Sensors and their applications
Transcript of Sensors and their applications
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SENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
PRESENTED BY MRINALNEHA SHRIVASTAVA
NIDHI.P.TIGGA
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TOPICS INCLUDED IN THIS PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION OPTICAL SENSORS PRINCIPLE OF SENSORS CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON SOME INTERESTING APPLICATIONS CHRONOLOGYCONCLUSION
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SENSOR INTRODUCTION A sensor is a device that produces a measurable
response to a change in a physical condition, such as temperature or thermal conductivity, or to a change in chemical concentration. Sensors are particularly useful for making in-situ measurements such as in industrial process control.
Sensors are responsible for converting some type of physical phenomenon into a quantity measurable by a data acquisition (DAQ) system.
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OPTICAL SENSORINTRODUCTION
NEW REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
IT IS A “SPIN-OFF” FROM OTHER OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN SENSING APPLICATIONS – DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN FIELD
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TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL SPECIES
PRESSURE FORCE
FLOW RADIATION
LIQUID LEVEL pH
DISPLACEMENT HUMIDITY
VIBRATION STRAIN
ROTATION VELOCITY
MAGNETIC FIELDS
ELECTRIC FIELDS
ACCELERATION ACOUSTIC FIELDS
OPTICAL SENSOR MEASURANDS
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
• LIGHT BEAM CHANGES BY THE PHENOMENA THAT IS BEING MEASURED
• LIGHT MAY CHANGE IN ITS FIVE OPTICAL PROPERTIES i.e INTENSITY, PHASE, POLARIZATION,WAVELENGTH AND SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION
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CLASSIFICATION
OPTICAL SENSORS ARE OF
EXTRINSIC SENSORS
INTRINSIC SENSORS
TWO TYPES
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EXTRINSIC SENSORS
WHERE THE LIGHT LEAVES THE FEED ORTRANSMITTING FIBER TO BE CHANGED BEFORE IT CONTINUES TO THE DETECTOR BY MEANS OF THE RETURN OR RECEIVING FIBER
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INTRINSIC SENSORS
INTRINSIC SENSORS ARE DIFFERENT IN THAT THE LIGHT BEAM DOES NOT LEAVE THE OPTICAL FIBERBUT IS CHANGED WHILST STILL CONTAINED WITHIN IT.
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COMPARISON OF THE TWO TYPES EXTRINSIC INTRINSIC
APPLICATIONS- TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE,LIQUID LEVEL AND FLOW.
LESS SENSITIVE EASILY MULTIPLEXED INGRESS/ EGRESS CONNECTION PROBLEMS EASIER TO USE LESS EXPENSIVE
APPLICATIONS- ROTATION, ACCELERATION, STRAIN, ACOUSTIC PRESSURE AND VIBRATION.MORE SENSITIVE TOUGHER TO MULTIPLEXREDUCES CONNECTION PROBLEMSMORE ELABORATE SIGNAL DEMODULATIONMORE EXPENSIVE
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Types of Optical Sensors
Chemical/Gas Concentration Temperature Strain Biomedical Electric & Magnetic Fields Rotation Pressure Displacement &Position
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CHEMICAL SENSORS
REMOTE SPECTROSCOPY GROUNDWATER AND SOIL
CONTAMINATION MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHEMICAL SENSORS
1) PHARMACIA BIOTECH (SWEDEN)
2) FIBERCHEM
3) THE QUANTUM GROUP
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Chemical/Gas Sensor Types and Applications.
