DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS

M. Tech. (Sensor Technology)

Brief Description: The aim of this programme, is to train the sponsored candidates

from Army, Navy, Air Force, DRDO Laboratories, Public Sector Undertakings and

other departments in the field of sensors, nanotechnology, lasers, fiber optics,

electro-optics and photonics. The programme also intends to educate and train bright

fresh students in the relevant field of technology to carry out challenging

responsibilities in their future carrier. This is an interdisciplinary course concerning

broadly Lasers, Electronics, Instrumentation, Sensors, Optics, Electromagnetism,

Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials.

Eligibility: The candidate should possess a Masters degree or equivalent in

Physics/Applied Physics / Electronics /Electronic Science/ Instrumentation or a B.E.

/ B.Tech. / B.Sc. (Engineering) degree or equivalent in Electronics / Electrical /

Communication / Telecommunication / Electronics/ Instrumentation / E&TC

Engineering / Engineering Physics with a minimum of second class. Departmental

candidates, who are possessing AMIE / Grad IETE degree, are also eligible.

Organization: The M. Tech. programme is of four-semester duration. In each of the

first two semesters there are six courses and practical each. There will be a mid

semester examination and a final semester examination for every course. Half yearly

evaluation of the project takes place at the end of the third semester. At the end of the

final semester the student submits a thesis and makes a presentation about the

project, which is evaluated by the Internal and External examiners. Course syllabus

has been updated periodically to keep pace with the contemporary technological

advancement.

Semester I

SI No

Course Code

Course Name Contact hours Marks

L/T P

1 AP 601 Quantum Mechanics and Solid State Physics

3 0 100

2 AP 602 Materials Science and Engineering 3 0 100 3 AP 603 Fabrication Technology 2 1 100 4 AP 604 Instrumentation: Devices and

Systems 3 0 100

5 AP 605 Electromagnetics 3 0 100 6 AM

602 Mathematical Modelling and System Analysis

3 0 100

7 AP 621 Laboratory I 0 4 50 TOTAL 14 5 650

Semester II

SI No

Course Code

Course Name Contact hours Marks L/T P

1 AP 610 Nanotechnology 2 1 100 2 AP 613 Physics of transduction 3 0 100 3 AP 614 Sensors & Actuators 3 0 100 4 Elective I 3 0 100 5 Elective II 3 0 100 6 Elective III 3 0 100

TOTAL 14 1 600

List of Electives

Semester III

Sl No

Course Code Course Name Contact Hours Marks

1 AP 651 M. Tech. Dissertation 1 20 300 2 AP 621 Seminar Course 50 3 Elective III 100 4 Elective IV 100 Total 550

Sr. No. Course Code Course

Elective I, II, III

1 AP 611 Nanophotonics AP615 Energy Conversion systems

2 AP 612 Foundations of Imaging Science and Technology 3 AP 607 Fiber Optics & Applications 4 AP 609 High Power Laser 5 AP 616 Mathematical Methods in Physics 6 EE 604 Embedded Systems

7 AE 610

Flight instrumentation

8 AE 615 Estimation with Applications to Tracking & Navigation

9 AM 621 Advanced Modeling Techniques

10 EE 618 DSP System Design (Lab Oriented)

11 BT611 Nano- biotechnology

12 BT616 Biomedical Physics and Biomechanics

13 BT617 Biosensors and Bioelectronics

14 EE 613 Electronic Warfare

15 EE 608 Radar Engineering

16 MS 613 Advanced Functional Materials

17 ME 609 Computational Fluid Dynamics

ELECTIVE III & IV Sr. No Course Code Course

1 AM 602 Mathematical Modelling and System Analysis

2 AM 605 Graphics and Visualization

3 CE 660 Advanced Computer Networks

4 EE 605 Embedded Systems

Semester IV

Sl No

Course Code Course Name Contact Hours Marks

1 AP 652 M. Tech. Dissertation 2 20 400

AP 601 QUANTUM MECHANICS & SOLID STATE PHYSICS 3-1-100

1. Introduction to quantum mechanics: Need of quantum mechanics, Black body radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect

