Senior Salaries Review Body - National Police Chiefs' Council submission to the Seni… · Senior...

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ACPO submission to the Police Remuneration Review Body 2015

The

Association of Chief Police Officers

Submission to the

Senior Salaries Review

Body January 2015

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Contents

Table of Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 2

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 8

1.2 The role of the police .................................................................................................................. 10

1.3 The structure of policing ............................................................................................................. 10

1.4 Police officer roles and responsibilities ...................................................................................... 11

1.5 The office of constable ................................................................................................................ 12

1.6 The broader police family ........................................................................................................... 12

1.7 The future of ACPO ..................................................................................................................... 13

1.8 Chapter 1 Findings ...................................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 14

2.1 The Operational Context ............................................................................................................. 14

2.2 The Prioritisation of Demand ...................................................................................................... 17


CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 18

3.1 The Economic Context ................................................................................................................ 18

3.2 Changes to Police Officer numbers by rank ................................................................................ 20

3.4 The Future of Police Funding ...................................................................................................... 21

3.5 The impact of austerity on forces ............................................................................................... 24

3.6 Predictions for the UK labour market ......................................................................................... 24


CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 25

4.1 The Workforce Context ............................................................................................................... 25

4.2 Chief Officer Recruitment ........................................................................................................... 28

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4.3 Analysis of Recruitment Data ...................................................................................................... 29

4.4 Fast Track and Direct Entry Schemes .......................................................................................... 34

4.5 Fast Track Constable to Inspector ............................................................................................... 34

4.6 Direct Entry at Superintendent ................................................................................................... 35

4.7 Direct Entry at Chief Constable ................................................................................................... 35

4.8 Predictions for future numbers .................................................................................................. 35

4.9 Promotion Opportunities ............................................................................................................ 39

4.10 Police Officer retention ............................................................................................................. 42

4.11 Attendance data ....................................................................................................................... 43

4.12 Morale and Motivation ............................................................................................................. 45

4.13 Wellbeing .................................................................................................................................. 48

4.14 Police Staff context ................................................................................................................... 49

4.15 The Impact on Diversity ............................................................................................................ 50

4.16 Chapter 4 Findings .................................................................................................................... 50

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 51

5.1 The College of Policing ................................................................................................................ 51


CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 52

6. Police Reform ................................................................................................................................ 52

6.1. The Winsor Report ..................................................................................................................... 53

6.2 The ACPO Position for the Winsor Review ................................................................................. 53

6.3 Progress on Winsor Recommendations ...................................................................................... 54

6.4 Pay scales .................................................................................................................................... 55

6.5 A link between pay and skills ...................................................................................................... 55

6.6 Changes to bonus payment and allowances............................................................................... 56

6.7 Restricted and Recuperative Duties ............................................................................................ 57

6.8 Other Winsor recommendations with less relevance to pay ..................................................... 57

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6.9 Pension Reforms ......................................................................................................................... 58

Linking contribution and competence to pay ................................................................................... 59

6.10 Key changes to the PDR ............................................................................................................ 59

6.11 Defining and Assessing Competence ........................................................................................ 60

Future Reform ................................................................................................................................... 61

6.12 Development of a People Strategy for Policing ........................................................................ 61

6.13 The College of Policing Leadership Review ............................................................................... 62

6.14 Chapter 6 Findings .................................................................................................................... 63

CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 64

7.1 The ‘Total Reward Package’ ........................................................................................................ 64

7.2 The impact on the Individual ...................................................................................................... 66


CHAPTER 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 67

8.1 Regional Pay ................................................................................................................................ 67

8.2 The London Issue (submission from the Metropolitan Police Service) ...................................... 71


CHAPTER 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 73

9.1 Future options for change .......................................................................................................... 73

9.2 Adjustments to pay and allowances for 2015/16 ....................................................................... 75

Appendix 1 - Summary of Collaboration Case Studies ...................................................................... 78

Appendix 2 – Sickness Data .............................................................................................................. 82

Appendix 3 - London weighting and Allowances 2014 ..................................................................... 83

Compensatory Grant ......................................................................................................................... 84

Housing allowance ............................................................................................................................ 84

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Executive Summary

The first submission to the Senior Salaries Review Body comes at a time when policing is

experiencing significant challenges and is in a period of transition. Although the traditional headline

measures for crime are down, the demands on policing have grown in other areas, these are often

more complex and serious than the demands they replace. At the same time forces have seen

budgets cut and face the prospect of further reductions over the next spending review period.

The SSRB follows a wide scale review of police officer terms and conditions where recommendations

were made about the pay structure, allowances, entry routes and other requirements of being an

officer. Many of these have been implemented, but a large proportion of these and other significant

reforms are still in transition.

This is, therefore, a time to allow recent change a chance to take effect and for outstanding

recommendations to be implemented. The immediate issue is any decision about an annual pay

award, however, given the future challenges this is also an opportunity to set out early thoughts

about a future model for a reward package for policing that balances the needs of the tax payer, the

community, the organisation and the individual.

Every police officer has a duty to prevent crime and disorder and protect the public. The range of

roles that police officers need to fulfil to meet the current and future demands is wide and continues

to grow. As crime becomes more complex and borders disappear, the skills and competence needed

by police officers and the ability to operate co-operatively must grow. The College of Policing is

currently undertaking an analysis of the demand faced by policing and this will help to better

understand how policing and the workforce needs to respond.

Police forces receive funding from the government, in the form of a police grant, and through local

precept. The proportion of these two sources varies across the country and so, when police grant is

reduced at a consistent rate, the impact of cuts is different for each force. Despite seeing an average

reduction in grant of 23% over the 4 years to April 2015, forces have responded well to the

challenge. Inevitably, when over 80% of budget is staff related, the workforce has reduced. Police

officer numbers in England and Wales have reduced by 11% in that period (16,300) and police staff

and PCSOs have reduced by 17% and 22% respectively.

The financial pressures on police budgets will continue and the Home Office announcement in

December 2014 of a cash reduction of 5.1% on police grant for 2015/16 was worse than the

assumptions used by forces for planning purposes. The predicted budget for 2016/17 (subject to

further review after the election) also indicates a 5.06% cash reduction, again worse than the

assumption of 3.2% used in financial plans. In terms of pay, most forces have assumed a 1% average

pay award for officers in 2015 and 2016 and any increase above that will necessitate further savings

from other budgets.

A number of measures are considered within this report to assess the impact of police reform on

police forces and whether this has affected forces as ‘employers of choice’ and how it has affected

individuals. Recruitment of chief officers in recent years has continued despite numbers of chief

officers reducing. Retention levels remain good and there is no evidence of chief officers voluntarily

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leaving prior to pensionable service or age (and indeed many do work beyond that point). However,

recruitment and retention will need to be monitored as further changes to pay and pensions are

introduced. Many officers have traditionally seen promotion as an opportunity for pay progression

as well as development, but as the numbers of managers reduces and direct entry routes are

implemented then a different approach towards progression will be needed for some. Attendance

levels of police officers have continued to reduce however more work is needed to explore sickness

trends. The well-being of staff is becoming an increasingly important responsibility for employers

and the service is following the lead in other sectors.

The College of Policing has been established as the professional body for policing and has the

responsibility for equipping the police workforce with the necessary skills and knowledge for the

future. It is currently conducting a fundamental review into police leadership and will report in

spring 2015. Although issues of pay and conditions are out of scope of the review it is likely that the

recommendations will have an impact on the work of the SSRB and will help to inform any future

strategy.

The Winsor review into policing made 121 recommendations and these provided a framework for

the reform of police pay and conditions. Whilst many of these have been implemented as originally

intended, some are still being considered and others have been rejected. The interim report

delivered savings for forces (primarily due to a two year increment freeze for officers at all ranks -

that affected Assistant Chief Constables), the recommendations from the full report were broadly

cost neutral and any savings were generally reinvested. However, the impact for individuals has

been different. Officers not yet at the top of their scale were affected by the increment freeze,

others have seen some allowances reduce and new ones introduced. When these are coupled with

changes to pension contribution rates (and benefits) it is very difficult to quantify the changes for

individuals, as each is different. It is true that the total reward package for individuals is less than

expected for most and that this has reduced in real terms for all (as pay awards have been below

inflation).

Assistant chief constables and commanders require a satisfactory grade in a professional

development review to get an increment rise. This does not apply to higher ranks as there are no

pay increments, however the principle could still apply. Opportunities to replicate links between pay

and competence, as piloted in ranks up to chief superintendent should also be considered in the

future. These two important foundations will support the further professionalisation of policing and

ensure that the workforce continues to develop the skills needed for the future. In the final chapter

of this submission possible options for a future reward structure are set out (that could apply to all

ranks) that build on the findings through this report, the emerging work of a national people

strategy for policing and the principles being used to shape reform for police officers and police

staff.

In terms of regional allowances, the evidence confirms the variations across the country in terms of

pay, employment and cost of living. Having a single pay structure for policing is supported, but the

flexibility to apply local uplifts or supplements already exists for officers and needs to be explored

further. A special case is made for London commanders that highlights the particular need for a

market supplement.

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The increasing demands on policing apply at all levels of an organisation. Police leaders need to

respond to the operational challenges and ensure that forces are able to deliver an effective and

efficient service at a time of significant financial pressure. As the service enters a period where it

will have fewer resources it will need a capable workforce and high quality leaders. The reward

package must therefore ensure that it recognises the contribution made by chief officers and

attracts and retains the best candidates.

The pressure on police budgets is great and any pay award will inflate staff costs in future years.

However, the pressure on individuals’ finances has also been increased in recent years and there is a

need to consider the balance between the individual, the need to maintain an effective and efficient

service and the use of public money. Several options are put forward in chapter 9 that enable the

SSRB to consider how a pay award might best meet the challenges set out in this report. Applying a

1% award to all ranks (across the PRRB and SSRB) would avoid divisions across the service, be in line

with budget assumptions and meet government guidelines on pay policy. However other options are

explored that could limit the long term impact on pay costs and target any pay award towards

specific groups.

In conclusion this report makes the following recommendation in terms of a pay award for all chief

officers:

1. Apply a consolidated 1% increase for all chief officer ranks at all pay points

2. Confirm the use of regional allowances (or supplements) to allow flexibility to respond to

local requirements. This work will be developed further in future years in tandem with

work on the national pay structure for police officers.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1.1 This is the first submission to the Senior Salaries Review Body (SSRB) covering chief police officers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It contains evidence and information provided by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), a body that represents the senior leadership of the police service and chief constables as ‘employers’, and the College of Policing. This report is prepared on behalf of all 43 police forces in England and Wales

1.1.2 The terms of Reference for the SSRB set out areas that the Review Body is to have regard

to. These are:

The need to recruit, retain, motivate and, where relevant, promote suitably able and qualified people to exercise their different responsibilities.

Regional / local variations in labour markets and their effects on the recruitment, retention and, where relevant, promotion of staff.

Government policies for improving the public services including the requirement on departments to meet the output targets for the delivery of departmental services.

The funds available to departments as set out in the Government’s departmental expenditure limits.

The Government’s inflation target.

1.1.3 Chief Constables are responsible for the ‘employment’ of Deputy Chief Constables and Assistant Chief Constables (in the Metropolitan Police Service there are additional chief officer ranks). Chief Constables are ‘employed’ by Police and Crime Commissioners. Therefore the responsibilities for recruitment, retention and payment of appropriate allowances fall to two separate groups of individuals (or ‘corporation sole’). This submission will cover issues relating to all ranks of chief officers. The Chief Police Officers’ Staff Association represents chief officers (police officers and police staff) and evidence has been submitted separately by the association. That submission covers much of the history of chief officer pay and conditions, independent assessment by the Hay Group and comments on the Winsor recommendations. This submission will not repeat that evidence.

1.1.4 The Pay and conditions for police officers, up to and including the rank of Chief Superintendent, are now dealt with by the Police Remuneration Review Body (PRRB). This is the first year for that process. Whilst the specific pay issues will be determined separately it is important that the two review bodies are aware of the areas being considered and recommendations made to police officers across the service. This report therefore includes evidence submitted to the PRRB as background context to policing.

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1.1.5 The Home Secretary set out the areas that the PRRB are expected to consider in its first year. These were contained in the remit letter, dated 3rd November 2014. This letter was also influenced by the Chief Secretary to the Treasury’s letter dated 29th July regarding the Governments’ approach to public sector pay for 2015/16.

1.1.6 In the remit letter1, the Home Secretary identified the immediate issues for PRRB as:

1. What adjustments should be made to pay and allowances for police officers up to and including the rank of Chief Superintendent, having regard to the Government’s policy that public sector pay awards in 2015/16 average up to 1%.

2. Whether the additional amount paid to the inspecting ranks in the London forces

(“the London lead”) should be retained.

3. Observations on the level and scope of existing arrangements for differentiation of police officer pay and allowances at the regional and local level, with a view to making substantive recommendations in subsequent years, with a focus on local labour markets.

1.1.7 The Home Secretary also identified a number of issues that were deferred by Winsor for consideration by the PRRB. These included:

1. Review the national on-call allowance.

2. Consider whether to increase the gap between the constable and sergeant pay

scales, and between the inspector and chief inspector scales.

3. Consider whether there is a case for the buy-out of sergeants’ casual overtime.

4. Consider the impact of changes to the management of officers on limited duties, including reviewing the value of the deployment component of the X-factor.

5. Assess the feasibility of attaining a greater degree of coherence between the terms

and conditions of police officers and police staff.

1.1.8 Initial comments on the above were invited with the intention that a more strategic assessment of police pay and conditions would be completed that will set the agenda for the next five years.

1.1.9 It is important that any recommendations are supported by evidence. The collection of national data is strictly controlled to ensure that it does not place a disproportionate burden on forces. There is no single IT system for the core business support functions

1

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/370440/Police_Home_Secre

tary_remit_letter_03.11.2014.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/370440/Police_Home_Secretary_remit_letter_03.11.2014.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/370440/Police_Home_Secretary_remit_letter_03.11.2014.pdf

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across forces and, though standardisation of data is the aim, any requirement for change must be balanced against cost considerations.

1.1.10 Police officer pay and conditions are managed at a national level and implemented

locally by each force. There have traditionally only been a few allowances that provide different levels of remuneration to officers (regional allowance, housing allowance and the London allowance). The interpretations of regulations can, on occasion, cause differences between forces but steps are taken to ensure that there is a fair and consistent approach to pay and conditions. Over the last few years forces have found themselves facing significant challenges to meet the financial pressures on budgets. This has started to raise questions about the potential for greater local flexibility within a national framework. These issues will be explored in the economic context (chapter 3) and regional issues (chapter 8). There is no expectation that this will be addressed in the first year and that more evidence and time to accurately reflect the views of all chief constables will be required. This should then form part of the longer term agenda for reform.

1.2 The role of the police

1.2.1 The modern police service was founded in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel and the principles set

out by him almost 200 years ago are still valid to this day. They set out the basic mission for which the police exist, namely to prevent crime and disorder and to protect the public. In order to perform this duty, the police are provided with powers beyond those of a normal member of the public. The trust in the police relies on the careful execution of these powers. The Code of Ethics, published by the College of Policing in 2014, sets out the high standards that are expected by those who serve the public.

1.2.2 Further commentary about the role of the police can be found in the report ‘Policing for

a Better Britain’ led by Lord Stevens2.

1.3 The structure of policing

1.3.1 There are 43 Home Office forces in England and Wales, varying in size from the

Metropolitan Police Service to Warwickshire. The force structure has remained largely unchanged for the last 40 years, when the last amalgamation of some city and county forces took place. Mergers were explored by the last labour government, but the proposals were not pursued. A significant factor behind the lack of progress was the difficulty around equalising local funding across two or more forces.

