollect: thu gom li

EX: He practises speaking English everyday.

7. Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund hoc Infinitive sau c c ng t nht nh) sau:

- Begin=star:bt u - like/love: thch, yu thng - continue: tip tc

- Cant stand=bear: khng th chu ng - prefer: thch hn

- Dread: lo s - intend: d tnh - Hate: ght

- *Stop: ngng -*remember: nh -*forget: qun

- Allow: cho php - Agree: ng - advise: Khuyn bo

- Dislike: khng thch - Attemp: n lc=*try: c gng, th - Leave: ri i- Mean: c ngha l - Permit: cho php - plan: d tr

- Regret: tic - study: hc -Propose: ngh - neglect: sao lng

*: Tt c cc ng t phn 7 c dng 2 cch (Gerund & Infinitive) m ngha khngthay i, ngoi tr 4 ng t c du *

EX1: He started studying after dinner = He started to study after dinner: sau ba ti, anhy bt u hc.

EX2: She stopped studying English She stopped to study English(C y khng hc ting anh na C y ngng lm mt iu g hc ting anh)EX3: I remember locking the door before I left I remember to lock the door before I left

(ti kha ca ri by gi ti nh r vic ny Ti nh v vic kha ca trc khi i kha)

EX4: I tried helping her but she failed I t ried to help her( ti th gip b y ti c gip b y)


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III. Function of Gerunds ( Chc nng ca Gerunds)

1. Gerunds as Subjects: Gerunds nh l ch t VING + V + O or VING + O + V + O

EX : Worrying is not going to help ORWorrying about it is not going to help you

2. Gerund as Subject of complement : S + V + VING + O or VING + O + V + O

EX: My hobby is collecting stamps ORCollecting stamps is my hobby ORseeing is believing

Lu : Nu chia th hin ti n th ng t lun chia hnh thc s t (be: is/was)

3. Gerund as Object S + V + VING

EX : I like sw imming

4. Gerund as Object of preposition: S + V + Prep + VING + O.

EX : She is fond of working with animals

5. Gerund as a possessive adjective or noun:

E X1: Possesive Adj : Your being rightdoesnt mean my being wrong

(Adj + Gerund)

E X2: Possesive noun:My father walkingimproves his health

(Nouns Gerund)


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DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED = INDIRECTED SPEECH

(Noun Clause in Conversation)

I. STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH: Cu tng thut dng xc nh:

Nghin cu k cc cu s au y r i a ra cng thc v qui lut chung:

EX: 1) Direct speech: Shesay to me : I am ill today

Reported speech: She tell m e (that) s h e is ill that day1 2 3 4 5 6

2) Direct speech: Shesaid to me : I am ill today

Reported speech: She told me (that)she was ill that day

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rules: cch i cu trc tip sang cu tng thut (cu gin tip) theo s th t sau:

1. i say to thnh t e l lhoc said to thnh told

2. B du hai chm (:) hoc du phy (,).

3. i du ngoc kp thnh ch that(c th b c)4. i i danh t v tnh t s hu cch trong ngoc kp thnh:

Ngi th nht: I, me, my, mine / We, us, our, ours:Cng ngi vi ch t ca ng t gii thiu

Ngi th hai: you, your, yours

Cng ngi vi tc t ca ng t gii thiu

Ngi th 3: She, he, they, it: Khng i, gi nguyn.

EX: She said to me I hope you will .....

She told me (that) She hoped I would.....

5. i th ca ng t trong ngoc kp nu ng t gii thiu qu kh (said/...) nh sau:

Hin ti Qu kh

Simple present (walk) Simple past (walked)

Present progressive (is walking) Past progressive (was walking)

Present perfect/simple past (has walked/walked) Past perfect (had wwalked)

Past progressive (was walking) Past perfect progressive (had been walking)

Simple future (will walk) Conditional present (would walk)

Conditional present (would walk) Conditional perfect (would have wwalked)

Past perfect/ Conditional perfect Khng i


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6. i vi t ch thi gian hoc ni chn sau:

Direct Reported

Now Then

Today That day

This morning That morning

Tomorrow The following day/the next day/the day after

Yesterday The day before / the previous day

Ago Before

This That

These Those

Here There

Come Go

Next week/month/year The next week/month/year

Last night /week/month/year The night /week/month/year before

The day before yesterday Twos day before

The day after tomorrow In two days time

A year/....ago A year/...before

II. QUESTIONS: Cu tng thut dng cu hi. C 2 dng cu hi:

1. YES/NO QUESTION S :

S + say/said + to + O, Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........? S + ask/asked/..... + O + if+ S + V + .....