2. Wavelike properties of particles: Wave particle duality, uncertainty principal,

properties of matter, Origin of Quantum Theory

3. Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics: Hilbert space, observables, Eigen functions of a Hermitian operator, generalized statistical interpretation

4. Time independent Schrdinger equation: Schrdinger wave equation, quantum

wells, statistical interpretation, probability, normalization, momentum, harmonic

oscillator, free particle, quantum well, potential barrier, delta function

5. Quantum mechanics in 3D: Schrdinger equation in spherical coordinates, hydrogen and multi-electron atoms, angular momentum and electron spin, harmonic

oscillators and molecular structure

6. Applications of Schrodinger equation in periodic semiconductor: Free electron model, Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, effective mass semiconductor

superlattices. Fermi Dirac statistics and electron distribution in solids, density of

energy states and Fermi energy

Text/References

1. Quantum Mechanics, AK Ghatak & S Lokanathan, Macmillan India, 5th Ed., 2005.

2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. J. Griffiths (2nd Edition Pearson Prentice Hall,

2005)

3. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles, Wiley, Robert

Eisberg and Robert Resnick (2009)

4. Solid State Physics, S. O. Pillai, New Age International Publisher, 2010

5. Concepts of Modern Physics, Beiser, TMH, 2009

Further Reading

1. Quantum Mechanics, LI Schiff , 3rd Ed., Mc Graw-Hill, 1985

2. Quantum Mechanics, A Massiah Vol. I & II, Dover Publications, New York, 1999

AP 602 Materials Science and Engineering 3-0-100

1. Introduction: Historical perspective, Materials science and engineering, Study of

materials science and engineering, Classification of materials, Advanced materials.

2. Crystal Geometry and structure determination: Crystal structures and bonding,

Unit cells, Crystallographic directions and planes, Hexagonal crystals, Crystalline and

Non-crystalline Materials, X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of crystal structures,

Crystal symmetry.

3. Semiconducting & Dielectric materials: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,

conducting

polymers, Metal Oxide semiconductor transistors, Polarization, Internal fields,

Frequency response, Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric materials, Types of

Piezoelectric materials: Quartz, Organic semiconductors; Introduction to material,

Basic Properties such as Optical, Charge Carrier Transport, Device Structures of

Organic Semiconductors.

4. Electro-optic and magneto-optic materials: Principle of electro optics, qualitative

discussions on nonlinear materials, electro-optic effect in nonlinear crystals,

microscopic description of magneto-optic effect

5. Magnetic & Superconducting materials: Magnetic materials and units:

Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic materials, Antiferromagnetic, Ferromagnetic and

ferrimagnetic materials, Ferromagnetic domains and hysteresis, Basic phenomena,

Meissner effect, Magnetic properties of type-I and type-II superconductors, London

equations, Cooper pairs, BCS theory (qualitative), Josephson effect, Introductory

information about high temperature superconductors, applications.

6. Imperfections in solids: Types of imperfections, Point defects, Dislocations: Edge

dislocation & Screw dislocation, Burgers vector, Concepts of dislocation density,

Surface defects, Volume defects.

7. Phase Equilibrium: Phase diagrams, Phase rules. Fe-C phase transformations in

ferrous alloys, properties of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and their applications,

Single & Binary phase diagram, Levers rule, Gibbs phase rule.

8. Mechanical Properties of Materials: Elastic and plastic deformation, Creep.

Fracture and Fatigue, factors affecting mechanical properties of solids, strengthening

mechanics, cold working and annealing, Hardening.