1.3.2 Each force has a Chief Constable (or a Commissioner in the case of the Metropolitan and

the City of London forces) who has overall responsibility for the operational and employment decisions. In November 2011, Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC) were

2 http://independentpolicecommission.org.uk/uploads/37d80308-be23-9684-054d-e4958bb9d518.pdf

http://independentpolicecommission.org.uk/uploads/37d80308-be23-9684-054d-e4958bb9d518.pdf

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introduced to hold Chief Constables to account for performance and spending (this function is exercised by the Mayor in London and by the City of London Corporation for the City). All police officers come under the direction and control of the Chief Constable/Commissioner, however police staff can be employed by either the Chief Constable or PCC. The reality is that most staff across the country are employed by the chief constable.

1.3.3 Collaboration across forces has played an increasing role in recent years. This has enabled forces to improve operational capability and resilience and to reduce costs. One consequence of collaboration is that officers now find themselves working alongside colleagues from different forces. This can cause difficulties if the interpretation of terms and conditions is different or would cause problems if there was a move away from a national framework. Examples of collaborated units are provided in Appendix 1.

1.3.4 At a sub-force level, local policing has generally been delivered by structures that are coterminous with local authority partners (Basic Command Units, Divisions, Boroughs or Local Police Areas being some of the names to describe these structures). The scope of these units can vary across forces, and has seen considerable change in recent years in response to financial pressures (see chapter 3) but they generally include neighbourhood policing, response and a local investigation function. The size of the units can vary considerably (to over 1000 in London Boroughs to less than 100 officers in many forces).

1.3.5 Forces deliver the many specialist operational functions and those activities that benefit from economies of scale at a force or collaboration level. (For example intelligence functions, child abuse investigations, firearms units).

1.3.6 The rate of change around the structure of police delivery has intensified in recent years to meet the changing nature of demand, the financial pressures and partnership structures. The ability to flexibly deploy police officers, given their employment status, enables such changes to be achieved.

1.3.7 The introduction of PCCs was one means of improving the accountability and

transparency of policing services. However, the greater availability of public data has also encouraged citizens and representative bodies to hold the police to account at every level, from neighbourhood officer to chief constable. This government has also strengthened the role of Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) and given new powers to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC). Policing, and the leadership of the service, has never been held to account or scrutinised as much as the present time.

1.4 Police officer roles and responsibilities

1.4.1 Until recently all police officers entered the service as constables and spent a probationary period of two years learning the basic functions of a police officer, primarily within the operational response role. (See chapter 4 for different entry routes to policing and career paths). Thereafter officers can perform a wide range of roles, can be promoted and can be seconded to other organisations. Although the basic requirements of being a police constable are consistent across all posts, the range of

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additional skills, qualifications, competencies and behaviours that are needed is extensive. Forces do not generally use job descriptions for police officer posts but refer to the Police Professional Framework to specify the requirements for a role.

1.4.2 A Chief Constable has the ability to require an officer to work in a particular role to meet

organisational or operational needs. The best example of this is the demands that were placed on policing during the summer riots in 2011 and the Olympics in 2012 where officers were required to deploy to different parts of the country (sometimes at short notice in the case of the riots).

1.5 The office of constable

1.5.1 Police officers are servants of the crown and hold the independent office of constable.

They are not employees and are not in an employment contract. The pay and conditions of police officers are governed by legislation. Police officers (at all ranks) have various restrictions place upon them.

1.5.2 These include:

no right to strike

restrictions on their private lives and conduct, which include:

no membership of a political party

business interest regulated

restrictions to where able to live

requirement to obey a lawful order

1.5.3 It is therefore important that the pay and conditions of police officer maintain a fair balance between the restrictions placed upon them, the danger that they might face and the benefit that they enjoy. Maintaining a flexible workforce will be essential in the future to ensure that forces can meet both short term and long term demands.

1.6 The broader police family

1.6.1 Over recent years policing has been delivered by a wider range of staff groups. Police staff play an increasing role in the delivery of organisational and operational support and, in PCSOs, are part of the visible presence in neighbourhoods. In some functions, for example police control rooms, there are often police officers and police staff sitting next to each other, performing the same role but bringing different experiences and skills to ensure that the service is both effective and resilient. Police staff can also be accredited with a range of powers that enable them to perform roles previously restricted to police

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officers (for example designated case investigators). Police staff terms and conditions and associated reform are considered further in chapter 4.

1.6.2The numbers of volunteers in policing has increased since 2010. Special Constables are trained volunteers who have the same powers as officers and wear virtually the same uniform. They support policing in a wide variety of ways, often bring valuable additional skills and provide a vital link to the community. Forces also recruit a range of other volunteers to support policing, for example running police information points, assisting with administrative tasks etc.

1.7 The future of ACPO

1.7.1 The Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) brings together the expertise and experience of chief police officers from the United Kingdom, providing a professional forum to share ideas and best practice, co-ordinate resources and help deliver effective policing which keeps the public safe. On 1 April 2015 ACPO will be replaced by a new co-ordinating body, the National Police Chiefs’ Council, which will better reflect the new landscape and the needs of the service.

1.7.2 ACPO has in the past set standards, policy and guidance for the service; this

responsibility has transferred to the College of Policing. The new body will enable operationally independent and locally accountable chief constables to co-ordinate the work of the police service in order to protect the public. It will focus on operational coordination and working with the College of Policing to develop national approaches on issues such as finance, technology and human resources (for example pay and conditions).

1.7.3 ACPO’s core role of bringing together the expertise of police leadership to coordinate

operational policing and agree national approaches in the public interest will be transferred into the body. However, the new body will be modernised and improved with a governance structure that ensures accountability; hosted by a police force rather than a company limited by guarantee and a membership of forces rather than individual chief officers.

1.7.4 Chief constables will represent their force perspective at Chief Constables’ Council,

drawing on the efforts and experience of the chief officers in their team and subject matter leads, as the volume and complexity of the work over the course of the year would be too much for chief constables alone. The new body will not be a membership body per se but all chief officers will have the opportunity to shape and lead work being developed on behalf of the new body.

1.7.5 The body will have the following functions:

Co-ordination of national operations including defining, monitoring and testing force contributions to the Strategic Policing Requirement.

Command of counter terrorism operations and delivery of counter terrorist policing through the national network as set out in the S22A agreement.

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Co-ordination of the national police response to national emergencies and the mobilisation of resources across force borders and internationally.

National operational implementation of standards and policy as set by the College of Policing and Government.

Working with the College, development of joint national approaches on criminal justice, value for money, service transformation, information management, performance management and technology.

Working with the College (where appropriate), development of joint national approaches to staff and human resource issues (including misconduct and discipline) in line with Chief Constables’ responsibilities as employers.

1.8 Chapter 1 Findings

Collaboration between forces has increased in recent years in response to financial pressures and the opportunity to improve operational capability and resilience.

The structures of forces vary and have undergone considerable change in recent years.

Although the basic role of the constable is the same for all, officers perform a wide range of functions and require different skills and competences.

Police officers can be deployed anywhere in England and Wales (and other areas in certain circumstances) in response to planned or spontaneous incidents.

Police officers have several conditions that restrict both their personal and professional lives.

ACPO will be replaced with the National Police Chiefs’ Council on 1st April 2015.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 The Operational Context

2.1.1 The most recent Crime Survey for England and Wales3 suggests that crime is at its lowest level since the survey began in 1981. The annual figures from the survey for the 12 months to June 2014, showed a 16 per cent fall on the previous year’s survey. Police recorded crime data4 tells a similar story, with crime at its lowest level since the mid 1990’s.

3 http://www.crimesurvey.co.uk/previous-research.html

4 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/period-ending-june-2014/index.html

http://www.crimesurvey.co.uk/previous-research.html

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/period-ending-june-2014/index.html

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2.1.2 Reports of anti-social behaviour have also declined over the last year. In 2013/14 there were 2.1million incidents of anti-social behaviour, this represents a 7 per cent reduction from 2012/135.

2.1.3 Although the headline figures show an overall decrease in recorded crime, analysis of

force crime data suggests that recorded crime in some parts of the country is increasing. Analysis of force data for the 12 months to June 2014 shows that 24 forces have seen an increase6. However, there are probably several reasons for this increase, including higher levels of compliance with crime recording standards, greater confidence in reporting certain categories of crime and genuine increases in new crimes.

2.1.4 Despite reductions in crime and anti-social behaviour in recent years many officers

report that they are as busy as ever. The College of Policing has therefore been commissioned to research the demand on the Police Service. This work was not complete in time for the written submission deadline but will be provided to the PRRB when available.

2.1.5 One of the issues for policing is how to describe the demand that it faces. Police

recorded crime can provide a measure of demand but it does not include demands that do not result in a recorded crime (for example road traffic collisions, fear for welfare, calls for service etc) and it masks changes within crime types that can have a disproportionate impact on police resources (for example a reduction in criminal damage offences could mask significant rises in rape allegations).

2.1.6 The demands on the police can be grouped into two distinct categories:

Public demand – mainly covering calls for service or incident to which the police respond.

Protective demand – more proactive work which the police are required to undertake, mainly connected to safeguarding the public.

2.1.7 Protective demand is unlikely to be captured by traditional data gathering and the

allocation of resources to both demands will vary.

2.1.8 Early findings from the demand work suggest that:

The complexity of crime is increasing – the number of defendants fined at Crown Court is higher than 10 years ago.

o Reporting of sexual offences has risen dramatically since several high profile

cases.

o Reports of child sexual exploitation have risen.

5 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/period-ending-june-2013/stb-crime-in-england-

and-wales--year-ending-june-2013.html#tab-Anti-social-behaviour

6 http://www.police.uk/

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/period-ending-june-2013/stb-crime-in-england-and-wales--year-ending-june-2013.html#tab-Anti-social-behaviour

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/period-ending-june-2013/stb-crime-in-england-and-wales--year-ending-june-2013.html#tab-Anti-social-behaviour

http://www.police.uk/

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o Fraud reporting has increased by 34% in the 12 months to September 2013.

o The National Crime Agency National Strategic Assessment7 highlights the risk of

human trafficking and modern slavery.

o Technological change has seen a fundamental shift in how some crime is committed. The Home Office research ‘Cyber Crime: a Review of the Evidence’8 highlights the scale of the problem.

o The threat posed by organised crime groups (OCGs) has increased with an

estimated 5,500 active OCGs operating against the UK, compromising 37,000 people.

The volume and type of non-crime incidents is changing.

o Although incident levels have reduced, the decline is greater in crime related

incidents rather than non-crime incidents.

o Incidents classified as public safety and welfare are increasing (for example incidents relating to mental health, missing persons etc).

The protective demands on policing appear to be more significant.

o Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) place a statutory

responsibility on the police and other agencies to protect the public from serious harm by sexual and violent offenders. MAPPA offenders have increased by a third in the last 5 years9.

o Non-statutory work to protect the vulnerable has increased (for example the

number of Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conferences, that protect high risk victims of domestic abuse, have increased by 17% from 2011/12 to 2012/13).

2.1.9 The changing nature of demand, in particular the increase in complexity and rise in

protective work, has seen significant shifts in the responsibilities and capabilities of all officers. Whether it is protecting the vulnerable or tackling cybercrime, this work is not the preserve of the specialist officer. Every police officer needs to have an understanding of these new and growing challenges and to have the capability to respond. However, the increasing technical and specialist nature of some elements of

7 http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/207-nca-strategic-assessment-of-serious-and-

organised-crime/file

8 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246749/horr75-

summary.pdf

9 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/369414/mappa-annual-

report-2013-14.pdf

http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/207-nca-strategic-assessment-of-serious-and-organised-crime/file

http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/207-nca-strategic-assessment-of-serious-and-organised-crime/file

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246749/horr75-summary.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246749/horr75-summary.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/369414/mappa-annual-report-2013-14.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/369414/mappa-annual-report-2013-14.pdf

17


this demand also requires officers with high levels of skills and training to effectively respond.

2.2 The Prioritisation of Demand

2.2.1 The responsibility for setting the police and crime objectives for an area rests with the

Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC). The PCC answers to the public on the delivery and performance of their force and therefore must consult with the public and with the chief constable when setting the aims of the force in their areas. The PCC publishes a Police and Crime Plan which sets out their objectives and how they will be achieved.

2.2.2 Although the PCC and Chief Constable have responsibility for policing in their area, they

also have a responsibility to contribute to national policing. The Strategic Policing Requirement10 sets out the capabilities that forces are expected to have in place to protect the public from serious harm and maintain national security. This ensures that when officers and staff are required to deal with a national threat or incident, there are sufficient people who are trained and equipped to a consistent level. The use of mutual aid to support forces at times of need is a well rehearsed process (for example in planned events, spontaneous response to unplanned events and to support complex and lengthy investigations). The ability to brigade officers will become increasingly important to maintain a resilient police service at times of reduced budgets. This does have implications in terms of pay and conditions when officers are expected to work together for extended periods.


Traditional measures for crime have shown significant reductions.

The College of Policing is researching police demand and this will be available in due course.

New and emerging demand for policing appears to be more complex and requires higher levels of skills and training.

All officers need to have a basic understanding of new and emerging demand in order to provide an initial response.

It is likely that forces will need to provide more mutual aid to other forces as budgets contract.

The need for officers from different forces to work together has implications for the consistency and fairness of pay and conditions for police officers.

10

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/strategic-policing-requirement

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/strategic-policing-requirement

18


CHAPTER 3

3.1 The Economic Context

3.1.1 Police forces in England and Wales receive funding from two main sources – the Home Office (central government police grant) and the police precept component of the local council tax11. In recent years the number of sources of funding has changed (as the police no longer receive funding via the Department for Communities and Local Government, instead all is routed via the Home Office) and the restrictions on some budgets have been relaxed (for example requirement to spend a specialist grant on Police Community Support Officers has now been consolidated into main grant without restrictions). In addition to government grant and police precept, Police and Crime Commissioners are able to generate income from charging for policing commercial events. Other income to forces is generally limited and covers the cost of providing additional services.

3.1.2 The level of police precept as a proportion of total budget varies considerably across

forces (from 14% in Northumbria to 52% in Surrey). The rate of police precept was historically determined by Police Authorities and some took decisions, during the last decade, to increase local funding for policing by considerable amounts. In recent years the opportunity for Police and Crime Commissioners to increase police precept has been capped.

3.1.3 The police grant is allocated to forces in line with the Police Allocation Formula (PAF)12.

The PAF uses data from various sources (such as incident levels and population density) to share money between forces. It is not a calculation of absolute need but shares out the money designated for policing between forces based on relative need. The allocation is then ‘dampened’ by applying ‘floors’ and ‘ceilings’ to the proposed budgets. A review of PAF has been proposed for several years as there are some concerns about the validity of the current mechanism. However, this will not take place until after the next general election and the process of moving from one system to a new one will be difficult to achieve, given that there are likely to be ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. In 2014/15, the police grant represented over £8bn (with over £2bn being allocated to the Metropolitan Police Service and £56m to Warwickshire).

3.1.4 Police forces have been required to reduce budgets by £2.53bn13 (or just under 20% in

cash terms which equates to 23% in real terms) over the spending review period. The level of reductions varies across forces (as the savings to police grant were allocated at the same rate to all forces, this had a differential impact on total force budgets when precept is included). The estimated savings requirement for forces as a proportion of 2010/11 gross revenue expenditure ranged from about 10% for North Yorkshire to about 27% for Warwickshire.