Sensor type
Detectable gases
Usable range Pro's
Con's
Electrochemical Toxics, oxygen ppm levelsLow power, accurate, repeatable
3 year lifetime slightly lower at high temps; some types are cross-sensitive
Pellistor Flammables LEL levelsGenerally good in all ways; portable
Can be damaged by high levels of H2S, but poison resistant types are available
Infrared Flammables and CO20.1 (or less) to 100% by volume
Fail safe; generally excellent
Expensive (but getting cheaper); non-portable
Thermal Conductivity
Many, at % levels, including binary mixtures
% levels20 year life (at least); stable; can detect inert gases
Only appropriate for certain gases
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TEMPERATURE SENSORS
LARGEST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SENSORS
RANGE -40 deg C TO 1000 deg C
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TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS
ThermocouplesThermistorsRadiation PyrometerRadiation ThermometersResistance Temperature DetectorsFiber Optic Temperature SensorsSilicon Temperature Sensors
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APPLICATIONS HVAC - room, duct, and refrigerant
equipment Motors - overload protection Electronic circuits - semiconductor protection Electronic assemblies - thermal management,
temperature compensation Process control - temperature regulation Automotive - air and oil temperature Appliances - heating and cooling temperature
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STRAIN SENSORS FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS (FBG)
TECHNOLOGY SENSES AS LITTLE AS 9
MICROSTRAIN NRL and UNITED TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH
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BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
SPECTROSCOPIC BIOMEDICAL SENSORS
CO 2, O 2 and pH CAN BE MEASURED SIMULTANEOUSLY
FLOW MONITORING BY LASER DOPPLERIMETRY
FIBERS – OPTHALMOLOGIC APPLICATION
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ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC SENSORS
APPEALING- INHERENT DIELECTRIC NATURE
LESS SENSITIVE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
SMALL SIZE AND SAFER THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS HYBRIDABB CORPORATION RESEARCH
CENTER
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APPLICATIONCompassing and navigationVehicle Detection Virtual RealityLaboratory Instrumentationa Medical InstrumentsUnderground Boring EquipmentFlux Gate Replacement
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ROTATION SENSOR
BASED ON THE SAGNAC EFFECTTWO TYPES RING LASER
GYROSCOPE (RLG) AND FIBER OPTIC GYROSCOPE (FOG)
US COMPANIES PURSUING HIGH PERFORMANCE FOG’s (HONEYWELL, LITTON, NORTHRUP, ALLIED SIGNAL etc.)
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PRESSURE SENSORS EARLIER BASED ON
PIEZORESISTIVE TECHNIQUEBASED ON MOVABLE DIAPHRAGMHIGH PERFORMANCE-
(POLARIZATION BASED SENSORS) OPERATING PRESSURE RANGES
FROM 0-70,000 torr
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DISPLACEMENT AND POSITION SENSORS ONE OF THE FIRST OPTOELECTRONIC
SENSORS TO BE DEVELOPED.SIMPLE SENSORS RELY ON THE
CHANGE IN RETROREFLECTANCE DUE TO A PROXIMAL MIRROR SURFACE
ALSO REFERRED AS LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS
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WHY OPTICAL SENSORSELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY ELECTRICAL ISOLATION COMPACT AND LIGHT BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED
CONFIGURATION WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING
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APPLICATIONS
MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
THIS SENSOR ENABLES LOW LIGHT IMAGING AT TV FRAME RATES AND ABOVE WITHOUT THE LIMITATIONS OF VACUM TUBE BASED SYSTEMS.
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NIGHT VISION CAMERA (contd.)COMPRISES OF : AMPLIFIED CCD SENSOR ANTI BLOOMING TECHNOLOGY CRYSTAL POLYMER SHUTTER
ADVANTAGES : EXCEPTIONAL DAY LIGHT RESOLN. IMMUNE TO OVER EXPOSURE VERY HIGH CONTARAST LEVELS NO HALOING OR SCINTILLATIONS
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BIOMETRICS YOUR FACE, FINGERS AND EYES IN A WHOLE
NEW LIGHT
• IMAGE CAPTURE • IMAGE PROCESSING• FEATURE EXTRACTION • FEATURE COMPARISON
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PARTIAL DISCHARGE DETECTION
USES OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS ARE BEING TESTED FOR USE IN DETECTING PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS. PINPOINTING SUCH DISCHARGES IS ESSENTIAL TO PREVENTING INSULATION BREAKDOWN AND CATASTROPHIC FAILURES.
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CONCLUSIONS LOOKING AT THE INDUSTRY
TRENDS IN THE PAST 2 DECADES AND THE EXPONENTIAL CURVE IT SEEMS TO ME THAT THERE IS GOING TO BE A LOT OF RESEARCH AND IMPROVEMENTS TO THE EXISTING SENSORS
OPTICAL SENSORS ARE HERE TO STAY !!!!
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE AND TIME
QUESTIONS ??