Text/ References

1. Material Science and Enginerring by V. Raghavan.

2. Fundamentals of Material Science and Enginerring by William D. Callister.

3. Principles of Materials Science & Engineering by W. F. Smith.

4. Physics of Organic Semiconductors by W. Brtting.

5. Fundamental of Photonics, B E A Saleh and M C Teich, John Wiley and Sons, 2007

AP603 Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology 3-1-100

1. Materials Processing Methods: Thin films, epitaxial growth, substrates

selection, carrier gases, metastable growth of materials. Chemical Vapour

Deposition - Principles, apparatus, examples of CVD growth of thin films,

advantages and disadvantages; Chemical Vapour Transportation; Molecular Beam

Epitaxy, Liquid Phase Epitaxy, Vapour growth of Nitrides. Metal-organic Vapour

phase epitaxy. Plasma Energetics; Laser ablation, Plasma Enhanced CVD, PVD,

PLD, sputter coating, spin coating, dip coating, fiber extrusion, electrospinning.

2. Lithographic techniques: Top down approach to nanolithography-Immersion

lithography- Optical lithography, UV photolithography- Phase lithography-

Including Plasma X-ray sources- E-Beam Lithography- Focused Ion beams-

Photoresist. Soft lithography for nanofilms and nanoscale patterning. Lithographic

techniques and surface chemistry for the fabrication of PEG- passivated protein

microarrays, micromachining, RIE.

3. Crystal Growth: Nucleation, Different kinds of nucleation, Concept of formation

of critical nucleus, Low temperature solution growth: Solution - Solubility and

super solubility, Expression of super saturation, Bridgman technique - Basic

process , Vertical Bridgman technique, Czochralski technique Experimental

arrangement Growth process, Zone melting.

4. Biological and Chemical Methods: Biological synthesis, Biomimetic method,

bacterial synthesis of nanoparticles; Electrochemistry - solvent selection,

apparatus, deposition, growth of thin films, coatings, Growth of organic crystals,

Extrusion, Electrospinning.

5. Case Studies : Thin films for microelelctronics, MEMS, optical coatings,

photodetectors, smart sensors, xerographic devices, TFTs, switching devices, anti-

abrasive coatings, solar cells, superconducting and GMR devices, integrated

optics, thin film superlattices, quantum and nano devices, bioelectronics devices

etc.

References:

1. Mark J Jackson, Micro and Nanomanufacturing , Springer; First Edition, (2006) ISBN

2. Dieter K, Schroder, Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, Wiley-IEEE

Press, 3rd Edition, (2006) ISBN- 10:0471739065

3. L. B. Freund and S Suresh, Thin film materials: Stress, Defect formation and surface

Evolution, Cambridge University Press, (2004) ISBN-10:0521822815

4. Zheng Cui, Micro-nanofabrication: Technologies and Applications, Springer First

Edition (2006), ISBN-10:3540289224

5. R. Kassing, P. Petkov, W. Kulish, C. Popov., Functional Properties of Nanostructured

Materials. Springer (ISBN: 978-1-4020-4595-0 (Print) 978-1-4020-4594-3 (Online)

AP 604 Instrumentation: Devices and Systems 3-1-

100

1. Basic Electronic Devices: Photomultipliers; Image Intensifier; Detectors for X-rays, Ultra-Violet, infrared, and Microwave radiations. Digital Charge Coupled Devices;

Color separation and recognition Devices; Solar Cells, Focal plane arrays: IR, visible,

Read out ICs.

2. Instrumentation Amplifiers: Basic Characteristics, DC amplifiers, Operational Amplifiers, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Isolation Amplifiers, Lock-In Amplifiers,

Signal Conditioning.

3. Process Control: Final Control Operation; Signal Conversion, Actuators and Control Elements. Signal Conversion; Analog Electrical Signals, Digital Electrical Signals

and Pneumatic Signals. Power Electronics; Switching, Controlling Devices.

Actuators; Electrical, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators. Control Elements;

Mechanical, Electrical and Fluid Valves

4. Data Acquisition, Signal Conversion and Signal Transmission: Introduction, Single and Multi Channel Data Acquisition Systems, Signal Conversion: A/D and

D/A Converters, Multiplexer and Sample Hold Circuit. Signal Transmission; Data

Transmission System Pulse Code Formats, Modulation Techniques, Serial Data

Communication, Telemetry Systems.

5. Discrete-State Process Control (DSPC) and Controller Principals: Definition of DSPC, Characteristics of the System, Relay Controllers and Ladder Diagrams, PLCs.