11

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/police-finance

12 https://www.gov.uk/guide-to-the-police-allocation-formula

13State of Policing the Annual Assessment of Policing in England and Wales 2013/14 by HMCIC Tom Winsor

http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/state-of-policing-13-14.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/police-finance

https://www.gov.uk/guide-to-the-police-allocation-formula

http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/state-of-policing-13-14.pdf

19


3.1.5 Forces developed savings plans to deliver the cuts to budgets. Although every force has developed slightly different plans (based on individual circumstances, including historical allocation of funding) all forces have worked hard to prioritise savings in goods and services while seeking to protect police officer and staff posts. Twenty-nine per cent of planned savings come from non-staff costs even though these areas represent only 20% of police’s overall costs (see HMIC Valuing the Police 4 report14).

3.1.6 Although forces have limited the savings needed from workforce budgets there have,

inevitably, been reductions in the numbers of staff. The planned workforce reductions between March 2010 and March 2015 are:

England

and Wales

March 2010

FTE (actual)

March 2015

FTE (planned)

Total Change

(planned)

Percentage

Change

(planned)

Police Officer

Police Staff

PCSOs

143,700

83,200

16,900

127,500

68,700

13,300

16,200

14,500

3,600

-11%

-17%

-21%

Total Workforce 243,800 209,500 34,300 -14%

3.1.7 Police forces were recognised for the work that they have done to protect the front line

from the effects of the cuts. However, despite this the number of people (officers, staff and PCSOs) working on the front line will have reduced by approximately 14,900 by

14

http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/policing-in-austerity-meeting-the-

challenge.pdf

http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/policing-in-austerity-meeting-the-challenge.pdf


20


March 2015 (a decrease of 8%). The number of officers will reduce by 8,500 (a decrease of 7%). However, given that the numbers of staff reduced in other areas is greater, it means that a greater proportion of the workforce is on the front line (from 74 percent to 78 percent for all staff and from 89 percent to 92 percent for officers).

3.1.8 Forces have delivered savings in a variety of different ways including:

Reducing non pay savings (contract renegotiations, collective procurement, controlled purchasing, estate and fleet management, IT savings)

Pay savings including pay restraint, reductions in overtime and the implementation of the Winsor reforms. However, the vast majority of savings in pay have come through reductions in workforce numbers

3.1.9 The workforce reductions have been managed by:

Workforce modernisation – ensuring that forces have the right mix of officers and staff

Structured reform of business units, balancing the need for local delivery with economies of scale

Collaboration (with forces and other partners) particularly in relation to specialist operational functions

Changing the rank profile in forces – reducing more senior management posts (including in Wiltshire where the Chief Inspector and Chief Superintendent ranks have been removed)

3.2 Changes to Police Officer numbers by rank

Full-time equivalent Number 31/03/10 Number 31/03/14

Chief Officers

Chief Superintendent

Superintendent

Chief Inspectors

Inspectors

Sergeants

Constables

224

470

1,031

1,975

7,242

23,103

109,713

204

358

763

1,779

5,930

19,767

99,107

3.2.1 In the same way that forces have seen a different impact on their total budget, forces

have also seen significant variations on the reductions of planned workforce between March 2010 and March 2015. As at March 2014 the position was as follows:

21


Estimated planned workforce reductions between March 2010 and March 2015 force by force (as of March

2014)15

3.2.2 The above chart shows that there have been reductions in all ranks. The greatest percentage reduction has occurred in the Superintending ranks (a loss of 380 officers, equivalent to 25% from March 2010 to March 2014). The reduction in chief officer ranks will have been at ACC/Commander level, given that every force has a Chief Constable and Deputy Chief Constable.

3.2.3 The above chart only includes police officers and it is possible that with some workforce

modernisation the supervision ratios could have changed either way (this detail is not readily available to test). However, staff associations have raised concern about resilience at certain ranks (particularly given the specific legal requirement and operational responsibilities to maintain operational effectiveness).

3.4 The Future of Police Funding

3.4.1 The Autumn Budget Statement in 2014 presented by the Chancellor of the Exchequer set out the prediction for the economy and the proposals for public sector spending. Since then the other main political parties have also outlined their proposals. Although the exact detail will not become clearer until after the General Election in May 2015 and

15

http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/policing-in-austerity-meeting-the-

challenge.pdf



22


then the Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) in the summer of 2015, there is no doubt that austerity measures will continue for the next 3 – 5 years. What will vary will be the pace, scale and priorities, depending on the make-up of the next government.

3.4.2 On an annual basis forces publish a Medium Term Financial Plan (MTFP) that covers, as a

minimum, the proposals for the next three years. These are based on the information that is available at that time and on assumptions where information is not available. The details about the two key sources of funding are only available towards the latter part of the financial year (the police grant is announced at the end of December and council precept is finalised in mid-February). Forces therefore have to make plans about budgets that only have a degree of certainty for a single year. Given the election in 2015 and greater uncertainty beyond that point, the clarity about police budgets after 2015/16 is more difficult to predict. As a consequence forces have been encouraged by the Home Office and HMIC to use the same assumptions around police grant for 2015/16 and beyond (5% real term reduction and 3.2% actual reduction per annum).

3.4.3 However, it was feared that these figures could change significantly if the Home Office

was required to make larger savings than other government departments. The police grant settlement announced in December 201416 equated to a reduction of 5.1% in cash terms compared to 2014/15. The Home Office ‘top sliced’ additional sums of money to support national initiatives (Independent Police Complaints Commission, national infrastructure etc). It is likely that all forces will need to adjust their MTFPs in light of these changes and amend previous assumptions and identify new savings, or bring forward future savings plans. The budget reductions for 2015/16 have also increased to an estimated cash reduction of 5.06% of police grant (compared to an assumption of 3.2%) This will inevitably result in greater staff losses (in fact one large metropolitan force has already adjusted plans to reduce police officer numbers by an additional 200 more than their MTFP over the next three years).

3.4.4 Given the proportion of police budget that is allocated to pay, the assumptions that

forces make around pay increases are important. If the pay awards differ from the assumptions then this can have an in-year impact on budget, as pay awards are implemented in September. The Chancellor’s announcement in the Budget 201317 that public sector pay awards will be limited to an average of up to 1 percent in 2015/16 has helped to inform the budget setting process.

3.4.5 In terms of pay several assumptions for the future the below chart sets out the figures

currently being used by forces (26 forces responded to the request for information).

16

http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-vote-office/December%202014/17%20December/12-

Home-PoliceGrant.pdf

17

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/221885/budget2013_compl

ete.pdf

http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-vote-office/December%202014/17%20December/12-Home-PoliceGrant.pdf

http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-vote-office/December%202014/17%20December/12-Home-PoliceGrant.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/221885/budget2013_complete.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/221885/budget2013_complete.pdf

23


FORCE Pay Award Assumption by force

2015 2016 2017

Avon & Somerset 1% 1.5% 2%

Cheshire 1.6% 1.6% 1.6%

City of London 1% 1% 1%

Cleveland 1% 1% 1%

Cumbria 1% 1% 1%

Dorset 1% 2.5% 2.5%

Durham 1% 1% 1%

Essex 1% 2% 2%

GMP 1% 1% 1.875%

Hertfordshire 1% 1% 2%

Humberside 1% 1% 2%

Kent 1% 2% 2%

Lancashire 1% 1% 1%

Leicestershire 1% 2% 2%

Merseyside 1% 1% 1%

Met 1% 1% 1%

Norfolk 1% 1% 1%

Northants 1% 1% 1%

North Wales 1% 1% 1%

South Wales 1% 2.5% 2.5%

South Yorks 1% 1% 1%

Suffolk 1% 1% 1%

Surrey 1% 2% 2%

TVP 1% 2% 2%

West Mids 1% 1% 1%

West Yorks 1% 1% 1%

3.4.6 As can be seen from the above, only one force has assumed a pay award above 1% in

2015 and the majority have assumed an average pay award of 1% in 2016.

24


3.4.7 The MTFP provide planned estimates for the number of police officers, police staff and

PCSOs are also included. However, they should be used as a guide only as the assumption can change and, if the budget has not yet been balanced, then the numbers of workforce reductions could increase as savings work is completed. The most recent workforce reductions for the different categories of staff from 2014 to 2017 are provided in Chapter 4 on the Workforce Context.

3.5 The impact of austerity on forces 3.5.1 Forces have already delivered significant reductions in budget and will be required to

make further reductions in future years. The question of the impact of these on policing is now being considered in a number of different groups (HMIC National Advisory Debate Group and Home Office Future Police Funding Group). It is also being played out in the media as a result of a number of contributions, for example by the Chief Constable of Lincolnshire18 and the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service19. Given that staff costs represent over 80% of total budget spend then further reductions will have a significant impact either on the number of staff employed or the way that they are paid.

3.6 Predictions for the UK labour market 3.6.1 The latest commentary on what might be expected to happen in the UK labour market in

2015, based on economic forecasts already in the public domain, was provided by the CIPD’s chief economist, Mark Beatson. The report20 raises the following issues:

The UK can expect economic growth of around 2.4% in 2015 – slightly lower than in 2014.

Employment might grow by about half a million in 2015, slightly more than the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast.

Wage growth is likely to remain in the 1-2% range for most or all of 2015, although lower inflation might mean that real earnings increase slightly.

No significant increase in wage growth can be expected until 2016 and even then is not guaranteed

Employers need to raise their productivity and that includes developing their workforce before skill shortages mount.

Productivity should again be the focus of economic policy during 2015.

18

http://www.lincs.police.uk/News-Centre/News-Releases-2014/Letter-to-the-Home-Secretary-from-

Lincolnshire-Police-Chief-Constable-Neil-Rhodes.html

19 http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/14/reform-cuts-public-risk-police-emergency-

services-austerity

20 http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/labour-market-predictions_december-2015.pdf

http://www.lincs.police.uk/News-Centre/News-Releases-2014/Letter-to-the-Home-Secretary-from-Lincolnshire-Police-Chief-Constable-Neil-Rhodes.html

http://www.lincs.police.uk/News-Centre/News-Releases-2014/Letter-to-the-Home-Secretary-from-Lincolnshire-Police-Chief-Constable-Neil-Rhodes.html

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/14/reform-cuts-public-risk-police-emergency-services-austerity

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/14/reform-cuts-public-risk-police-emergency-services-austerity

http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/labour-market-predictions_december-2015.pdf

25



The Government police grant to forces has reduced by 23% in real terms over the course of the Comprehensive Spending Review

The impact on forces varies depending on the proportion of force budget supported by local precept

Given that over 80% of budget is spent on pay, it is inevitable that cuts will impact on workforce numbers

The number of police officers in England and Wales has reduced by 11% over the CSR

HMIC assesses that forces have responded well to the financial constraints

The majority of forces have assumed a pay award of 1% in 2015 for police officers and the same again in 2016 (although a few have assumed higher increases).

Any award above the assumption (of 1%) would necessitate greater savings, any award below would relieve pressures on budgets and avoid the need for savings in other budgets

The announcement in December 2014 reduced police grant by 5.1 % in 2014/15 and estimated a reduction of 5.06% 2015/16 in cash terms (compared to assumptions of 3.2% p.a.). This is likely to result in more staff losses than predicted.

CHAPTER 4

4.1 The Workforce Context 4.1.1 Information about the workforce is collected on an annual basis by the Home Office21

and as part of the data collection for the Valuing the Police inspection by HMIC22. Headline figures from Home Office data shows that police officer numbers, having increased up to 2009, have seen year on year reductions since that time. The Metropolitan Police had the most officers, accounting for 24.2 per cent of all officers across the 43 forces on 31 March 2014. The 8 metropolitan forces (City of London, Greater Manchester, Merseyside, Metropolitan Police, Northumbria, South Yorkshire, West Midlands and West Yorkshire) comprised 47.8 per cent of all officers.

21

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-workforce-england-and-wales-31-march-2014

22 https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/data/valuing-the-police-data/

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-workforce-england-and-wales-31-march-2014

https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/data/valuing-the-police-data/

26


Figure: Change in the number of police officers, as at 31 March 2005 to 2014, compared with the previous 12 months, England and Wales

4.1.2 However, the change in police officer numbers in the last 12 months has been different across the country. Officer numbers in the 43 police forces rose in the last 12 months in the following 10 forces: Cumbria; Devon and Cornwall; Dyfed-Powys; Merseyside; the Metropolitan Police; Norfolk; North Yorkshire; Nottinghamshire; Suffolk; and Thames Valley. Of these, Nottinghamshire (63 officers or 3.0%) had the largest increase in percentage terms, whilst the Metropolitan Police had the largest numerical increase (534 officers or 1.8%).

4.1.3 Officer numbers decreased in the last 12 months in the remaining 33 forces.

Bedfordshire (-73 officers or -6.7%) fell the most in percentage terms, whilst West Midlands Police (-327 officers or -4.3%) experienced the largest numerical decrease.

4.1.4 It should be noted that some changes can occur when regional or collaborated units are

established hosted by one force and officers are transferred from neighbouring forces (for example the establishment of Regional Organised Crime Units in some areas saw staff transferred to the host force).

27


Figure: Police officers, percentage change between March 2013 and March 2014, England and Wales

4.1.5 More detailed commentary on key areas will be considered in later sections of this chapter. It has already been noted that the availability and quality of some national information needs to be addressed, however this must be balanced against the data burden on forces. The collection of national data is strictly controlled and any requests must now be agreed through a gateway process. Where data is more limited then additional requests have been made to forces to provide a snapshot of a selection of forces. The assessment of headline data, not covered in future sections, suggests the following:

Age/service profile - the statistics will not come as a surprise given the limited recruitment in recent years, a profile which reflects an ageing workforce and longer serving officers. However, just 1.1% of officers are aged over 55 and just one quarter of officers have 20 years’ service, or more.

28


Police officer ill health retirements - the rate of ill health retirements appears to have levelled recently, however it has more than doubled in the last 5 years. There is a view that the level will remain high due to an ageing workforce and no change to the definition of ‘permanence’.

Representation in the workforce - there seems little evidence to suggest a sea change to in improving workforce representation and, with low levels of police officer recruitment, there are unlikely to be significant changes in the short term future.

4.2 Chief Officer Recruitment 4.2.1 The entry routes to policing were considered by the Winsor review and the findings and

recommendations were set out in Chapter 3 of that report23. At that time the only entry point into policing was at the rank of constable, that position has now changed (see later sections for summary of new entry routes). The number of applications and quality of recruits can provide an indication as to the attractiveness of policing as a career.

4.2.2 The police and crime commissioner is responsible for the appointment, suspension and

removal of a chief constable, as set out in Section 38 of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act (PRSRA) 2011. The College of Policing has developed guidance and a toolkit for making senior appointments. The College also supports PCCs by providing details of career history, skills and qualifications, in order the PCCs have as much information as possible to support their decision to appoint a chief constable (CC).

4.2.3 The CC is responsible for the recruitment of other chief officers. Sections 39 and 40 of

the PRSRA 2011 relate to the appointment of deputy chief constables (DCCs) and assistant chief constables (ACCs) by CCs for forces across England and Wales outside London. Sections 45,46 and 47 of the Act make provision for the appointment of senior Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) officers including assistant commissioners (ACs), deputy assistant commissioners (DACs) and commanders respectively.

4.2.4 The commissioner must consult the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC)

before appointing an AC, DAC or commander. The CC must consult the PCC before appointing a person to be a DCC or ACC for forces outside London. It is for the CC (and commissioner) to decide how they wish to run their appointment process and which candidate they wish to appoint. All processes should involve an independent member during assessment, short-listing and interviewing of candidates.

4.2.5 CCs, DCCs, ACs and DACs are appointed in post for a fixed term. Regulation 11 of the

Police Regulations 2003 makes provision for fixed term appointments and extensions for chief officers. The initial fixed term appointments can be made for up to five years, and thereafter extended by a further three years. Beyond that, appointments can only be made annually. Changes to police pensions (see Chapter 6) might mean that officers with less service will delay applications to chief officer roles (particularly those on fixed term contracts) until later in their careers. There is only anecdotal evidence to support this, but the SSRB will want to monitor this issue.