Lu :


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* O = me, you, us, them, him, her

* Axiliary verbs ( tr ng t): am, is, are, were, was, can, might, must, will, do, does, did,....

2. WH/H QUESTIONS:

S + say/said + to + O, WH/H + Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........?

S + ask/asked/..... + O + WH/H + S + V + ..... EX:

I said, Where are you going now, Mary I asked Mary where she was going then

EX: She usually says to me, What time is it now?

She usually asks me What time it is then.


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Rules: Gm 8 bc:

1. isay to thnh ask/wonder/want to know/inquire

2. B du phy (,)

3. i du ngoc kp thnhIf(liu) /whether(c..khng) nu dng 1 (YES/NO question). Cn dng 2 th WH/H question gi nguyn: what/who/where/when/why/how/.....

4. i cc i danh t hoc tnh t s hu cch ging nh dng cu xc nh (Xem phn 4/I)

5. Chuyn ch t ln trc ng t thnh cu xc nh6. i th ca ng t trong ngoc kp (h th) nu ng t gii thiu qu kh (Xem phn 5/I)

7. i cc t ch ni chn hay thi gian (Xem phn 6/I)

8. i du chm hi (?) thnh du chm (.).

Lu cc im ht sc cn ch :

a) Tr ng t must khi chuyn sang cu gin tip phi dng had t o, nhng must notvn lmust not(nu mang tnh cm on). Need not (neednt) i thnh did not have to.

EX: The teacher said: You must do the exercises carefully

The teacher said that we had to do the exercises carefully.EX: The girls said, You needntcome with us ifyou do not want to

The girls said that =asked me I did not have to come with them if I did not want to.

b) Th qu kh trong cu trc tip khi chuyn sang cu gin tip khng thay i nu nghaca n r rng.

EX: Tom said to me, My mother died ofcanser in 1985

Tom told me his motherdied ofcanser in 1985.

c) Th hin ti khng thay i nu ngha ca n l chn l, i u hi n nhin.

EX: He said, The Earth revoles around the sun

He said that the Earth revoles around the sun.

d) Khi ng t gii thiu th hin ti n/hin ti tip din/hin ti on thnh/ tng laihon thnhKhng h t h v cng khng thay i cc trng t ch t hi gian hoc nichn, ch i cc i t nhn x ng.

EX: The doorsays/ is s aying/has s aid/will say, You have to stay her e

The doorsays/ is saying/has said/will say that I have to stay here.


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III. COMMANDS: D NG MNH L NH T H C. G M HAI L O I

1. Positi v e c o mmands: mnh lnh thc dng xc nh

S + say/said to + O, V1 + O +...., please

S + ask/asked... + O + t o V1 + O +..........

EX: She said to Bill, Please wait form e her e

She askedBill t o wait forher ther e.2. Negative c o mmands : Mnh lnh thc dng ph nh

S + say/saidto O, Dont/Never+ V1 + O +......, (please)

S + ask/asked... + O + not to/never to +V1 + O

EX: She said to me, Donttouch anything in this room now, please

She orderedme not to touch anything in thatroom then.

EX: The officer always says t o his men, Neverturnyourbacks toyourenemies today

The officer always commands his men neverto turn theirbacks to theirenemies that day

Rules:

1. i say to thnh ask/advise(khuyn) /order(ra l nh) =command/beg(van xin ) /warn( cnhbo) /request( ngh ) = suggest.

2. B du phy (,).

3. B du ngoc kp ()

4. Nu cu trong dng mnh ln xc nh th i thnh to+ V1 , b please (nu c). Nu cutrong ngoc kp dng mnh lnh ph nh th i thnhNot to/nev e r to +V1 , b please (nu

c).5. i cc i danh t hoc tnh t s hu cch (xem phn 4/I)

6. i trng t ch thi gian hoc ni chn nu c ( Xem phn 6/I)

Lu : Hai dng cu mnh lnh thc khi i sang cu gin tip khng h th , lun gi nguyn V1(nguyn mu), ch thm t o hoc not to/never to +V1.