Controller Principals; Process Characteristics, Control System Parameters,

Discontinuous, Continuous and Composite Control Modes, computer based

controller: hardware configuration, software requirement.

6. Mini project on system development Reference Books:

1. Process Control Instrumentation Techniques-Curtise D. Johnson;PHT,2011 2. Instrumentation Devices and Systems- Rangan, G.R. Sarma and V.S.V. Mani, Tata

Mcgraw-Hill, 2006

3. Digital Fundamentals- Floyd Thomas L, 2nd Edition, Perason, 2006

4. Sabaree Soloman-Sensors Hand Book, McGraw Hill, 1998.

5. Linear Integrated Circuits- Roy Choudhury, D. and Shail B. Jain 4th Edition, New Age

International,2011

6. Physics of Semiconductor Devices-S. M. Sze, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2000

7. Semiconductor Optoelectronics Devics, Pallab Bhattacharya, PH, 1993

AP 605 Electromagnetics 3-0-100

1. Electric charges, field and potential: Brief introduction, columbs law, electric field, Gausses law and applications, Poissions equation and Laplace equation, basic

properties of conductors, induced charges, the surface charge on conductor, capacitor

2. Electrostatic field in matter: Polarization, dielectrics, induced dipoles, alignment of polar molecules, bound charges, the filed inside the dielectric, Gausses law in

presence of dielectrics, susceptibility, permittivity, dielectric constant, Polaraiziblity

and susceptibility

3. Magnetic field in matter: Lorentz force, Biot-Savart Law, Magnetization: dia, para and ferro magnetism, torque and forces on magnetic dipoles, amperes law and its

application, magnetic susceptibility, and permeability, Ohms law, emf, Faradays law

4. EM waves: Beginning of electromagnetism and Maxwells correction, Wave equation, Maxwells equation in various format and media, Dispersion and dispersion

in non-conductors

5. Crystal optics: Double refraction, wave propagation in anisotropic media, wave refractive index, ray refractive index, index ellipsoid

References:

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. G. Griffiths, PHI 2006

2. Fundamental of Photonics, B E A Saleh and M C Teich, John Wiley and Sons, 2007

AP607 Fiber Optics and Applications 3-0-100

1. Optical Wave Guides: Light propagation in a linear dielectric media, Cylindrical

wave guide, Boundary conditions, Cut-off frequencies, Modes, Linearly Polarised

Modes, SM & MM fibers, Graded Index Fiber. Comparison of Optical fibers with

other interconnects, Types and classification of optical fibers.

2. Characteristics of Optical Fibers: Fiber Attenuation, Absorption losses, Scattering

losses, Radiation losses, Bending losses, Measurement of losses, Dispersion in fibers,

Effect of dispersion in communication link, Dispersion reduction and compensation

techniques.

3. Fiber Optic Components: Fiber optic passive components such as splices,

connectors, couplers and associated losses, Fiber end preparation for power launching

and coupling, Multiplexers and de-multiplexers, Optical Switches.

4. Sources and Detectors for FO Systems: LED & Laser Diodes, Direct Band gap

materials, Population Inversion in Laser Diodes, Gain guided index guided

LDs,DFB/DBR lasers, Quantum lasers, Semiconductor detectors p-n, p-i-n and

Avalanche Photo diodes- functioning and noise effects, Detector parameters.

5. Optical Fiber Link: Fiber-optic communication system, Link Design, Link Loss

Budget - Power budget and time budget.

6. Communication Subsystem & Optical Amplifiers: Transmitters and Receivers,

Optical Modulation, Digital transmission system, Intersymbol interference, Bit Error

Rate, Repeater, applications and types, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers, Erbium

doped fiber Amplifiers, Long distance communication syestems.

7. Optical Networks: Multiplexing and Bandwidth, TDM, WDM, CWDM and

DWDM; SDH and SONET, Photonic Switching (architecture, spatial Domain &

Multidimensional Photonic switching)

8. Integrated optics and Waveguides: Type of Waveguides, Integrated Optical devices

Text/References

1. Optical Fiber communication, Gerd Kaiser , 4th Edition, TataMcGraw Hill,

2008.