23

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130312170833/http://review.police.uk/publications/part-2-

report/report-vol-1?view=Binary

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130312170833/http:/review.police.uk/publications/part-2-report/report-vol-1?view=Binary


29


4.3 Analysis of Recruitment Data 4.3.1 A request was sent to all forces to provide information about the recruitment of chief

officers in 2014. Twenty six forces responded and the information is provided for each rank below.

4.3.2 In summary the evidence (from 26 forces) shows the following:

4.3.3 For ACC / commander appointments:

46 applications were submitted for 23 ACC / commander posts

35 people were interviewed for 23 posts

11 external candidates were appointed and 12 internal candidates

Where applicants withdrew prior to the process it tended to be due to securing

another post (usually in their home force)

Financial considerations were an issue for London applicants

On 5 occasions there was only one applicant

4.3.4 For DCC / DAC appointments:

30 applications were submitted for 10 DCC / DAC posts


3 external candidates and 7 internal candidates were appointed

On 3 occasions there was only one applicant

4.3.5 For CC / AC appointments:

13 applications were submitted for 5 CC / AC posts


2 external candidates and 3 internal candidates were appointed

On 1 occasion there was only one applicant

30


Force Total no.

of ACCs

appointed

in 2014

No. of

applicants

Nos.

Interviewed

Appointee

Internal/External

Any Feedback from

those who did not

apply after

expressing interest

Avon & Somerset 2x temp

ACC

(posted

internally

as no

successful

candidates

from

external

process

5 3 N/A Withdrawal – 1 x

personal reason

1 x Other ACC post

offered

Cheshire 2 4 2 1 internal, 1

external

Gained other

employment and

withdrew

City of London 0

Cleveland 1 3 1 External None

Cumbria 0

Dorset 0

Durham 1 1 Internal

Dyfed Powys 0

Essex 1 2 2 External No

Hertfordshire 1 2 1 External Distance to travel

from current

location and

successful in home

force

Humberside 1 Temp 1 We had one

applicant which

was insufficient to

run a competitive

process, therefore

we have placed

someone

temporarily until a

new advertisement

in 2015.

Kent 1 2 2 External No

Lancashire 1 4 4 Internal No

Leicestershire 0

Metropolitan 3 6 6 Internal Financial - London

31


much more

expensive than

other areas to live

in.

Family reasons

Lack of information

about the specific

role

Norfolk 1 1 1 Internal

North Wales 1 3 1 External 2 applicants were

due to be

interviewed, 1

applicant withdrew

prior to the

interview as they

had secured an ACC

position with

another force

Northamptonshire 0

Nottinghamshire 0

South Wales 2 3 2 External Another local

opportunity

became available

to the candidate so

they withdrew

South Yorkshire 1 1 1 External

Suffolk 0

Surrey 0

Thames Valley 2 3 and 1 2 and 1 Internal and

External

None

West Midlands 1 2 2 Internal 1 external

candidate. Meeting

with Chief

Constable but did

not apply as was

successful in

obtaining an

Assistant Chief

Constable role with

another Force

ahead of the formal

application process.

West Yorkshire 1 2 2 External No feedback

Force Total no. of No. of Nos. Appointee Any Feedback from

32


DCC /DACs

appointed

in 2014

applicants Interviewed Internal/External those who did not

apply after

expressing interest

Avon & Somerset 1 Temp 6 2 External One x location is

geographically

challenging

Cheshire 1 4 2 Internal Gained other

employment and

withdrew

City of London 0

Cleveland 0

Cumbria 2 3 (Jan14)

1 (Oct14)

3 1 Internal, Internal

Dorset 0

Durham 0

Dyfed Powys 1 1 1 Internal Only had one

applicant who was

internal

Essex 0

Hertfordshire 0

Humberside 0

Kent 1 1 1 Internal No

Lancashire 1 2 2 Internal No

Leicestershire 0

Metropolitan 1 5 4 Internal No

Norfolk 0

North Wales 0

Northamptonshire 0

Nottinghamshire 0

South Wales 0

South Yorkshire 0

Suffolk 1 2 2 External

Surrey 0

Thames Valley 0

West Midlands 0

West Yorkshire 1 5 5 External No Feedback

33


Force Total no.

of

CCs/ACs

appointed

in 2014

No. of

applicants

Nos.

Interviewed

Appointee

Internal/External

Any Feedback from

those who did not

apply after

expressing interest

Avon & Somerset 0

Cheshire 1 4 external No the process was

managed through a

recruitment partner

who undertook a

search process for

us.

City of London 0

Cleveland 0

Cumbria 1 1 1 Internal

Dorset 0

Durham 0

Dyfed Powys 0

Essex 0

Hertfordshire 0

Humberside 0

Kent 1 3 3 Internal No

Lancashire 0

Leicestershire 0

Metropolitan 2 5 4 1 Internal, 1

External

No

Norfolk 0

North Wales 0

Northamptonshire 0

Nottinghamshire 0

South Wales 0

South Yorkshire 0

Suffolk 0

Surrey 0

Thames Valley 0

West Midlands 0

West Yorkshire 0

34


4.4 Fast Track and Direct Entry Schemes

4.4.1 The police service has operated a scheme to support officers who demonstrate the

potential to be senior leaders for many years. The most recent High Potential Development Scheme (HPDS)24 was introduced in 2002 to replace the Accelerated Promotion Scheme. It was designed to enable officers to meet the challenges of senior leadership in the police by giving them operational credibility, management skills and strategic awareness. The final version of the scheme was open to constables and sergeants and successful applicants took part in a five year programme of professional and academic development. When an officer demonstrated that he / she was competent in the next rank then they were promoted.

4.4.2 The National Policing Improvement Agency introduced an HPDS (graduate) in 2009

which identified new recruits to policing who had an upper second class honours degree and who had the potential for senior leadership. The scheme ran for only one year, primarily due to the impact of austerity and limited recruitment, and the numbers of successful officers was in single figures.

4.5 Fast Track Constable to Inspector 4.5.1 Fast Track is an accelerated three-year promotion and development programme which

gives the most talented graduates the skills, knowledge and experience to advance to the rank of inspector from police constable within three years. The scheme is open to both current constables who meet the eligibility criteria and non-police officers. The latter group complete their initial training over a year and then join the internal cohort.

4.5.2 Fast Track External25

By December 2014 more than 600 people had applied for the Fast Track programme in forces across England and Wales which will see exceptional candidates reach the rank of inspector in three years.

4.5.3 The programme, which is open to police staff, graduates and police specials to apply, has

received 657 applications across 26 police forces.

4.5.4 Of those, 361 are male and 296 are female. This includes 55 black or minority ethnic candidates.

4.5.5 Fast Track Internal26

By December 2014 more than 500 internal candidates had applied for the fast track programme. Of this number 180 will be selected to go forward to the assessment centre in early 2015 with the top performing 80 candidates being selected.

24

http://www.college.police.uk/cps/rde/xchg/cop/root.xsl/8563.htm

25 http://www.college.police.uk/en/21592.htm



http://www.college.police.uk/en/21592.htm


35


4.6 Direct Entry at Superintendent 4.6.1 The Direct Entry (Superintendent) Programme ran for the first time in 2014. It is

designed to attract highly talented leaders from outside policing to come into the police service at a senior rank, bringing fresh perspectives and new ideas. Candidates will be trained over 18 months, and given coaching and mentoring, to equip them with the skills to excel as superintendents.

4.6.2 There were 888 applications for 19 direct entry superintendent posts across the seven

forces taking part27. This equates to about 47 applicants for every post. When the process was complete there were 9 successful candidates that will join 4 forces28.

4.7 Direct Entry at Chief Constable 4.7.1 The Winsor review recommended direct entry at chief constable rank for those who

have equivalent experience from overseas. The Government has now amended primary legislation to allow those who have equivalent experience to be appointed as a chief constable. The Chief Officers of Police (Overseas Police Forces) Regulations 201429 set out which police forces and ranks are eligible. These include forces from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA as they have similar legal jurisdictions and policing practices. Although the regulation creates the eligibility, it is for the PCC to specify where and to whom any advertisement applies.

4.8 Predictions for future numbers 4.8.1 Details about the size of the police workforce are collated by the Home Office on an

annual basis and therefore trends on police numbers are readily available. The Valuing the Police inspection by HMIC collected data on predictions for the workforce during the Comprehensive Spending Review period from 2010 to April 2015 (these are set out in the Chapter 3 on the economic context).

4.8.2 Forces were also asked to provide the latest information about numbers of police

officers, police staff and PCSOs for 2014 (actual), 2015 (planned), 2016 (estimate) and 2017 (estimate). The later years are likely to be subject to change given the uncertainty about police funding and the likelihood that savings plans for later years are still being developed. The responses from 26 forces provide a reasonable assessment of the changes to the size of the police workforce. The workforce will continue to reduce. There is no separate data for chief officer numbers at this stage. As collaborations increase and pressure on budgets continue, it is likely that chief officer numbers will see further reductions.

27



29 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/2376/pdfs/uksi_20142376_en.pdf



http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/2376/pdfs/uksi_20142376_en.pdf

36


4.8.3 The following charts show that (using estimates for data missing from some force returns and for only those forces that provided information):

Police officer numbers are estimated to reduce by up to 3000 from 2014 to 2017

(this equates to 3% of the total 96,000 for the 26 forces). However, the MPS are

showing a predicted increase of 1,200 officers and this masks the reduction in the

other 25 forces.

Police staff numbers are predicted to reduce by over 4400 from 2014 to 2017 (this

equates to over 8.5% of the 51,000 for the 26 forces). Given that some forces were

not able to provide estimates for future years given that they were currently

developing plans, this figure is likely to be higher.

PCSO numbers are predicted to reduce by almost 1250 from 2014 to 2017 (this

equates to almost 13% of the 9750 for the 26 forces). This figure could be higher

than other categories as some PCSOs have been supported by partnership funding.

FORCE

Number of Police Officers

(pre- December 2014 grant announcement)

April 2014

(Actual)

April 2015

(Planned)

April 2016

(Estimate)

April 2017

(Estimate)

Avon & Somerset 2817 2791 2774 2774

Cheshire 1956 NK NK NK

City of London 730.5 730.5 730.5 730.5

Cleveland 1378 1349 1349 1379

Cumbria 1155 1151 1085 968

Dorset 1,218 1,263 1,221 1,177

Durham 1,200 1,200 1,130

Essex 3283.00 3062.80 2950.80 2898.80

GMP 6997 6711 6398 6023

Hertfordshire 1921 1911 1943 1916

Humberside 1649.84 1554.59 1539.74 1535.55

Kent 3271.14 3243.44 3190.44

Lancashire 3,022 2,939 2,938 2,938

Leicestershire 2043 1982 1841 1730

Merseyside 3997 3886 3791 3695

37


Met 30,712 31,957 31,957 31,957

Norfolk 1572 1548.75 1526.01 TBC

Northants 1220 1220 1220 1220

North Wales 1,435 1,395 1,385 1,383

South Wales 2909 2909 2909 2909

South Yorks 2704 2603 2500 2400

Suffolk 1208 1140.50 1110.24 TBC

Surrey 1,914 1,913 1,913 1,913

TVP 4,177 3,991 3,955 3,955

West Mids 7001 6765 6472

West Yorks 4831 4769 4569 4500

FORCE

Number of Police Staff (excl PCSO)

April 2014

(Actual)

April 2015

(Planned)

April 2016

(Estimate)

April 2017

(Estimate)

Avon & Somerset 2012 1981 1981 1981

Cheshire 1265 Info not provided as Force is undergoing a PBB

exercise

City of London 460 477 440 430

Cleveland 184 167 167 167

Cumbria 685 533 518 500

Dorset 897 894 894 846

Durham 795

Essex 1769.00 1865.30 1931.30 1829.30

GMP 3437 3951 3209 2286

Hertfordshire 1481 1410 1331 1241

Humberside 1369.15 1271.22 1183.13 1097.83

Kent 2148.33 2107.33 1933.33

Lancashire 1,699 1,624 1,603 1,603


38


Merseyside 1883 1850 1733 1616

Met 12,306 12,406 11,713 11,633

Norfolk 1116 999 952 946

Northants 785.28 NK NK NK

North Wales 916 915 889 877

South Wales 1725 1627 1627 1627

South Yorks 1796 1714 1564 1439

Suffolk 953 837 801 797

Surrey 1,910 1,905 1,905 1,905

TVP 2,682 2,665 2,646 2,606

West Mids 3096 2996 2896

West Yorks 2806 2765 2700 2635

FORCE

Number of PCSOs

April 2014

(Actual)

April 2015

(Planned)

April 2016

(Estimate)

April 2017

(Estimate)

Avon & Somerset 363 363 363 363

Cheshire 222 Info not provided as Force is undergoing a PBB

exercise

City of London 12 15 10 10

Cleveland 145 132 132 132

Cumbria 95 95 70 55

Dorset 147 155 155 155

Durham 159 155 155 130

Essex 362.00 263.00 250.00 250.00

GMP 789 826 826 826

Hertfordshire 249 232 232 232

Humberside 310.04 270 256 228

Kent 370 370 370

Lancashire 335 335 335 335

39



Merseyside 316 352 352 352

Met 2,048 2,137 1,800 1,800

Norfolk 250 217 192 161

Northants 112 89 78 67

North Wales 261 242 223 202

South Wales 506 406 406 406

South Yorks 333 328 328 278

Suffolk 169 166 159 151

Surrey 163 163 163 163

TVP 490 488 467 446

West Mids 618 599 581

West Yorks 679 643 523 323

4.9 Promotion Opportunities 4.9.1 One of the potential consequences of austerity and the need to reduce the size of the

workforce, particularly in supervisory ranks, is the lack of opportunities for progression through promotion. In a rank based, hierarchical organisation, such as the police, individuals have traditionally sought promotion as a means of professional and personal development and pay progression. There have been reports of increasing numbers of officers qualified to the next rank with limited prospects for promotion (constables and sergeants have to pass a national OSPRE®30 exam to proceed to the next rank).

4.9.2 For an officer to be promoted above chief superintendent then, in Part One of Annex B

of the Secretary of State’s determinations made under Regulations 11 of the Police Regulations 200331, they must have satisfactorily completed the Senior Police National Assessment Centre and the Strategic Command Course (SCC). The assessment process and course are run on an annual basis and are attended by officers at superintending ranks (superintendent and chief superintendent) and police staff at the equivalent grade. In 2015 there will be 30 officers and 1 member of police staff on SCC. Further details on SCC are available on the College of Police website32.

30

OSPRE® - Objective Structured Performance Related Examination. Officers from England and Wales forces

and PSNI can be assessed for suitability for promotion through the OSPRE® process or the National Police

Promotion Framework. All officers must pass OSPRE® Part 1.

31 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/120271/annex-b.pdf


https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/120271/annex-b.pdf


40


4.9.3 Forces were asked to identify the numbers of officers qualified to the next rank (where

applicable, the number of applicants to any process run in 2014, the actual number of promotions in 2014, whether applications were sought from other forces and the prospects for promotion in 2015). The responses from 26 forces for the superintending ranks are shown in the following tables.

FORCE

SUPERINTENDENT

OSPRE

Qualified

No. of

applications

in 2014

No. of

promotions

to rank in

2014

External

candidates

included?

Prospect of

promotions

in 2015?