GET IT IN YOUR MIND!


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SENTENCE STRUCTURES FOR LEVEL Btogether with

1. Singular S, along with + Noun phrase, singular Verb + O......

accompanied by

as well as

Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, i s going to a party tonight.Singular S

2. Non of the +


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Singular V Non-count noun + singular verb +

O........

Plural count noun + Plural verb + O........

Ex:Non of the counterfeit money ha sbeen found.

Non-count N singular verbNon of the students have finished the exam yet.

3. No +


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Singular N & Non-count noun + singular verb + O........

Plural noun + Plural verb + O........

Ex:No ex a mple i s relevant to this case.

No examples are relevant to this case.

4. a. Neither nor

+ Noun + + Plural noun + Plural verb + O........

Either or

Ex:Neither John norh i s f r iends are going to the beach today.

b. Neither nor

+ Noun + + Singular noun + Singular verb + O........

Either or

Ex:Neither Jack orBill i s going to the beach today.

5. V-ing + Singular verb+ O........( V-ing: Gerund as Subjects)Ex: Writi ngmany lettermakes her happy.

6. a/. A number of + Plural noun + Plural verb (A number of=Many)

Ex: A number ofstudents are going to the class picnic.

b/.The number of + Plural noun + Singular verb ........

Ex: The number of days in a weekis seven

7. a/. S (person do the action) + need + to-infinitive + O........

Ex: His friend needs to learn English well

V-ing

b/. S ( an inanimate object as S: Vt v tri, v gic) + need + + ......

tobe + V 3/ED

14 Ex: The g r ass needs c u ttingorThe grass need tobe cut


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c/. S + Be + in need of + N...........(be in need of = need)

Ex: He is in need of money

8. a/. Who + VS/ES + O ? Ai lm g mnh?

Ex: Who loves her?

b/. Who + auxiliary verb + S + V + O ? Mnh lm g ai?

Ex: Who do you love?

9. When auxiliary

Where + be

How do/does/did

Why

Ex: Where do you live?


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+ S + V + O ?

10. a/. S + V + question word (When....) + S + V + ........ (Embedded questions)

Ex: We have not find out where the meeting will take pl a ce.

b/. Auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V +......?

Ex: Do you know where the meeting will t a ke plac e ?

as if11. a/. S + VS/ES (present) + as though + S + V2/ED (past) ......(.....nh th l.......)

Ex: He acts as though he were rich.

as if

b/. S + V3/ED (past) + as though + S + had + V3/ED (past perfect)

Ex: He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didnt see a ghost)

12. S + V2/ED + O, S + would + V1 ...............

Ex: When he was young, he would swim once a day.

13. S + used to +V1 + O......(thng thng: ch mt thi quan trong qu kh)

Ex: When he was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)

14. a/. S + be + used to +Ving+ O......(quen quen vi, BE chia hin ti hoc qu kh l ty )

Ex: Mary is used to readingbooks everyday.

b/. S + get + used to +Ving+ O......(dn dn lm quen vi, t t quen vi....)

Ex: Marygets used to swi m mingeveryday.

Note:Be used to =Be accustomed to but Get used to = become accust omed to

Would rather .....than.......: thch ...... hn

12. a/. S + would rather + V1 + N + than + Noun.

Ex: Peterwould rather d r inkCoca-Cola than orange juice.

b/. S + would rather + V1 + O + Adverb of time + than + Adverb of time (present).

Ex: Jim wo ul d rather go to class to m orrow than today.

c/. S + would rather + have + V3/ED ...+ than +..... (past).

Ex: Jim wo ul d rather have gone to classye s terd a y than today.


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Would rather that: thch ...... hn

13. a/. S1 + rather that + S2 + Verb in simple form ( Present subjunctive)

Ex: She would rather that he ta k e this train. (take gi nguyn mu)

b/. S1 + rather that + S2 + V2/ED +.....( Present contrary to fact)

Ex: John would rather thatit wer e Spring now. (It is not Spring now)

c/. S1 + rather that + S2 + had +V3/ED +.....( Past contrary to fact)

Ex: John would rather thatJackhad gone to class yesterday.

( Jack did not go to class yesterday).