2. Fiber optics in Telecommunications and sensor systems, S K Sarkar, S

Chand &

Co., New Delhi, 2002.

3. Optical Fiber Sensors, J P Dakin and B Culshaw , Vol. 1 & 2, Artech

House,

Boston and London, 1998.

AP 609 High Power Lasers 3-0-100

1. Introduction to Directed Energy Applications: Technology Development: History and Status, Types of DEW Systems (Laser based, Microwave based etc), Technology Advances: Relevance for India, Opportunities and Priorities for India

2. High Power Lasers Source: Basic Laser Physics, Criteria for High Power Capability, Laser Resonators and Beam Quality Considerations, High Power Lasers: CO2 Gas Dynamic Laser, Semiconductor Laser, Solid State Laser, Free Electron Laser.

3. Overview of DEW Technology Module: HPL Beam Control and Beam Propagation, Beam Combining Technique, Adaptive Optical Systems, Deformable Mirrors, Thermal Blooming, HPL Beam Directing and Target Tracking, Thermal Management.

4. Fiber Laser: Population inversion, 3 level 4 level systems, optical fiber amplifier, fiber laser thresholds and efficiency, gain and loss in laser resonators, fiber laser resonators, high power fiber laser

5. Atmospheric Effects on Laser Beam Propagation: Atmospheric Turbulence, Significance and Measurement of Cn2, Atmospheric Attenuation, Numerical Methods for Atmospheric Effects on Laser Beam Propagation.

6. Laser matter interaction: Laser Heating, Ionization, Types of Target Material, Absorption and Reflectivity of the Target Materials, Thermal Conduction, Temperature Rise due to Laser Irradiation, Measurement and Evaluation of Temperature Rise, Convective Cooling.

7. Defence Application of HPL: Laser Countermeasures and Battlefield Applications, Airborne Laser TechnologyImpact on Missile Defence, Advanced Tactical LaserRegional Security Implications, HPLDEW for Missile Defence, HPLDEW for Space Defence.

References:

1. High Power LasersDirected Energy Weapons Impact on Defence and Security, A.

Mallik, DRDO MONOGRAPHS/SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES, 2012

2. High Power Laser Handbook, H. Injeyan and G. Goodno, McGraw-Hill

Professional; 1 edition (April 25, 2011)

3. Lasers, A.E. Seigman, McGraw Hill, 1986.

4. Fundamentals of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers by Ter-Mikirtychev V 2014.

AP 610 Nanotechnology 3-

0-100

1. Implications of nano size on physical and chemical properties: Density of States, 2D, 1D, 0D, Quantum size effect, large surface to volume ratio, surface

functionalization, tenability of properties, : Physical Chemistry of solid surfaces,

crystal structures, surface energy, chemical potential, Fundamentals of nucleation and

growth, Electrostatic Stabilization Surface charge density, Electric potential at the

proximity of solid surface, Van der Waals attraction potential, Interactions between

two particles: DLVO theory, Solvent and polymer, Interactions between polymer

layers, Mixed steric and electric interactions

2. Nanoscale Phenomenon: Nanoparticles, nano-clusters, nanotubes, nanowires and nanodots. Electronic structure: quantum dots, quantum wires and quantum wells,

confinement of electrons energy quantization semiconductor nanocrystals, carbon

nanotubes, quantum wells.

3. Characterization and properties of nanomaterials: Structural Characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Scanning electron

microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning probe

microscopy (SPM), Surface plasmon resonance, Quantum size effects, Surface

scattering, Change of electronic structure, Quantum transport, Effect of

microstructure, Ferroelectrics and dielectrics, Superparamagnetism.

4. Nano Sensors: Metal nanoparticle-based Sensors, Quantum Dot, Nanowire-based

Sensors, Carbon Nanotubes-based Sensors, Sensors Based on Nanostructures of Metal

Oxide, Mass-Sensitive Nanosensors, Arrays of Nanomaterial-based Sensors: A

representative example for the imitation of human senses by means of

nanotechnology and nanosensors: electronic skin based on nanotechnology.