Avon & Somerset

NA

28 5 N Y

Cheshire 0 0 NA Y

City of London 7 2 N Y

Cleveland 0 0 N N

Cumbria 0 NA NA Y

Dorset 6 3 N Y

Durham 0 0 N N

Essex 19 4 N Y

GMP 28 14 N NK

Hertfordshire 9 2 N Y

Humberside 13 4 N N

Kent 15 3 N Y

Lancashire 19 0 N NK

Leicestershire Info not

provided

Info not

provided

Info not

provided

Info not

provided

Merseyside 16 4 N Y

Met 246 82 Y Y

Norfolk 2 1 N Y

Northants 0 0 N Y

North Wales 9 2 N Y

South Wales 17 7 N NK

41


South Yorks 18 5 N N

Suffolk 2 1 N NK

Surrey 0 0 N N

TVP 44 9 Y Y

West Mids 0 0 N Y

West Yorks 9 2 N N

FORCE

CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT

OSPRE

Qualified

No. of

applications

in 2014

No. of

promotions

to rank in

2014

External

candidates

included?

Prospect of

promotions

in 2015?

Avon & Somerset

NA

7 2 N Y

Cheshire 4 1 Y N

City of London 4 2 N N

Cleveland 0 0 N N

Cumbria 6 1 N N

Dorset 0 0 N Y

Durham 0 0 N N

Essex 9 0 Y Y

GMP 0 0 N NK

Hertfordshire 6 1 N Y

Humberside 11 3 N N

Kent 3 1 Y Y

Lancashire 6 0 N NK

Leicestershire Info not

provided

Info not

provided

Info not

provided

Info not

provided

Merseyside 6 3 N Y

Met NK 25 Y Y

Norfolk NA NA N N

Northants 0 0 N Y

42


North Wales 0 0 N Y

South Wales 7 1 N NK

South Yorks 4 1 N N

Suffolk Na NA N NK

Surrey

TVP 6 3 N Y

West Mids 22 7 Y N

West Yorks NA 0 N N

4.9.4 In 2014 there were no opportunities33 to apply for promotion in another force at either sergeant or inspector level, with only one force seeking external applicants at chief inspector (Thames Valley Police) and two at superintendent (TVP and the Metropolitan Police Service). Most forces indicated that they would be promoting officers at each of the ranks (although the percentage of forces reduces for higher ranks) – predictions for numbers of promotions were not requested and might have been unreliable before the budget setting process for 2015/16 has been concluded in February 2015.

4.10 Police Officer retention 4.10.1 Voluntary resignations in the police have been increasing as a proportion of the

workforce, but remain far lower than other parts of the public and private sector. The police Annual Data Return shows an historical rate of police officer voluntary resignations of around 2% in recent years, although the latest data suggests a rise to around 3%. The following chart shows police leavers as a proportion of the workforce (there is no separate data for chief officers):

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Voluntary

Resignations34 1.15% 1.93% 1.90% 2.70% 2.30% 3.06%

Other Leavers35 0.79% 1.42% 1.83% 1.82% 1.66% 1.63%

33

This is based on the 26 responses received from forces

34 voluntary resignations do not include retirements or transfers but would include any voluntary exit schemes.

At this stage only Staffordshire Police has used voluntary exit arrangements so far with around 20 officers

exiting the scheme in 2013. Durham Constabulary is the only other force known to be considering use of

voluntary exit at this time.

35 Other leavers include dismissals, medical retirements, transfers and deaths.

43


Total (wastage) 1.94% 3.35% 3.73% 4.55% 3.97% 4.70%

4.10.2 The overall average wastage rate (including internal transferees, retirements etc) for police forces in England and Wales in 2009/10 was 4.7% of the forces’ strength in 2013/14. In 2012/13, it had fallen to 4%. This is the rate that is most comparable to turnover rates for other sectors - it will never be a wholly reliable comparison because different organisations include different types of leaver and timeframes vary. However, as a very broad indicator, we can say that other sectors demonstrate higher headline wastage rates over the last year:

NHS - 8.5%

Civil Service - 7%

NOMS - 7.5%

For teachers the rate remained roughly stable at 8-10% between 2004/05 and 2010/11 (the last year there was a national rate published).

CIPD gives a median turnover figure of 11% for the labour market as a whole and Xpert HR puts it at nearer 20%.

4.10.3 Recent increases in public sector turnover may be a reflection of increased confidence in the labour market. Turnover can become an issue where organisations lose experience and knowledge. However, HMIC has found that forces are planning to protect the frontline, with an anticipated six percentage point increase in the proportion of police officers carrying out frontline activity by 2015. There is no ‘optimum’ wastage rate, but a degree of turnover is essential to avoid stagnation.

4.11 Attendance data 4.11.1 Forces provide data regarding sickness as part of the Annual Data Return (ADR) to the

Home Office. Police sickness data from the ADR has been considered unpublishable for some years since the quality of the data supplied is patchy, inconsistent in places and has not been verified with forces. The 2012/13 and 2013/14 data has recently been validated with each force by the Home Office Stats team. It shows that for police officers:

Sickness as a proportion of available hours has remained stable between 2012/13 and 2013/14; and

There have been decreases in the number of hours lost in all three sickness categories (short, medium and long) between 2012/13 and 2013/14.

44


4.11.2 The full data table for 12/13 and 13/14 is attached at Appendix 2. Charts that indicate trends are shown below. This data relates to all police officers rather than chief officers. The data for specific ranks is not collated nationally.

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Police Officer hours lost to sickness 4,645,580 4,371,189 4,644,529 5,125,159 4,535,927

Source: iQuanta

R² = 0.131

3,800,000

4,000,000

4,200,000

4,400,000

4,600,000

4,800,000

5,000,000

5,200,000

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Police Officer hours lost to sickness

Police Officer hours lost to sickness

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Hours lost to Police Officer sickness as % of

available hours4.3% 4.3% 4.1% 4.3% 4.0%

Source: iQuanta

R² = 0.475

3.0%

3.2%

3.4%

3.6%

3.8%

4.0%

4.2%

4.4%

4.6%

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Police Officer hours lost to sickness as % of available hours

Hours lost to Police Officer sickness as % of available hours

4.11.3 Data on sickness is also presented within the HMIC Value for Money (VfM)36 profiles.

These suggest that there may have been a big drop in the HMIC snapshot figures for long term absence between 2010 and 2013. Further analysis found that 2010 figures may not be comparable since they seem to include other types of long term absence like maternity leave. In addition, 2011 data is missing. However, the numbers continue

36

https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/publication/value-for-money-profiles-2014/

https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/publication/value-for-money-profiles-2014/

45


to show a small drop in the percentage of officers absent due to long term sickness between 2012 and 2014. (Short/medium measures are less reliable as they can be affected by a variety of factors – for example when Easter is, a flu outbreak etc.)

4.11.4 In summary, across both sets of figures, (HMIC snapshot % of officers absent & ADR

hours lost) there appears to be a degree of variation across forces – a small number of forces appear to have seen a significant rise in hours lost to sickness since 2010 and some have seen a significant fall. The reasons for sickness are not collected, only whether it is short or long term. Therefore, it is not possible to say with any confidence whether or not claims about stress related illness increasing at a national level are valid.

4.12 Morale and Motivation 4.12.1 National headlines about police morale have, through history, never been particularly

optimistic: “Police morale 'worst yet'” BBC News 17 December 200037 “Police morale is plummeting, says Lord Stevens” The Telegraph 3 November 201238 “Police officer numbers: Thousands 'plan to leave service”, BBC News 29 October 201439

4.12.2 These headlines tend to emerge as a result of surveys commissioned by the staff

associations or as part of independent reviews into policing. There is no national staff survey organised by forces, however each force tends to conduct either annual, or less frequent, surveys that attempt to track changes over time. Attempting to consolidate these surveys into a single picture is impossible.

4.12.3 It is possible to use proxy indicators of morale such as sickness, recruitment and

retention rates and these have considered in previous sections of this submission. They suggest that there has been limited change to the sickness or turnover rates and that policing is still an attractive occupation. However, the most recent Police Federation of England and Wales (PFEW) survey and the Police Superintendents’ Association of England and Wales survey, both conducted in the of Spring 2014, do raise issues that must be considered. The findings of these surveys are presented in their submission and are not reproduced here.

4.12.4 A review of a selection of the force surveys tends to support the PFEW findings that

staff take pride in delivering a quality service and in applying the values of the organisation. It is very difficult to try and draw together all of the findings from the surveys as they use different methodologies. Some do ask specific questions about reward and the level of pay and responses from two forces suggest the following (this is for all staff and not just police officers):

Compared with other people in the force, I am

satisfied with how well I am paid (Very satisfied

Pay and reward structures in the force

37

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1074886.stm

38 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9653552/Police-morale-is-plummeting-says-

Lord-Stevens.html

39 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29802602

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1074886.stm

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9653552/Police-morale-is-plummeting-says-Lord-Stevens.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9653552/Police-morale-is-plummeting-says-Lord-Stevens.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29802602

46


or satisfied) are fair (Very satisfied or satisfied)

Force A 56% 40%

Force B 48% 38%

4.12.5 A few forces have recently worked with Durham University Business School to

undertake their staff surveys, led by Professor Tom Redman and Dr Les Graham. The survey is based on academic research and will, over time, allow a better understanding of the differences between forces and longitudinal studies to be done. At this stage only a few forces have completed the survey but it is probable that, by the time of the oral sessions with PRRB, more evidence will be available.

4.12.6 The aims of these staff surveys are typically:

1. To establish key measures for work-place factors, staff attitudes, motivation and well-being which can be tracked over time.

2. To investigate factors having the largest impact on focal measures to assist in the

identification of priorities for action.

3. To establish a selection of measures that allow a force to compare themselves with other forces.

4.12.7 The survey was designed using established academic scales which use a number of questions to assess each measure. For example, empowerment leadership is formed by averaging responses to 12 separate questions, while work-family conflict was measured using 5 questions. This has advantages in terms of achieving accuracy in the measurement of complex abstract variables, reducing measurement error and in allowing statistical tests to be conducted on whether measures are reliable in the sample achieved. It also assists in the analysis of relationships and relative importance for key measures for the setting of priorities for action.

4.12.8 The measures that will be of particular interest to PRRB are:

Perceived Organisational Support - Employment relationships have commonly been viewed as having the characteristics of involving exchange. The employer provides a range of contractual and non-contractual benefits, including extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, opportunities for growth and development, respect, consideration and concern, which may be seen by the employee as going beyond contractual requirements. Where this is the case, the employee may perceive the organization as being supportive and so is likely to reciprocate by also going beyond contract in their behaviours. Perceptions of positive support from the organization have been found to be very important for well-being.

Public Service Motivation (PSM) - Interest in public service motivation (PSM) has arisen from the observation that employees in the public sector behave differently from their private sector counterparts. PSM is seen as a unique attribute of public-sector employees that provides them with a desire to serve the wider community.

47


PSM has been defined as “the motivational force that induces individuals to perform meaningful . . . public, community and social service.”40 PSM comprises four key dimensions: self-sacrifice, attraction to public policy-making, commitment to the public interest or civic duty and compassion. PSM is considered as a useful basis for understanding public-sector employee motivation and can be considered as an attitude that motivates public-sector workers to display altruistic or pro-social behaviours.

Emotional Energy - is central to individuals’ well-being and can be considered as the amount of emotional and mental energy individuals have available to them to meet the daily demands and challenges they face in their jobs. Low levels of emotional energy are manifested by both physical fatigue and a sense of feeling psychologically and emotionally ‘drained’ at work. Prior research has found that low emotional energy levels are related to reduced organizational commitment, lower productivity and performance, reduced engagement, ill-health, decreased physical and mental well-being, increased absenteeism and turnover intentions and lower levels of persistence in the face of difficulties.

Commitment - refers to the volitional psychological bond of dedication to, and responsibility for, that an individual feels towards a particular target. In the study we measure individuals’ commitment to different targets such as the public, the police service, the organisation and co-workers.

Extra-Mile Behaviours - Well-functioning organisations not only need people who are reliable in the way they carry out their specific roles and job requirements, but who also engage in innovative and spontaneous activity that goes beyond their role requirements; going the extra-mile. The research examined extra-mile behaviours (EMBs) for police officers and police staff that measure behaviours useful for the organisation that relate to different foci and the nature of their jobs (e.g. for the public, the organization and for colleagues).

4.12.9 The first survey in England and Wales forces was conducted with Durham Constabulary. The research is now at a stage where the relationship between measures can be tracked with sufficient reliability and conclusions can be made as to whether there is a relationship and, if so, how strong that relationship is. For example whether there is a relationship between pay satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviours (going the extra mile). The findings were summarised in a presentation to the Excellence in Policing Conference in September 201341.

4.12.10 It is hoped that the survey, also supported by the College of Policing, will be used in an increasing number of forces. This will strengthen the research base behind the questions and enable more accurate analysis to take place and allow a better understanding of the differences between forces. It will also provide a more academic rigour to force surveys and the question of morale in the police service and link to the

40

Whistle Blowers in the Federal Civil Service: New Evidence of the Public Service Ethic. Gene A. Brewer and

Sally Coleman Selden, 1998

41 http://www.excellenceinpolicing.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/3-4-Factors-Impacting-

AttitudesBehaviours.pdf

http://www.excellenceinpolicing.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/3-4-Factors-Impacting-AttitudesBehaviours.pdf

http://www.excellenceinpolicing.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/3-4-Factors-Impacting-AttitudesBehaviours.pdf

48


discussion about the psychological contract that officers have with policing, as raised in the submission by PFEW and PSAEW.

4.13 Wellbeing 4.13.1 The issue of wellbeing is becoming much more topical in the police service as forces

consider the broader factors around employees’ psychological and physical health. The service is working with Dame Carol Black, the Department of Health’s expert advisor on work and health, who leads the government’s Public Health Responsibility Deal42 to develop a sector specific pledge for the police as employers.

4.13.2 Of interest is the Chartered Management Institute and Simplyhealth quality of working life report from July 2012 (Professors Les Worrall and Cary Cooper) which considered ‘Managers’ Wellbeing, Motivation and Productivity’43. Key findings from this report include:

Job satisfaction has reduced.

Managers are losing faith in senior managers.

Junior managers are the least committed to their organisations.

In spite of economic conditions, managers remain motivated.

Managers are working longer hours.

Managers were concerned about adverse effects of long hours.

Most managers have satisfactory/ good health.

Sickness absence has risen slightly.

Psychological wellbeing has declined.

Highly motivated managers had higher levels of wellbeing.

Organisations were less tolerant to those taking time off sick.

A marked increase in presenteeism.

4.13.3 This was a self-reporting survey and is not police specific. However, many of the key

findings do bear similarities to surveys run by police bodies – Police Federation, Police Superintendents Association, and individual forces.

42

https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/

43 https://www.simplyhealth.co.uk/shcore/sh/content/pdfs/Quality_of_Working_Life_2012.pdf

https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/

https://www.simplyhealth.co.uk/shcore/sh/content/pdfs/Quality_of_Working_Life_2012.pdf

49


4.13.4 Forces are increasingly working with a number of academic institutions on a range of issues, including well being. Lancashire Constabulary have been leading much of the thinking on well being to date but it will be a core part of the national people strategy and has been the subject of several discussions at national conferences. It is hoped that the national work should help to fill some of the gaps around ‘softer’ people data.

4.13.5 The service is also working with the Police Mutual Assurance Foundation to develop a

wellbeing toolkit which is now available online and has been well received so far44. It is important that a menu of options for forces is developed to provide pathway support for line managers and occupational health professionals. In particular it is a priority to develop non-mental health interventions that help increase resilience. It will be vital that interventions are linked to the evidence base so that investment in wellbeing can deliver tangible results.

