SENSORS AND ACTUATOR SYSTEMS

BY:KIRTI UDHWANI

ANDABHINAV MALHOTRA

CONTENTSSensorsSensitivityFeatures of sensorsTypes of sensorsWorking of sensorsActuatorsTypes of actuatorFuture aspects in growth

SENSORSSensor is a device that measures a physical

quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

Sensors are the basic components of most of the electronic circuits.

Sensors receive and respond to signals.

SENSTIVITYSensitivity of a sensor indicates how much

the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes.

It is basically the slope of the output characteristic curve.

FEAUTERS OF SENSORS A sensor obeys the following rules:Is sensitive to the measured property onlyIs insensitive to any other property likely to

be encountered in its applicationDoes not influence the measured property

TYPES OF SENSORSTemperatureIR sensorsUV sensorsProximity sensorsTouch SensorsLight sensors

TEMPERATURE SENSORSThese sensors collect information about

temperature from a source and converts into a form that is understandable by other device or person.

The best illustration of a temperature sensor is mercury in glass thermometer.

IR SENSORSThis device emits and/or detects infrared

radiation to sense a particular phase in the environment.

Applications .robotics .communications .astronomy

UV SENSORSThese sensors measure the intensity or power of the

incident ultraviolet radiation.Applications ·        Measures the portion of the UV spectrum which

sunburns human skin·        Pharmacy ·        Automobiles ·        Robotics ·        Printing industry for solvent handling and dyeing

processes·   Chemical industry for the production, storage, and

transportation of chemicals

TOUCH SENSORSA touch sensor acts as a variable resistor as

per the location where it is touched.

Applications·        Commercial ·        Appliances ·        Transportation · Fluid level sensors·  Industrial Automation · Consumer Electronics

LIGHT SENSORSLight sensors are those that detect light and

produce signal that result in some kind of action like beeping of alarm, closing of gates and accordingly.

Applications of light sensors:1) These are used for security purposes.2) These are helpful in various electronic

gadgets3) An array of light sensors can be kept

together to check the intensity of light.

PROXIMITY SENSORSA proximity sensor emits an electromagnetic or

electrostatic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation and waits for the return signal or changes in the field.

Applications·        Used in automation engineering to define operating

states in process engineering plants, production systems and automating plants

·        Used in windows, the alarm is activated when the window opens

·        Used in machine vibration monitoring to calculate the difference in distance between a shaft and its support bearing

 

WORKING OF A SENSOR

PhysicalMedium

SensingElement

Conditioning TargetHandling

Temperature Resistance Voltage Information

Stimulus (s) Signal (S)

ACTUATORSActuator is a type of motor for moving or

controlling a mechanism or system.It is operated by a source of energy, and

converts that energy into some kind of motion.

Examples include electrical motors, pistons, relays etc.

TYPES OF ACTUATORS

ACTUATORS

PNEUMATIC ELECTRIC MECHANIC

AL

HYDRAULIC

HYDRAULIC ACTUATORHydraulic actuators are a cylinder or fluid

motor that use hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation.

The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear, rotary or oscillatory motion.

PNEUMATIC ACTUATORPneumatic actuators convert energy formed

by compressed air at high pressure into either linear or rotary motion.

Pneumatic energy is more desirable for main engine controls because it can quickly respond in starting and stopping

ELECTRIC ACTUATORSElectric actuators are devices powered by

motor that converts electrical energy to mechanical torque.

It is considered as one of the cleanest and readily available forms of actuator as it does not involve oil.

The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment that requires multi-turn valves like gate or globe valves

MECHANICAL ACTUATORSMechanical actuators convert rotary motion

into linear motion to execute a movement. It involves gears, rails, pulley, chain and

other devices to operate.

FUTURE ASPECTSWe know that coming generations are going to be more automated so we expect further growth in development of sensors and actuators.

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