Text/References

1. Nanostructures & nanomaterials Synthesis, Properties & Applications, Guozhong

Cao, Imperial College Press (2004).

2. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles Poole Jr and Frank J Owens, Wiley India,

New Delhi (2006)

3. Nanophysics and Nanotechnology, Edward L Wolf, Wiley-VCH, Verlag (2006)

4. Ramsden Jeremy, Nanotechnology, an Introduction. Elsevier (2011).

5. Florinel-Gabriel Banica, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: Fundamentals and

Applications, John Wiley and Sons (2012)

AP 611 Nanophotonics 3-0-100

1. Introduction: Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs,

Fundamentals of LH MTMs Left-Handedness from Maxwells Equations,

Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media, Boundary Conditions, Reversal of

Doppler Effect, Reversal of Vavilov-Cerenkov Radiation, Reversal of Snells Law:

Negative Refraction, Focusing by a Flat LH Lens

2. Metamaterial in Optics: Optical Properties of Metal-Dielectric Composites,

Optical Magnetism, Negative-refractive Index, Perfect lens and Cloaking objects.

3. Surface Plasmon Resonance: Evanescent waves, Surface Plasmon dispersion

equations, resonance, excitation od surface plsmons, surface Plasmon properties,

SPR spectroscopy

4. Photonic band gap crystals: Photonics Band-Gap: Introduction to Photonics

crystal, Photonic Band Structures, One dimensional, Photonic crystal: Origin of

Photonics Band Gap, Size of the band gap, Evanescent Modes in Photonics Band

gaps, Two-dimensional Photonic crystal: Two-dimensional Bloch States, Square

Lattices (Dielectric Columns and Veins), Three-dimensional Photonic crystal:

Three-dimensional lattices, Designing photonics crystal for application: A Mirror,

A Waveguide and A Cavity.

5. Silicon Photonics: Introduction to Silicon Photonics, Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)

Photonics: Coupling to the Optical Circuit, Optical Modulation Mechanisms in

Silicon, Fabrication of Silicon Waveguide Devices, Prospects for Silicon Light-

emitting Devices, Advantages and Disadvantages of Silicon Photonics.

Books:

1. Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory And Microwave Applications,

Christophe Caloz,Tatsuo Itoh, John Wiley and Sons,2006

2. Optical Metamaterials, Fundamentals and Applications, Wenshan Cai Vladimir Shalaev,

Springer, 2010.

3. John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn, and Robert D. Meade, Photonic

Crystal: Molding Light Flow of Light, Princeton University Press, 2008.

4. Graham T. Reed and Andrew P. Knights, Silicon Photonics: An Introduction, John Wiley and

Sons Ltd, 2004

References:

1. Metamaterials : Physics And Engineering Explorations, Nader Engheta Richard W.

Ziolkowski, Wiley And Sons,2006

2. Negative-Refraction Metamaterials Fundamental Principles And Applications, G. I.

Eleftheriades K. G. Balmain,Wiley And Sons,2005

AP 612 Foundations of Imaging Science and Technology 3-0-100

1. Introduction: Historical perspective with major milestones in the development of Imaging technology, Overall perspective of the course in the light of the various models to describe light: Ray optics, Wave optics, Electromagnetic optics & Quantum optics

2. Sampling: Whittaker-Shannon Sampling theorem, Multiresolution analysis and wavelet theory, Samples and Pixels, Image plane sampling on electronic detectors, generalized sampling strategies, compressed sensing.

a. Tutorial: MATLAB exercises in pixel transfer function, aliasing

3. Coherence Imaging: Coherence and Spectral fields, Coherence Propagation, Measuring coherence, Fourier analysis of coherence imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography, Modal analysis, Radiometry

a. Tutorials: Modelling of an incoherent imaging system using MATLAB, exercises in coherent and incoherent imaging

4. Polarimetric Imaging: Polarisation, Concepts of polarimetric imaging, Architectures for polarimetric imaging, Applications.