4.14 Police Staff context 4.14.1 The SSRB only considers the pay and conditions of chief police officers. However, given

that one of the principles established by ACPO in its submission to the Winsor review and referred to by the Home Secretary in her remit letter was to work towards interoperable terms and conditions with convergence of pay and conditions between officers and staff (unless there is a reason for difference), it is important that the review body is aware of reform in police staff pay and conditions.

4.14.2 The majority of forces in England and Wales are part of the Police Staff Council (PSC)

and use the PSC Handbook which sets out the nationally agreed terms and conditions for all police staff45. The Council is made up of representatives from Police and Crime Commissioners, the Home Office and ACPO (as the employers) and the employees of chief constables and PCCs (represented by the three recognised trade unions – UNISON, GMB and TGWU46).

4.14.3 The Winsor report recommended several changes to police staff terms and conditions,

however no progress has been made on these since publication and, unlike for police officers, there is no route to mandate change without agreement. Workforce reform in recent years has therefore mainly been focused on police officers rather than police staff at a national level. However, it would also be fair to say that the majority of job losses in that period have been felt in police staff numbers.

4.14.4 In recent months the employer and employee sides of PSC have agreed a new approach

to consider reform which enables both sides to raise issues that they wish to progress. A

44

http://policemutualfoundation.wellbeingzone.co.uk/

45 The PSC handbook covers all police staff in England and Wales with the exception of the Metropolitan police,

City of London police, Thames Valley Police, Kent police and Surrey police. These five forces are not part of the

PSC due to previous arrangements. Kent and Surrey police were not part of the local government and

therefore did not transfer their set of terms and conditions when the PSC was established. The Metropolitan

Police has maintained terms and conditions from the civil service.

46 National Union of General and Municipal Workers and Transport and General Workers' Union

http://policemutualfoundation.wellbeingzone.co.uk/

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number of principles have been put forward by the employers’ side which will be used to shape the discussions, and are consistent with the principle used in the Winsor review and the future workforce strategy (see Chapter 6). They are: a. Fairness.

b. Affordability (although this principle is challenged by the employee side).

c. National consistency and local flexibility.

d. New arrangements should be simple to implement and administer.

e. There should be a link between pay, competence and contribution.

f. A single employment model where justified.

4.14.5 The review will involve looking at the whole of the PSC Handbook with the intention that proposals will be put forward by 31 December 2015. Although the PSC and the PRRB are separate entities, from the employers’ perspective it will be important that, where possible and appropriate, reform is progressed in tandem for both police officers and police staff.

4.15 The Impact on Diversity 4.15.1 The latest Annual Data Returns enables some comparisons to be made around the

protected characteristics. Any proposed changes will need to be equality impact assessed to consider whether they have a disproportionate impact on any particular groups.


The number of applicants for chief officer posts ranged from 2:1 for ACC/

commander posts to 3:1 for DCC / DAC posts

The numbers actually interviewed reduced further, partly due to withdrawals from

the process, and in some cases there was only one applicant for a post

There is no evidence at this time of an increase in the numbers of officers leaving the

service prior to pensionable service or age.

The opportunities for promotion have reduced and some forces have considerable

numbers of qualified (to the next rank) officers who are unlikely to be promoted.

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It is important that the SSRB are aware of the reform proposals for police staff in

future years to enable a single employment model to be implemented in policing,

where appropriate.

CHAPTER 5

5.1 The College of Policing 5.1.1 The College of Policing was established in December 2012 by the Home Secretary, with

strong support from all key stakeholders. ACPO had supported the creation of an independent professional body, as exists within many other organisations.

5.1.2 The vision of the College of Policing is to be a world-class professional body, equipping

its members with the skills and knowledge to prevent crime, protect the public and secure public trust.47 The College will:

Set standards of professional practice.

Identify, develop and promote good practice based on evidence.

Support the professional development of those working in policing.

Help police forces and other organisations to work together to protect the public and prevent crime.

Identify, develop and promote ethics, values and standards of integrity.

5.1.3 The College is quite clear that it does not make representations about pay or other similar conditions of service as it is not an employer or staff association. The College does have the power to prepare Police Regulations, to issue Codes of Practice and to issue guidance relating to police staff and any contractors working for the police.

5.1.4 Although the College does not have a direct role in pay and conditions, it has been

responsible for designing models to support pay structures that will incentivise professional development and reward skills (for example the link between appraisal and pay and the development of the foundation and advanced threshold – see Chapter 6).

5.1.5 The third objective of the College to support the professional development of those

working in policing is intended to achieve the outcome of raising standards of professionalism in policing through the education, learning and professional development it provides, licenses or accredits. To achieve this the College will:

47 http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/Five-Year_Strategy.pdf

http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/Five-Year_Strategy.pdf

52


Set a framework for professional development in policing.

Lead a review of leadership at all levels of policing.

Work to ensure that police leaders across ranks and roles are well supported to respond effectively to rapid change in the economy, society, technology, in the nature of crime and in the need to work effectively with other agencies.

Work with world-class academic institutions and the best of leadership from other sectors to ensure the police are positioned at the forefront of modern thinking on leadership.

Work with other training providers to accredit training and ensure those working in policing are equipped with the skills and knowledge needed to maintain high standards.

Introduce continuous professional development (CPD) for everyone who works in policing, beginning with new recruits and chief officers.

5.1.6 The introduction of CPD will be linked to the development of the knowledge and skills needed to use, understand and build the policing research evidence base. There will also be requirements for core and specialist continuous professional development across policing roles, and a development and assessment process linked to annual appraisals to ensure that officers maintain their skills. By having accredited continuous professional development and associated qualifications, the College will help those working in policing to have their professional skills recognised and understood by those outside policing.

5.1.7 If the police workforce continues to reduce in size and the level of complexity increases,

it will mean that the role of the College of Policing in professionalising the service will be vital. The reality is that the smaller number of staff will need to be more capable.


Although the College of Policing does not have a direct role in issues regarding the pay and conditions of police officers, its does lead work on the future development of policing and the police workforce and therefore considerations around pay are relevant and linked.

CHAPTER 6

6. Police Reform

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6.1. The Winsor Report 6.1.1. In October 2010 the Home Secretary commissioned Tom Winsor to review police pay

and conditions. This was the most significant review of policing since the Committee of Inquiry on the police chaired by Lord Edmund Davies in 1978. In 1993 Sir Patrick Sheehy made recommendations48 that included the abolishment of certain management ranks and the introduction of performance related pay. However, few of the recommendations were actually implemented.

6.1.2 The Winsor review was conducted over an 18 month period but published an interim

report after 6 months that dealt with some short term issues intended to support the financial pressures facing policing. The final report contained 121 recommendations covering both officers and police staff pay and condition issues, structural reform and longer term development of policing. The review involved consultation with a large number of stakeholders who were all invited to submit their views.

6.1.3 At the conclusion of the review the recommendations were referred to the appropriate

organisations or bodies to consider and over the last few years since publication in March 2012 there has been a phased implementation programme. Many of the recommendations have been implemented but the transition process on some will take several years to compete.

6.2 The ACPO Position for the Winsor Review

6.2.1 ACPO made two submissions to the Winsor review. The first49 set out some overriding

comments and established ten principles which were retained for the second

submission and also helped to inform the principles agreed by the official side of PNB.

6.2.2 In summary ACPO recognised that:

The outdated regulations did not sit comfortably with a modern and professional public service.

There was a need to be able to better manage local, national and international

threats, inspiring confidence in communities and effectively operating within challenging financial times.

The importance the office of constable and the need to protect frontline services

through greater flexibility of workforce was recognised.

There is a need to attract and retain people of the highest calibre.

6.2.3 The ten principles proposed by ACPO were:

48 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273130/2280_i.pdf

49 http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/reports/2011/20110401%20acpo-response-winsor-review.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273130/2280_i.pdf

http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/reports/2011/20110401%20acpo-response-winsor-review.pdf

54


1. Retain the office of constable.

2. Recognise the unique nature of policing – in particular the operational independence

and local accountability.

3. Enhance the professional status of policing – with pre-entry certificate/accreditation, continuous professional development linked to reward and a certificate of practice (to recognise fitness to practice.

4. Reward not entitlement – moving away from time served increments to a system

based on skill, role and achievement.

5. Interoperable terms and conditions – convergence of pay and conditions between officers and staff (unless there is a reason for difference).

6. Flexible and fairness – ensuring consistency and justifying difference with more

flexible exit and re-entry provisions.

7. Modern not minimal – revamp the bonus schemes and more towards a system where reward is determined by continuous professional development.

8. A national framework with local discretion – supportive of the need for a pay review

body with the potential for regional/local flexibility.

9. Based on public interest not vested interest – with options around flexible length contracts and flexible pensions.

10. A lean and agile system – a simplified promotion arrangement and better use of the

police professional framework.

6.2.4 The Winsor recommendations were always put forward as a package with implementation phased over a number of years. The report recommended that “police officers and staff must be provided with the time to absorb change and allow for the principles of reform to bed in. These changes are too important to be rushed, yet too vital to delay”50. The reality is that the context in which policing operates has moved so quickly (as described in other chapters) that thinking has already turned to the next phase of reform that will build on the Winsor report. The Winsor recommendations have laid a foundation along the principles set out above.

6.3 Progress on Winsor Recommendations 6.3.1 This submission does not contain a full update on all of the recommendations contained

within the Winsor report, as many of these are not relevant to the SSRB. Although

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many were implemented unchanged some were either adapted or rejected whilst being considered by the consultative and negotiating machinery at the time. It is also important to recognise that, after the most wide reaching reform of the police service, there are some elements that will take time to embed. However, the service has also recognised that the pressures facing it now and in the future mean that it cannot afford to stand still.

6.3.2 The following section sets out those recommendations that are in a period of transition.

6.4 Pay scales 6.4.1 Chapter 7 of the Winsor report made recommendations about the pay scales for all

ranks. Although the details around the pay points altered from the original Winsor proposal, during negotiation within PNB, the principles of reducing the number of pay points at each rank, reducing the starting salary for constables and the top salary for ranks remained.

6.4.2 Existing staff will transfer from their existing pay scale to the new pay scale at different

times over a three year period as current pay points are gradually removed51.

6.4.3 It was recognised that as a result of the 2 year increment freeze imposed on officers and the transition of officers on to the new pay scale, that officers who joined at a later date could ‘leap frog’ those with more service. This is true across at all ranks up to ACC and changes were made to limit the potential of ‘leap-frogging’ at some ranks. This did not happen at ACC level and there are a few instances where officers joining at a later date will earn more than officers who joined earlier. It is possible that for some officers, who are near the end of their service but not yet at the top rate of pay for that rank, the combination of the increment freeze and transition to the new pay scale could have had a significant impact on their final salary pension.

6.4.4 The fact that there are transitional arrangements in the police officer pay scales means

that police pay is in a period of flux and will be until 1st April 2017 when the final arrangements are in place. During the period 2011 to 2017 many officer’s progress up the relevant pay scale will have been slowed down (primarily caused by the increment freeze) however beyond that point an officer will reach the top rate of pay for each rank quicker (there being less pay points at each rank). All of the changes to pay scales were costed during their development and were broadly cost neutral – the pace of movement up the scale was offset by the reduced starting salary, removal of rank related bonuses or smaller increment rises between the early points on the scale.

6.5 A link between pay and skills 6.5.1 The Winsor report recommended that there should be a greater link between

contribution and pay (recommendation 84) and between skills/competence and pay

51

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/298778/Amendments_to_

determinations_1_April_2014.pdf - Amendments to determinations April 2014

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/298778/Amendments_to_determinations_1_April_2014.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/298778/Amendments_to_determinations_1_April_2014.pdf

56


(recommendations 94 to 100). The requirement for all officers (up to chief superintendent) to achieve a satisfactory grade in their annual appraisal is being implemented from 1st April 2015 and forces will be required to have a Performance Development Review (PDR) with appropriate training for managers.

6.5.2 In terms of the link between skills and pay, the interim measure proposed by Winsor

(the Expertise and Professional Accreditation Allowance, EPAA) was rejected by the Police Arbitration Tribunal. Work has therefore concentrated on the introduction of the Foundation and Specialist Skill Thresholds and these are considered later in this chapter.

6.5.3 It would be fair to say that forces are at different stages with the use of an appraisal

system and any links to pay. Some forces have used an appraisal system linked to pay for police staff for many years and utilise a similar system for police officers, albeit without any link to pay. Other forces reduced their appraisal system as part of the drive to reduce bureaucracy. Recommendation 40 of the full report on bureaucracy, November 2009 by Jan Berry52 suggested that a proportionate system that incorporated ‘lean’ principles should be introduced. There has been, and is, a desire to introduce a greater link between contribution, competence and pay and the steps being implemented in this area will go some way towards that – but this will involve significant cultural change in all forces and will be a long term, rather than short term opportunity.

6.6 Changes to bonus payment and allowances

a) Bonus Payments - the principle of paying police officers an annual bonus based on their performance during the year was not supported by officers or the Winsor Review. As a consequence the bonus schemes for Superintendents and chief officer ranks were removed.

b) Competency Related Threshold Payment (not relevant to chief officers) – this

payment effectively introduced an additional point on all federated rank pay scales (value at £1,212). Of those officers who applied for CRTP about 99% received the payment. CRTP will be removed on a phased basis and the last payments will be made by 1st April 2016. Given the limited increases to basic pay in recent years, the effect is that those officers at the top of the pay scale and in receipt of CRTP will see their salary reduced by £1,212 over the period 2013 to 2016.

c) Double increments for chief officer and superintending ranks and post related

allowance – the opportunity for those chief officers, superintendents and chief superintendents who achieved an outstanding grade in their annual appraisal to move up two increment points on their pay scales was removed. The post related allowance for chief superintendents, which recognised those officers who occupied ‘big’ jobs, was also removed. However, the savings from these two changes was reinvested back into the basic pay scales for both ranks. As a consequence the top rate for both ranks was increased.

52

Reducing Bureaucracy in Policing, Full Report by Jan Berry, November 2009

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d) Unsocial hours’ payment (not relevant to chief officers) – Winsor recognised the nature of federated rank officers who work unsocial hours. He introduced a supplementary payment of 10% basic pay for each hour worked. Forces have generally found that this improves retention in those roles that have a 24/7 requirement, particularly the patrol function.

e) On call and away from home allowance (not relevant to chief officers) – officers are

paid an on-call allowance of £15 and are entitled to claim an allowance of £50 (£80 when the accommodation is below a set standard) when they are held in reserve away from home. This latter allowance has been interpreted differently around the country and further clarification is being provided.

f) Overtime (not relevant to chief officers) – as well as general reductions in overtime

budgets (see chapter 3) changes were made to overtime payments (both unplanned and planned). The consequences are that the value of payment of overtime to officers has reduced since 2010.

6.7 Restricted and Recuperative Duties 6.7.1 The Winsor recommendations around the management of officers who are unable to

perform the full range of duties of a constable on either a temporary basis (whilst recuperating) or on a long term basis (due to a restriction) are currently being finalised. The proposed regulation will provide a clear definition around different categories of ‘restriction’ and when an officer should be placed on each category. The proposal to reduce an officer’s pay if they have been on a limited duty for a period in excess of a year is likely to be included in Regulations. The reduction will be set at 8% of an officer’s pay or £2,980 whichever is the lower amount (referred to as the X-factor). The decision to reduce pay will not be automatic and the chief constable will have the discretion to retain the officer on full pay. The officer will also have a right of appeal.