Note: Negative for m :

- Would rather not + V1

- Would rather not have + V3/ED

- Would rather that .....+ not + Vnguyn mu

Prefer .....to...........: thch......hn........

14. a/. S + prefer + Noun + to + Noun

Ex: Heprefers football to tenis.

b/. S + prefer + Ving + O + to + (Ving) + O

Ex: He prefers playingfootball t o watching film.

15. S + would like + to V1 + O. (would like: thch)

Ex: I would like to visitJapan.

Had better

Should16. S + ought to + V1 + O ..........(............nn......: some choice)

Be supposed to

Ex: Youshould study tonight.

17. a/. S + must + V1 + O....... (........ phi......: no choice)

Ex: You must study tonight.

b/. S + must + be + N....... (........ chc c l ......: not sure)

Ex: He must be a doctor.

c/. S + must have + V3/D + O....... (........ chc c l ......:a logic conclusion in the past)Ex: It must have rainedlast night. (It probably rained last night).

18. S + have to + V1 + O .......(......phi..... = must).

Ex: He has to call his insurance agent today. (complete obligation).

19. S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun

Ex: My house is th e same height a s his.

20. S + V + different from + Noun

Ex: Their teacheris different from ours.21. a/. S + V + Adj/Adv + enough + (for someone to + V1.......)

Ex: It is not cold enough for you to wear a heavy jacket.


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b/. S + V + enough + Noun

Ex: Do you have enough sugarfor the cake?.

22. a/. Because + S + V + O, S + V + O (or Because there +be + S......)

Ex: Because there was a traffic jam, the students arrived late.

b/. Because of + N/noun phrase, S + V + O....

Ex: The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.

23. a/ . S + V + ....+ so that/in order that + S + V.....( ........)

Ex: He studied very hardso thathe could pass the test.

b/. S + V + .... + to/in order to + V1 +.....

Ex: He studied very hard to pass the test.

24. a/. S + V + so + Adj/Adv + that + S + V.....( .....qu..... n ni.......)

Ex: The soup tastesso good thateveryone will ask for more.

Note:

i/. S + V + so + many/few +plural count noun + that + S + V.......Ex: He hadso many children thatthey formed his own baseball team.

ii/. S + V + so + much/little +non-count noun + that + S + V.......

Ex: The grass receiveds o little water thatit turned brown in the heat.

b/. S + V + such + a/an +Adj + singular count noun + that + S + V......(...qu.. n ni....)

Ex: It wassuch a hot day thatwe decided to stay indoors

= S + V + so + Adj + a/an + singular count noun + that + S + V......

Ex: It wasso hot a day thatwe decided to stay indoors

c/. S + V + such +Adj + plural count noun/non- count noun + that + S + V......

Ex: This issuch difficult homework thathe never finish it.

CAUSATIVE VERBS: Nh, bo, bt ai lm g cho mnh.

25. a/.S + have + someone + V1 (verb in simple form) + O. (Active)

Ex: Mary ha dJohn wash the car.

b/. S + get + someone + V1 + O. (Active)

Ex: Marygo tJohn to w a sh the car.

c/. S + have/get + something + V3/ED (verb in past participle) + (by someone). (passive)Ex: Mary had the carwashedby John.

26. S + make + someone + V1 + O.........( bt ai lm g)

Ex: The robbermade the seller give him the money

27. S + let + O + V1.......(.....cho php.......)

Ex: The teacherle t the student le a ve class early

28. S + be + scared of + Ving + O.

Ex: She is scared of livingon her own in such a big city.

29. S + reminds + someone + of + Noun /Ving......

Ex: That picture reminds me ofthe time when we loved each other.


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1. It takes/tooksomebody + time + to infiniti v e ........ (Ai mt bao lu lm g....)

2. S + be +such + (a/an) + noun or S + be + so +adj + (a/an) + noun . .....nh th.....

3. S + need not + have + V3/ED + O......L ra khng cn phi.....

4. Time clause:

a/. Since + S + V2/ED + O ....., S + have/has + V3/ED + O.......

Khc vi It + be + time + si n ce + S + V2/ED.......( Since i khi c th b i)

b/. As soon as + S + have/has + V3/ED + O, S + will + V1 + O........