5. Tomographic imaging: Tomographic sampling geometries- Parallel beam and fan beam geometries, Radon transform, Fourier Slice Theorem, Convolution back projection algorithm, Cone beam tomography.

References:

1. Harrison H. Barrett and Kyle J. Myers, Foundations of Image Science, Wiley-

Interscience.

2. J.W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, Roberts & Company Publishers, 3rd Ed.

3. D. J. Brady, Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy, OSA & Wiley, 2009.

4. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Cambridge University Press, 7th Ed., 1999.

5. M. Vollmer and K. -P. Mollmann, Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research

and Applications Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010.

6. G. C. Hoist- Electro-optical system performance

AP 613 Physics of Transduction 3-0-100

1. Importance of sensing: Sensor fundamentals, Application considerations, Definition of

Sensors; sensors, signals and systems, Sensor classification

2. Principles of sensors:

I. Resistive sensors: Potentiometers, strain gauges, thermistors, resistive temperature detectors,

magnetoresistors, light dependent resistors, resistive hygrometers

II. Capacitive sensor: variable capacitor, differential capacitor

III. Inductive sensor: reluctance variation sensor, eddy current sensors, linear variable differential

transformers, magnetoelastic sensors

IV. Electromagnetic sensors: sensors based on Faradays law and Hall effect sensors

V. Generating sensors: thermocouples, piezoelectric sensors, pyroelectric sensors, photovoltaic

sensors, electrochemical sensors

VI. Mechanical sensors: Basics temperature, pressure, force torque, density, liquid level, flow

and gyroscope.

4. Other sensing methods: sensors based on semiconductor devices, charge coupled and CMOS

image sensors, fiber optic sensors, ultrasonic based sensors and biosensors.

Texts/References

1. Sensors and signal conditioning by Ramon Pallas Arrny and John G Webster, John Wiley &

sons (1991).

2. Handbook of Modern Sensors: physics, designs and applications by Jacob Fraden, Springer

(2010).

3. Sensor Technology Handbook by John S Wilson, Elsevier, (2005)

AP614 Sensors & Actuators 3-0-100

1. Sensor Basics: Input output relationship, interfering and modifying inputs, compensation techniques, static and dynamic characteristics, impedance, reliability

2. Actuation and actuators: actuator principles, actuators as system components, actuators in mechatronics and adaptronics, intelligent and self sensing actuators,

design of actuators

3. Sensor based measurement systems: Generalized measurements, zero order system, first order system, first order system, dead time element, specification and testing of

dynamic response

4. Sensor systems: Simulink: Getting started with SimElectronics, actuators and drivers,

mechanical control and motor devices, sensors, analog and digital sensors, for eg:

proximity sensors, thermistors, MEMS gyro accelerometer

5. Sensor networks: Applications, characteristics, platforms, distributed sensor network, data integration and sensor web, in-network processing

6. New approaches towards sensing: MEMS based sensing approach, fiber based approach, use of lasers in sensing, requirements of sensors in defence.

7. Explosive detection: Basic working principle of sensing different types of gases, such as hydrogen, oxygen, NH3, H2S, etc. Smoke detector. Sensors for toxic gases, land

mining and degaussing.

8. Sonar sensors: Ultrasonic sensors, measurements for anemometers, tank or channel

level, and speed through air or water, Robot sonars, counter measures, active sonar

systems, sonars for military applications, antisubmarine warfare, submarine navigation,

intercept sonar

9. Extra Low Frequency Electromagnetic (ELFE) sensors: sensors for 3-30 Hz,

requirements of such sensors, submarine applications, underwater communications,

other applications such as pipeline gauges, ham radio, night vision.