6.7.2 If an officer has been on a further period of 12 months of limited duty, having already

been reduced in pay, then proposals are being considered around an exit route for officers on the grounds of capability where the force cannot accommodate the officer in a substantive post. Given the financial constraints it will be important for chief constables to have the ability to maintain the required number of police officers to provide a resilient and effective force. The implementation of the new proposals and the management by forces will require careful handling in terms of equality issues. Officers who might be eligible for consideration of an ill health retirement will also be able to pursue that route in preference to the proposed capability dismissal procedure. The likelihood is that forces are likely to see greater numbers of officers exiting the service through ill health retirements. Forces will also be encouraged to identify those police officer posts that need the status and experience of a police officer – but do not require the full capabilities of a fully fit officer. The focus should then be on the positive contribution that an officer on limited duties can make, rather than those functions that they cannot perform.

6.8 Other Winsor recommendations with less relevance to pay

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6.8.1 The following changes have also been implemented or are being implemented. They have less relevance to the remit of the SSRB but are included to demonstrate the scale of reform over that last 3 years (some are referred elsewhere in the submission).

Changes to entry standards for police officers.

Voluntary severance.

Direct entry into senior ranks.

Fast track entry to Inspector.

Annual fitness tests for police officers.

6.9 Pension Reforms 6.9.1 There are currently two pension schemes for police officers. The benefit and

contribution rates for each of those schemes are slightly different but both are final salary schemes and the benefits can be summarised as: 1987 Scheme – pension calculated as (1/60th x number of years up to 20) and (2/60th

x number of years served between 20 and 30 years) x final pensionable pay. 2006 Scheme – pension calculated as 1/70th x final pensionable pay x years (up to a

maximum of 35 years).

6.9.2 In March 2011 Lord Hutton published his final conclusions on public service pension’s reform53. The proposals were debated at the Police Negotiating Board which, on pension issues, was a consultative forum only. The Home Secretary published the Reform Design Framework54 that set out the case and parameters for reforms to the police pension scheme. The new scheme will be implemented on 1st April 2015.

6.9.3 Those officers who are members of the 1987 and 2006 schemes will have protection for

their accrued rights when they move to the reformed scheme. Officers who are within 10 years of retirement (either on the basis of age or service) will also have protection and not move to the new scheme. A system of tapered protection will also be introduced for those who are on the edge of full protection so to avoid the creation of a ‘cliff edge’. The consequence is that there will be officers on 3 different schemes for the next 10 plus years as the transitional arrangements run their course.

6.9.4 The contribution rates for police officers in each of the schemes have increased in recent

years. At the current time (from 1/4/14) the rates are:

53

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402/http:/www.hm-

treasury.gov.uk/indreview_johnhutton_pensions.htm

54 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117692/reform-design-

framework.pdf

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/indreview_johnhutton_pensions.htm

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/indreview_johnhutton_pensions.htm

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117692/reform-design-framework.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117692/reform-design-framework.pdf

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1987 Scheme 2006 Scheme

Tier 1

Salary under £27,000

14.25%

11.00%

Tier 2

Salary £27,000 to £60,000

14.25%

12.05%

Tier 3

Salary £60,000 and over

15.05%

12.75%

6.9.5 The contribution rates for the 2015 scheme have not yet been set but it has been

announced that the average member contribution will be 13.7%. All officers have seen their pension contributions increase since 2011 when all members in the 1987 scheme paid 11% and those in the 2006 scheme paid 9.5%.

6.9.6 The impact of pension reforms is that officers are now paying more contributions for

their pension. The level of benefit they will receive from their pension will vary depending on individual circumstance. They will need to work longer before retirement (and for some officers the change has had a dramatic effect on their expected retirement date). However, these changes are no different to other public sector pension schemes and are generally still an incentive to retaining police officers. The career average nature of the 2015 pension scheme is likely to see greater portability of pensions across sectors, however it is too early to test that assumption.

Linking contribution and competence to pay

6.10 Key changes to the PDR 6.10.1 The most significant change to the PDR is the linkage of a police officer’s progression

through the relevant pay scale to a grading of ‘satisfactory’ in the annual Performance Development Review (PDR). The new process of linking pay to appraisal will be introduced for the rank of Sergeant to Chief Inspector in 2015. It will be introduced for Constables in 2016. The role of line managers will be particularly important where the assessment is linked to progression through the pay scale.

6.10.2 In July 2014, Chief Constables’ Council agreed that each force would ensure that an

appraisal system is in place that has the following key elements:

A behavioural Competency Framework –strongly recommended that all forces use the Policing Professional Framework (PPF).

An element of Continuing Professional Development.

A method for confirming satisfactory performance on an annual basis.

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6.10.3 In the absence of a PDR or other suitable assessment process in a force area which meets national performance standards and national standards of assessment set by the College of Policing, an officer’s performance will be assumed to be ‘satisfactory’. Forces will also need to satisfy themselves that line managers are able to assess their staff. In the absence of trained line managers, officers will be assumed to be competent and automatically progress to the next pay point.

6.10.4 Where a force decides to adopt an assessment process not based on the PPF, then to

ensure fairness, forces will be expected to map across to their own assessment process, the generic role profile, personal qualities of the PPF and the national assessment standards.

6.10.5 This change will bring officers up to chief inspector in line with the superintending and

ACC / commander ranks, who have already had a link between pay and appraisal. The key change on 1 April 2014 was that the option of a double increment for those officers getting an exceptional grade was abolished.

6.10.6 The College of Policing has produced guidance on the implementation of an effective

PDR and this is available for the SSRB if required.

6.11 Defining and Assessing Competence 6.11.1 The Winsor report proposed the introduction of two threshold assessments in the

police pay structure to ensure that officers were reaching and maintaining specific levels of competence. The foundation assessment for constables is first taken when an officer moves from pay point 3 to pay point 4 (generally at the end of their third year in service). Officers will then be subject to reassessment throughout their service to ensure that they maintain the basic requirements of being a police officer.

6.11.2 Winsor’s proposal for a specialist threshold (open only to officers in certain posts) has

been amended by the project board and will now be called the advanced threshold. This assessment is taken when an officer reaches the top rate of pay for their rank and must be passed to access that higher rate. Although every officer will be able to take the assessment, it is unlikely that every officer will be achieve the advanced standard.

6.11.3 The overall aim of the threshold assessments is to support the professionalisation of

policing. The assessments are designed to ensure that officers, irrespective of any specialist role they perform, are able to undertake the core role of police constable and through continuous professional development deliver a consistently high level of service to the public. This will mean that nationally officers are working to the same standard of service, know what is expected, and will reassure the public that officers remain competent, continue to develop policing skills, and demonstrate the expected behaviour for their rank.

6.11.4 The College of Policing is leading on this project and pilots are about to start in a

number of forces across the country, initially focused on the foundation threshold (and

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reassessment) and then, when the research is complete, the advanced threshold will be piloted. Guidance documents have been produced to support the pilots.55

6.11.5 Subject to a successful pilot, the introduction of a link between competence,

contribution and pay will be an important step forward for the service. It is recognised that such a step will take time to implement in all forces and require considerable cultural change. However, it will form the foundation for a new pay structure for policing as discussed in Chapter 9.

Future Reform

6.12 Development of a People Strategy for Policing

6.12.1 National issues affecting policing have been developed and managed within ACPO

Business Areas. For people issues these have been co-ordinated by the Workforce Development Business Area (WDBA). Since the establishment of the College of Policing, the roles of the College, ACPO and other key stakeholders is being determined. In terms of ‘people’ issues the College has a key responsibility for setting standards of professional practice and supporting the professional development of those working in policing (see chapter 5 for details about the College). ACPO, as the representative of Chief Constables, in their roles as ‘employers’, have a role in implementing these standards and leading specific work around pay and conditions.

6.12.2 The newly titled Workforce Futures Business Area and the College of Policing have

commissioned the development of a national people strategy that will set out what work will be done at a national level. The strategy is not yet written but it is hoped that it will be available for submission to SSRB in due course. The strategy will be developed by those who have an interest in policing, including ACPO, APCC, College of Policing, Staff Associations and Unions. It is likely that the strategy will contain a number of key principles that will be agreed by all stakeholders and which will help to guide development of work strands, including around pay and conditions. The principles are likely to be based around the following:

1. Fairness.

2. Affordability.

3. National consistency and local flexibility.

4. New arrangements should be simple to implement and administer.

5. There should be a link between pay, competence and contribution.

6. A single employment model where justified.

55

http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/DACPilotOverviewDoc.pdf

http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/DACPilotOverviewDoc.pdf

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7. The Office of Constable is a key foundation (for police officers).

6.13 The College of Policing Leadership Review

6.13.1 On 22 July 2014 Home Secretary Theresa May asked the College to undertake an

immediate and fundamental review of police leadership56 looking at:

How to go further and faster with direct entry.

How to encourage officers to gain experience outside policing before returning later in life.

How to open up the senior ranks to candidates from different backgrounds.

6.13.2 The review is currently in the process of gathering evidence and is due for publication in spring 2015.

6.13.3 The leadership review aims to identify the challenges and opportunities likely to face policing in the coming decades and recommend changes required to enable everyone within policing to meet them. The review will:

Consider leadership in the next 5 - 10 years but also consider the issues and challenges beyond 2025.

Look at leadership operating at all levels (officers and staff) within policing and not just at the highest levels of the structure.

Be evidence-based, drawing on data from a wide variety of sources, including making best use of the learning and practice in partner agencies, private and 'third' sectors.

Be conducted in collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders who will also contribute to the recommendations within the review.

Ensure that cultural issues - such as where culture helps or hinders leadership - are considered across all aspects of the review.

Produce recommendations, some of which may result in detailed delivery plans or further research beyond the review's publication.

56

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretary-on-police-reform

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretary-on-police-reform

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6.13.4 Pay and conditions are out of scope for the review, although it is recognised that some potential recommendations could impact on these areas.

6.13.5 The work streams of the review are:

1. Horizon scanning - describing the changes shaping the future environment in which policing will operate by taking a bold and brave look at global issues through high level horizon scanning which will allow interpretation and assessment of the demands which the future environment will place on leadership in policing.

2. Interpretation - identifying the core themes from the horizon scanning work and

assess their relevance and impact on leadership in policing which will set the direction and requirements for future leaders.

3. Structure - identifying and recommending what structures are fit for purpose, and

those which are required to meet future leadership challenges.

4. Education, selection and development - identifying and recommending what structures are fit for purpose in education, selection and development, and those which are required to meet future leadership challenges.

6.13.6 Each of the work streams will explore matters arising around culture, such as where culture helps or hinders leadership, and the culture changes needed to effectively follow through the Review's recommendations.

6.13.7 It is hoped that the review might be in a position to share some of the emerging issues

with SSRB in time for publication of the Body’s report, however most of the issues will inform the debate on longer term changes to pay and conditions.


ACPO adopted ten principles for the Winsor review which were consistent with the

principles adopted by the official side in the Police Negotiating Board. They are now

likely to inform the principles in the National People Strategy

The payscales will be in a period of transition until April 2016 as the number of pay

points is gradually reduced. Some ‘leap-frogging’ will occur for ACCs and

commanders. These changes, plus the two year increment freeze, means that pay

for police officers has been, and still is, in a period of flux.

One consequence of less pay points is that officers will reach the top point faster

than has previously been the case

Chief officers above the rank of ACC / commander do not receive annual increments

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Regulations will change in the near future for those officers who have limitations to

the range of duties they are able to perform. Proposals include the loss of an X-

factor payment and options for dismissal on capability grounds

The 2015 pension will introduce changes that align the police scheme with other

public sector pensions (e.g. career average). Transitional arrangements will protect

accrued benefits and enable officers within 10 years of reckonable service (or age) to

continue in their existing scheme.

Officers up to ACC / commander will need to demonstrate satisfactory performance

to access their annual pay increment

Pilots are due to commence that will test proposals to introduce a link between pay

and competence. This will require all officers to demonstrate a foundation level to

access pay point 4 for constables (to be reviewed on a regular basis) and an

advanced level to access the maximum pay point (up to chief superintendent). This

will create a link between pay and skills.

A National People Strategy for policing will help to define the 5 year strategy for pay

and conditions.

The College of Policing review into leadership, although not specifically dealing with

pay and conditions, is likely to make recommendations of relevance to the role of

SSRB.

CHAPTER 7

7.1 The ‘Total Reward Package’

7.1.1 Police officer pay, conditions, allowances and annual leave entitlement are all set out in

legislation (Regulations). In the same way the expectations around duty and restrictions

that are placed upon police officers are clearly laid out. The balance between reward

and responsibility has to be struck at the correct level to retain the psychological

contract between the individual and the office they hold and organisation they work

for.

7.1.2 As well as pay, the benefits that police officers receive include:

Access to a pension scheme (the new 2015 police pension scheme will change the

contribution rates and benefits that individuals will receive).

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Ill-health retirement arrangements that can provide immediate access to pension

benefits.

A minimum entitlement of 22 annual leave days.

Overtime payments at variable rates to reflect notice period and bank holidays.

Sick leave on full pay for up to 6 months and half pay for 6 months.

Payments for maternity and paternity leave.

Allowances to compensate for disruption to family life or additional responsibilities.

Structured promotion opportunities.

7.1.3 The changes from the Winsor review, pension reform (with increased contribution rates

for officers) and the challenge of austerity have all impacted on individuals. Although

some of these changes have impacted on all officers (for example pension changes)

others will had a different impact on officers (for example unsocial hours payments

have benefited those working shifts). It is important that the ‘reward package’ for police

officers is attractive enough to both recruit the best candidates and retain sufficient

numbers to maintain resilience. However this must be done in the context of the

budgetary pressures being placed on policing and the public sector finances.

7.1.4 When all police officer pay has been determined through the same mechanism (the

Police Negotiating Board) it was possible to ensure that the relationship between the

different ranks was maintained. For example, if officers at chief superintendent rank

receive a pay award and ACCs do not then this narrows the differential between the

ranks and, potentially, affects the financial benefit. Similarly, the difference between a

top pay rate ACC (£107,976) and the DCC in a smaller force (£111,063). Any award that

distinguishes between ranks could reduce the difference to an unrealistic level (a 1%

increase for an ACC and not the DCC in a small force could reduce the pay difference

from £3,087 to £2,007 p.a.). Equally there is relationship between the pay levels of the

DCC and CC in a force (based on the force weightings that determine scale of the post),

making a pay award to one group and not the other would affect the relationship

between these two ranks.

7.1.5 The CPOSA submission highlights the tax implications for individuals and the SSRB will

want to carefully consider any decision that might limit the ability for forces to attract

the best candidates by affecting the relationship between pay at each rank.

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7.2 The impact on the Individual

7.2.1 Information about the individual impact of austerity is difficult to collate. Surveys that

measure perceptions of fairness and affordability offer some insight when compared over time, but they can be influenced by many factors. Forces have arrangements to support staff who are experiencing financial difficulties. However the numbers of referrals regarding debt counselling are not routinely collated and the reasons for support would be confidential.

7.2.2 An assessment of the changes to Retail Price Index and Consumer Price Index over the

last 5 years compared to the pay awards for police officers shows that salaries have not kept pace with inflation. This comparison uses national data and is the same for the majority of workers in the public sector. The submission highlights that some chief police officers have been impacted by the two year increment freeze (that delayed progression up the pay scale) and the increased costs of pension contributions. Most chief officers will have seen their pay reduce in real terms (as the pay awards fail to keep pace with inflation) and for another group their expectations for pay would have been higher (those in receipt of annual increments would not have progressed to as high a pay point as anticipated by this time).