5. Superlative ......+ S + have/has + ever + V3/ED..........nht........ tng.........

6. Noun Clause (........that): S + say/believe/know/rumour......(that) + S* + V........

- It is said/believed/known/rumoured/reported that + S + V...Ngi ta ni/tin/n/bo corng....

- HocS* + be + said/.....+ tobe + .......

7. S + had better + V1 + .......= It would be advisable for Sb. + to do Sth.

8. S +find that + S + V.....nhn thy rng......9. S +find + Sb. + to-infinitive.......Nhn thy ai ......

10. S + happen + to-infinitive..........tnh c.............

11. It happens/ed that S + V.........

12.Not until+ S + had + V3/ED + O + did+ S + V1 + ........(Lun o ng v sau)

13. It was not until+ time + that + S + V2/ED ..........mi cho n.........th....

Or S + did not + V1 + O + until + time (time clause).

14. The only/first/last+ Noun + to + V1 + O + be + Noun........

The only/first/last+ Noun + who/which + V (usually V2/ED) + be + Noun........

15. S + spend/waste + time + Ving + O..........

16. S + apologize to + Someone +for + keeping+ someone + waiting. Xin li v ai i

17.Leave + Sth. + Ving.....................

18.It + be + stupid = silly = foolish/shy/careless + of+ someone + to do + Sth......

Ai tht kh/e thn/bt cn lm g............

19. S + be tire of+ someone + Ving......Khng thch ai lm g

20. S + be + busy + Ving.......21. S +find/found it + adj +V1/Ving......nhn thy tht............

22. S + see + s o meone/li v ing things + V1/ Ving.......

23. S + see + Sth. + V3/ED (by....)

24. S + shake hands with someone........bt tay vi ai.....

25. S + make friends with someone....kt bn vi ai....

26. Let + someone + V1 + Sth. orLet + Sth./yourself.....+ be + V3/ED......


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MAKE: LM, SN XUT, CH TO RA

1. Make cake : Lm bnh

2. Make noise

3. Make a promise = promise


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: gy n

: ha hn

4. Make trouble : gy phin toi

5. Make difference : khc vi

6. Make progress = progress

7. Make money = earn momey


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: tin b

: kim tin

8. Make a speech : son bi c, din vn

9. Make a mistake : phm li

10. Make decision = reach decision


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: a n quyt nh

make up ones mind : quyt nh

DO: LM, THC HIN

1. Do ones best = try ones best : c gng ht sc

2. Do homework/housework


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: lm bi tp v nh/ cng vic nh

3. Do exercise : tp th dc

4. Do + Someone a favour = help someone


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:gip ai

5. Do a job/work : lm vic

6. Do shopping = go shopping : mua sm

7. Do business : kinh doanh

EXPRESSIONS1. Write a good hand : Vit ch p

2. Take pot-luck


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: c g n ny

3. Take (a) pride in : t ho v

4. Take cold : cm lnh

5. Show zeal for : t ra st sng vi, t ra nhit tnh vi

6. Say not so : ch c ni th

7. save ones breath8. Ask me another


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: lm thinh

: khng bit, ng hi ti na

9. Bear/keep in mind : Ghi nh, mang trong tm tr

10. Come to life : Ci t hong sinh

11. Come true : tr thnh s tht

12. Do good : lm vic thin, lm phc13. Do ones needs

14. Refuse for good


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: i v sinh

: kh nng t chi

I very much hope you learn all by your heart!