References:

1. Foundations of MEMS, C. Liu, Prentice Hall, 2011, 2nd edition 2. Microsystem Design, S. D. Senturia, Kluwer, 2001 3. "Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook," G.T.A. Kovacs, McGraw Hill, 1998

4. Actuators basics and applications, H Janocha, Springer

AP 615 Energy Conversion Systems 3-0-100

1. General Energy Sources: Classification of Energy Sources, Principle fuels for

energy conversion: Fossil fuels, Nuclear fuels. Conventional & Renewable Energy

Energy Sources: prospecting, extraction and resource assessment and their peculiar

characteristics. Direct use of primary energy sources, Conversion of primary into

secondary energy sources such as Electricity, Hydrogen, Nuclear energy .Energy

Conversion through fission and fusion, Nuclear power generation.

2. Sensors for Energy Conversion : Importance of Electrical energy in modern industrial society, Product ion of electricity using coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels

and hydro electricity, its relative advantages and disadvantages (i.e. conversion of

Thermal, Nuclear, hydel energy into electric energy) Electricity generation using

Renewable Energy Sources: Basic Principles and Applications. (Conversion of

electromagnetic energy and natural energy sources like solar radiation, Wind, Ocean

waves, Solid waste etc. to electricity)Conversion of chemical energy into electrical

energy (fuel cell),Thermal and Mechanical Energy, Thermal energy using fossil fuels.

Conversion of Thermal Energy to Mechanical energy & Power. Turbines: Steam

turbines, Hydraulic turbines.

3. Role of Sensors in Solar Energy: Solar spectrum on the earth surface and estimation

of energy received per unit area on the earth surface at different location in the

country. Concept of Air Mass Zero Condition(A.M.O.) Basic principle of conversion

of solar energy in to thermal energy. Working principle of room heaters and drying

systems using solar energy. Photovoltaic effect in p-n junction, and solar cells.

Hetero junction, interface, and thin film solar cells.Idal conversion efficiency. Large

area Solar panels for electric power generation, power load, and distribution system.

Units of electric power. Power storage in batteries.

4. Energy Measurement & Verification Electrical Energy Measurements, Thermal

Energy Measurements, Mechanical & Utility System Measurements, Measurement &

Verification

References

1. Principles of Energy Conversion : A.W. Culp.

2. Direct Energy Conversion : M.A. Kettani

3. Energy Conversion systems : Begamudre, Rakoshdas

4. Direct Energy Conversion : W.R.Corliss

5. Alternative Liquid fuels : B.V. Desai

6. Renewable Sources of Energy and Conversion Systems: N.K.Bansal and M.K.Kleeman.

7. Principles of Thermal Process : Duffie Beckman.

8. Solar Energy Handbook: Kreith and Kreider (McGrawHill)

AP 620 Laboratory 1

1. Laser Diffraction pattern: Analysis of the diffraction pattern by a He: Ne

Laser through a small slit and measurement of laser wavelength from the bulk

parameters.

2. Malus law verification: Determination of the polarization of He:Ne laser for

various angles, evaluation of the polarized intensity, plot of the intensity with

angle of incidence.

3. Brewster angle evaluation: measurement of the Brewster angle by laser

using turn table and detector, evaluation of refractive index of the transparent

material.

4. Fraunhoffer Diffraction pattern: Generation of Frunhoffer diffraction pattern

by single slit, evaluation of the optical parameter/ slit width using the same.

5. Michelson Interferrometer: Seting up for michelsom interferometer using a

highly monochromatic laser source, evaluation of laser wavelength by fringe

counting

6. Fresnels Biprism : Measurement of wavelength of laser by using Fresnels

Biprism

7. Grating parameters : Study of diffraction effect using a periodic grating, evaluation of grating periodicity/ wavelength from the analysis of diffraction

pattern

8. Interference at a curved surface Generation of interference fringes by using highly monochromatic source at a curved surface, evaluation of the radius of

curvature by fringe counting method.

9. Beam Width, Divergence, Laser Characterization. 10. Study of losses in optical fibre

11. Millikan Oil Drop Method for the measurement of charge.

12. Synthesis of nano particles.

13. Thin film deposition using various techniques (PLD & Laser ablation,

sputtering, vacuum evaporation etc).

14. SEM, TEM

15. Probe Microscopy

16. Raman Spectroscopy / FTIR

17. X-ray Diffraction Grain Dimension

18. Kerr Effect