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GII T WITH

1. Agree with : ng vi

2. Begin with


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: bt u

3. Communicate with : lin lc vi

4. Compare to/with

5. Compete with/against


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: so snh vi

: cnh tranh, ua i vi

6. Comfier with :lm lng tng, bi ri, m h

7. Comply with : tun theo, chiu theo

8. Contrast with/to


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:lm tng phn vi

9. Cope with :i ph, ng u

10. Correspon with :tng ng vi, phi hp vi, giao thip = th t

11. Finish with :hon tt

12. Help with/in : gip

13. Disgust with = hate14. Interfere with/on


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: cm ght

: gy tr ngi, quy ry

15. Interface in : xen vo, can thip vo

16. Mix with : dnh dng, giao thip, hp tc

17. Be occupied with


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: chong, chim ch

18. Part with : chia la, t bit

19. Please with : hi lng vi

20. Quarrel with Sb. / about Sth.


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: ci nhau vi ai/ v ci g

21. Reason with : vin l l

22. Satisfied with : hi lng vi, lm mn nguyn

23. Threaten with : e da, lm cho ai s

VERBAL PHRASE1. Take down : tho xung, ghi chp, s nhc, gim, h

2. Take in


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: mi vo, a vo, tip n, gm c

3. Come to : n, ln ti, hi tnh li, tnh ng

4. Break up : v tng mnh, gii tn, chia ly, st l

5. Beak down


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:p v, kit sc, v n, b ph sn

6. Break in : nh b, tp

7. Break off : gii hn, hy b, th tiu, ri ra

8. Make out : t, xc minh, gii thch, nhn ra

9. Make up : Gm c, cha ng, bao hm

10. Put on weight


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: ln cn, mp ra, bo ra

11. Turn down : gp, gp xung, b, li, bc b


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GII T TO

1. Be accustomed to : tp cho quen vi

2. Be amount to

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: ln n, ln ti

3. Appeal to : ku gi, cu cu

4. Apply to Apply for: ng dng, p dng Hi xin vic

5. Attach to : gn, dn, tri, buc

6. Attend to : ch n

7. Belong to : thuc v8. Challenge to

9. Compare to / with

10. Be condemn to ( to death)

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: thch , thch thc

: so snh vi

: kt n, kt ti ( t hnh)

11. Confess to : th nhn, th ti

12. Confine to : Giam gi, giam cm

13. Consent to : ng , hi lng14. Convert to :bin i, i

15. Entitle to : cho ta ( tn sch)

16. Listen to : lng nghe

17. Mention to : cp n

18. Object to (Vt) Object to (Vi)

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: phn i, chng i

: ght, khng thch

19. Occur to : xy ra, tnh c, ngu nhin

20. Prefer to : thch....hn

21. Reply to : p tr, tr li

22. Respond to

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: phn ng li, p li

23. See to : chun b

24. Submit to : chu phc tng, trnh, a ra kin

25. Surrender to

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: u hng

26. Turn to : Bin thnh, tr thnh, ha thnh

27. Refer to : lin h n, m ch n

28. Look forward to

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: trng mong

VERBAL PHRASE

1. Put up with Sb. : chu ng ai

2. Put up = to raise = to hold up

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: ging, cng ()

3. Put Sb. up : cho ai tr li

4. Put out = to extinguish : dp tt (la)

5. Put on take off

6. Put down = to write = to copy

7. Put off = to postpone = to cancel = call off

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: mc vo ci ra

: ghi chp

: hon li

218. Put away = to store Sth. in it : ct i

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GII T AT

1. Attend at : tham d, c mt

2. Amuse at/by

3. Arrive at/in

4. Be astonish at/by

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:lm bun ci

: n ( mt th trn,...)

: gy ngc nhin

5. Call at = stop : ngng li

6. Exclaim at : la to

7. Glance at : nhn lt, nhn thong8. Guess at : on

9. Knock at : g vo (ca,....)

10. Look at : nhn vo

11. Point at/to :im vo, ch vo

12. Shock at/by

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: b xc ng bi

13. Stare at : nhn m m

14. Surprise at/by : gy ngc nhin

15. Wonder at/about

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: t hi v, ngc nhin v

16. Work at/on : lm vic ti

GII T FOR

1. Account for = Explain

2. Ask for/of

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: gii thch, ct ngha

: hi v

3. Act for/on :hnh ng v

4. Appologize for

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: xin li v

5. Blame for :mng, chi v

6. Beg for : khn cu, van xin v

7. Call for : gi, n tm

8. Charge for

9. Exchange for

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: tnh gi, i tr

:i ra

10. Hope for : hy vng

11. Look for : tm kim

12. Mistake for

13. Mourn for/over

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: phm li lm v

: than khc, thng tic

14. Pay for : tr lng, tin

15. Prepare for : chun b

16. Provide for

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: cung cp

17. Search for : lc li, tm kim, thm d

18. Thank for : Cm n v

19. Vote for Sb./on Sth.

20. Wait for Sb. / Wait on Sth.

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: B phiu bu ai, b phiu v ng c

: i ai/ i iu g

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Sentence Structures for All2

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