The total reward package for officers includes pay, pension, leave and allowances

Over the last 4 years (and for the next few years) the reward package has and will change, however this will impact differently on officers depending on their age, length of service and role

In general terms, those officers who are further away from pensionable service or age will have seen the biggest change in their expected benefits (primarily pension)

Changes to individual income are affected by national changes to terms and conditions (and pensions)

Pay awards in recent years within the public sector have seen pay, when compared to both RPI and CPI, fall in real terms

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CHAPTER 8

8.1 Regional Pay

8.1.1 The Winsor report considered regional pay in chapter 7.6. The Winsor report made two

recommendations relating to regional pay and two recommendations relating to compensation payments when officers transfer from one force to another (to reimburse training costs). The first two matters that are relevant to this submission. They state:

8.1.2 Recommendation 73 – the new police pay review body should review the level and scope of regional allowance for police officers. The national rate of basic pay should only be raised if justified by recruitment and retention problems in force areas with the least competitive labour markets. Local recruitment and retention problems should be solved through an enhanced system of regional allowances. The pay review body should begin this work in its first review.

8.1.3 Recommendation 74 – Chief Constables should be given discretion to pay regional

allowances up to the current maximum level, as set out in Determination Annex U made under Regulation 34 of the Police Regulations 2003, and the discretion to apply eligibility criteria based on location and performance.

8.1.4 The history of the London Allowance and Regional Allowance is covered in Winsor’s

report. The current situation is set out in Appendix 3 and contained within Determinations57. Although agreement had previously been reached in the PNB to allow Chief Constables in the South East to increase the South East allowance by up to £1,000 above the current maximum58 this was never signed off by the Home Secretary in 2011. When the issue of regional pay was considered by Winsor and then the Police Arbitration Tribunal, the option to vary the payment of a regional allowance across a force up to a higher maximum amount, was rejected. The staff side had sought reassurance that the budget for regional pay would not reduce and there was also concern about affecting the gap between those in receipt of the London allowance and other South Eastern forces. At the time of the PAT report the economic climate had changed – forces were seeing fewer transfers between forces and the affordability of paying enhanced allowances was more challenging. Recommendation 74 therefore only allowed chief officers to vary the payment of regional allowances to officers across forces up to the current maximum (£2,000 and £1,000)59.

8.1.5 Professor Disney, on the Winsor report, outlined a number of options for regional pay

and outlined how the country could be broken down to a series of ‘zones’. Clearly any increase in parts of the country would lead to increases in the total pay bill for police officers unless there was a reduction of the basic national rate of pay for officers. In

57 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0072013-implementing-a-new-constables-pay-scale

58 http://www.local.gov.uk/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=73ed57fa-5993-4f11-be05-

deed4838bc6e&groupId=10180

59 https://www.gov.uk/police-arbitration-tribunal

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0072013-implementing-a-new-constables-pay-scale

http://www.local.gov.uk/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=73ed57fa-5993-4f11-be05-deed4838bc6e&groupId=10180

http://www.local.gov.uk/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=73ed57fa-5993-4f11-be05-deed4838bc6e&groupId=10180

https://www.gov.uk/police-arbitration-tribunal

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2011 Professor Disney indicated that the cost of enhanced regional allowances could be as much as £200 million. With the current funding arrangement for police forces this would create an additional burden on those forces that might attract the higher allowances which would either have to be offset through readjustment to the national funding formula or managed within local budgets (possibly by demonstrating that costs are saved elsewhere by, for example, improved retention rates).

8.1.6 The most recent figures regarding unemployment rates across regions are included for

information. As can be seen when comparing the June to September 2011 unemployment figures with the June to August 2011 figures produced in the Winsor report60 all regions have seen a decrease in unemployment rates but London stands out as showing the largest reduction in rates (from 10% in 2011 to 6% in 2014, the reduction increased by 1% point in the most recent quarter).

Source: Labour Force Survey - Office for National Statistics61

8.1.7 In terms of earnings the Office for National Statistics analyses variations in pay across regions and over time62. In April 2014, London topped the regional list for median earnings for full-time employees, at £660 per week. Employees here earned £119 more per week than the next highest, the South East (£541) and £143 more than the median for the whole of the UK (£518). The high pay in London is largely due to a high proportion of its labour force being employed in high-paying industries and

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61 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_383092.pdf

62 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_385428.pdf

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occupations, and also because many employees are entitled to allowances for working in the capital. The regional pattern has remained fairly consistent since the series began in 1997, with London and the South East consistently topping the list. At the local authority level, earnings vary significantly. In April 2014 full-time employees working in the City of London had the highest median gross weekly earnings (£928) and those

working in Rother had the lowest (£379).

Figure: Map showing earnings by local authority

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Figure: Median full-time gross weekly earnings by region, UK, April 2014

8.1.8 The ACPO position for the Winsor report was that it recognised that there are variations in the cost of living in England and Wales, but favoured the maintenance of the existing approach to regional pay on the police service, with allowances paid in London and the South East only. ACPO highlighted the potential to create a market between forces for the best officers and also the difficulties that this might cause for force collaboration. The MPS did support the need for regional pay and agreed for local flexibility to tackle retention problems and the improving employment situation highlighted above might support that proposal. However, the recruitment and retention data included in chapter 4 would not, at this time, highlight the need for significant changes to regional pay or allowances. The South East Chief Constables wrote separately to the Winsor review advocating the need to have sufficient flexibility to allow forces to deal with local variations in housing cost and localised retention issues. This has not changed since that time, however the impact of austerity has restricted the ability of forces to increase allowances without impacting on other budgets.

8.1.9 In November 2011 the Chancellor’s Autumn Statement63 announced that the

Government was asking independent pay related bodies to consider how public sector pay can be made more responsive to local labour markets. However, by December 2012 the Chancellor announced that national pay arrangements would continue in the NHS and prison service and that there would be no changes to civil service arrangements. This decision was taken in response to the recommendations from pay review bodies not to press ahead with regional pay. The issue of regional pay also provoked considerable political debate with clear divisions along both party political lines and geography.

63 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/autumn-statement-2011

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/autumn-statement-2011

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8.1.10 Debate about regional pay has continued since 2012 with the publication of the Policy Exchange research that claimed that regional pay could claim £6.3bn a year for the public sector64.

8.1.11 In terms of chief officers, at ACC / commander level the pay scales are the same across

the country and there are no regional differences. At DCC / CC ranks the salaries are weighted and so there are variations across the country, but these weightings are based on size and complexity rather than cost of living considerations. The challenge, at ACC level, is how to fairly differentiate the pay of a single ACC in a small force (where they have a wide range of responsibilities, but possibly less volume) with an ACC in a team (where they might have a more portfolio based responsibility).

8.1.12 The ACPO position remains that there is strength in having a national pay structure

which provides a basic pay that is consistent across the country. However, chief constables should then have the flexibility to pay regional allowances that reflect local market conditions and ensure that recruitment and retention is maintained at the necessary levels to maintain an effective and efficient police force. More work will be needed to identify the nature of the allowances and the basic pay scale and this should be done in the context of the future work on pay and conditions (see chapter 9).

8.2 The London Issue (submission from the Metropolitan Police Service)

8.2.1 London Ranks

London provides unique pay opportunities for ranks of

Deputy Assistant Commissioner £140,511

Assistant Commissioner £183,270

Deputy Commissioner £216,870

Commissioner £262,689

8.2.2 In respect of ACCs and Commanders, however, a single, national payscale is provided for

officers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Hence, unlike the more senior roles, at

ACC / Commander rank the Met pays the same rate as the rest of England and Wales,

but with the addition only of London Weighting and allowances.

8.2.3 Consistency

This appears, prima facie, illogical; if there is an argument that ACPO roles in London are

different, that argument should be applied equally to all ACPO rank roles.

8.3.4 The Commander Role

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http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/publications/category/item/local-pay-local-growth?category_id=24

http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/publications/category/item/local-pay-local-growth?category_id=24

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Commander roles have reduced in number, and thus increased in scope, scale and

challenge over the years: in 2009 the Met had 39 ACPO rank officers, of which 25 (64%)

were Commanders; in 2014, of the 30 ACPO ranking officers, only 16 (53%) are

Commanders. This 40 % reduction in posts has not reflected a similar reduction in the

workload.

8.2.5 Commanders are now responsible in the Met for significant, high visibility and high risk

policing portfolios with important and significant leadership, change management and

outward-facing, community engagement responsibilities. They are frequently required to

influence opinion formers and brief national media on significant operational or policy

issues. Some roles have a national remit and reach and all maintain a Met or ACPO

specialist portfolio in addition to their core line management responsibility.

8.2.6 Attraction and Retention

The fixed value allowances provide less of a pay differential at more senior ranks and

have remained largely unreformed for many years. The reality is that, especially for the

most senior and demanding roles, London rates are only around £3,000 per annum

more than the rates paid in many other parts of the country, where quality of life may

be better and housing and other costs of living are much lower.

8.2.7 The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings suggests a pay lead for London of around

28.5% compared to the whole UK economy.

8.2.8 Whilst the current arrangements for London allowances provide something around that

level on entry as a constable, because they are paid at a fixed cash value, their value

relative to base pay diminishes as base pay increases to the point where, at ACPO rank,

the ‘London pay lead’ amounts to around 2 or 3% of base pay.

8.2.9 This has historically been less of an issue with an internal, ‘closed market’ for talent, but

may become more of an issue as direct entry to senior ranks increases. It may already

be a factor in limited interest from officers outside the Met transferring or seeking

promotion in London at ranks above Superintendent. (Please see attachment)

8.2.10 A potential solution would be to adopt the Scottish model, with a designated, bespoke

rate for London based ACC/ Commander roles designed to attract the best national

candidates from the talent pool for what are large, important and demanding roles.


Regulations allow for the payment of allowances that reflect variations in cost of living or other market forces (Housing Allowances [for those officers still eligible], London allowance and south east allowance)

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The Winsor report explored options around regional pay but deferred any decision to the PRB. Since that time other pay review bodies have examined regional variations but discounted them at this time

National statistics provide evidence of different salary rates (across all sectors) and unemployment figures. London and the South East continue to attract the highest median earnings.

Commentators have estimated the possible savings to the public sector of implementing regional pay. These have not been tested for policing.

There has been limited progress in regional pay in other sectors since the Winsor report was published. Those pay review bodies that have considered it have not recommended changes.

The ACPO principle of a national pay structure with opportunities for flexibility to reflect local needs remains valid.

The Metropolitan Police Service has submitted evidence highlighting particular issues for London commanders, seeking a greater pay differential between them and ACCs

CHAPTER 9

9.1 Future options for change

9.1.1 The PRRB have been invited to make comments that will set out a more strategic agenda

for change for the next 5 years. It is important that SSRB are aware of this developing picture to inform debate about future chief officer pay and conditions. The national people strategy and the leadership review will provide important opportunities to construct a framework for the future that enables policing to recruit, retain and develop the police workforce so that it is able to deliver policing services now and into the future. Policing, as with all public services, will have to operate with fewer and more capable officers and police staff. Although it is likely that policing will see officers enter and exit at different points in service and positions, the large majority of officers will probably still join as a long term career. The pace and complexity of change means that our workforce will need to develop and adapt to meet those demands. This submission has set out some of those challenges.

9.1.2 The following points draw together some of the areas of how a reward and recognition

framework might look in the future (which apply to all ranks, including chief police officers):

A basic national pay structure – there is no desire to move away from a national pay structure for police officers. The challenges of local pay negotiation adds additional, unnecessary burden on forces and the increasing requirement for collaboration (and the potential for new policing structures in the future) adds weight to the argument

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for a pay structure that sets a standard level for police officers across England and Wales.

Local supplements – regional allowances for police officers already exist in some parts of the country (London and surrounding forces) and housing allowances have traditionally been paid to reflect local costs. Data consistently confirms variations in cost of living, median earnings and local market conditions across the country. Although policing continues to attract sufficient numbers and there is currently no concern about the quality of applicants, any changes in other sectors or in individual affordability could lead to recruitment and retention challenges. Policing therefore needs a national framework with the flexibility to reflect local needs through a market uplift or supplement. Although levels would need to be agreed by chief constables and police and crime commissioners (and managed within existing budgets) SSRB could create a framework that ensures that this does not create unhealthy competition for officers between forces.

Link between pay and contribution – the implementation of a link between pay and appraisal will be introduced from 2015 onwards. This basic requirement that officers should only receive pay progression if they demonstrate satisfactory performance is essential. The extension to further performance related pay is not one that is consistent with the role of police officers.

Link between pay and competence – the introduction of threshold assessments at foundation and advanced levels in the near future will introduce the first step towards a link between pay and skills. The principle that officers should be rewarded for additional competence is supported and the current proposals are a first step towards this. As the professional accreditation of policing develops through the College of Policing this should be linked to a closer link between pay and competence where officers are rewarded for continuous professional development, demonstration of the core competences of being a police officer and the behavioural competences assessed against the Policing Professional Framework. It is recommended that all officers should be able to demonstrate the range of levels of competence across different roles at each rank, to limit retention challenges in certain roles. Although all officers can be assessed against advanced levels, it is unlikely that all officers will successfully demonstrate competence. However, all officers should demonstrate foundation level competence or be progressing through unsatisfactory performance procedures.

Link between pay and specialist skills – the opportunities for promotion have and will reduce for police officers as the numbers of posts come down and direct and fast track recruitment brings officers in at different levels. There is a risk that, for some officers who possess specialist skills that are attractive outside policing and who have traditionally seen pay progression linked to promotion, retention will become a challenge. As officers are encouraged to seek lateral development and the service needs police officers who are able to complete complex and specialist functions, the flexibility to recognise certain posts with additional pay will be needed. It is likely that such officers will require particular skills and qualifications relevant to the specific post that could attract remuneration to a higher level than the next rank.

Review of increments – the constraints placed on the review of pay scales in light of the Winsor recommendations meant that options for significant reform were limited

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(particularly given the need to reduce the number of pay points and keep within the current spending envelope). Given other changes, the new pay scales have now created some anomalies. For example the benefit of a constable achieving the advanced threshold in the future, and progressing from pay point 6 to 7, will equate to a salary difference of £5,601. The introduction of other changes as mentioned above would mean that a review of automatic annual increment rises would be inevitable. This would allow a fairer and more appropriate pay structure to be introduced.

Consolidate allowances – the Winsor review went some way to reducing the number of additional allowances that officers receive, subject to role or task. To achieve a system that is simple to implement and administer and reflects a modern and professional organisation there should be a further review of allowances. It is possible that some of these could be consolidated into basic pay and others could be incorporated into changes as set out above. Given the nature of policing, it is accepted that there will always be a need for certain allowances or additional payments to recognise the unpredictable, difficult or dangerous work of officers.

Consistency between police staff and officers where appropriate – as the police workforce becomes increasingly integrated and reform of terms and conditions is explored for officers and staff, fairness and consistency (where appropriate) are guiding principles. It is recognised that the national arrangements for consultation and negotiation are different for staff and officers (and the staff arrangements do not apply to all forces), but chief constables and police and crime commissioners, as employers, need to keep both bodies informed of progress and influence the direction where possible.

9.1.3 Setting out options for a future direction for SSRB before considering the initial issues was deliberate. It would be unwise and a missed opportunity to recommend initial changes now that would lead to divergence from a new framework.

9.2 Adjustments to pay and allowances for 2015/16

9.2.1 This report has explored a number of different issues that might be relevant when

considering the need for a pay award for 2015/16.

9.2.2 The options that were considered and presented to the PRRB for officers from constable to chief superintendent were:

1. Apply a 1% pay award to all ranks from Constable to Chief Superintendent without

any differentiation.

2. Apply a pay award to all ranks from Constable to Chief Superintendent either above or below the government public sector pay policy.

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3. Apply a pay award that prioritises those posts or ranks that have been highlighted as

being particularly difficult to fill or that have been identified as having grown in responsibility or complexity.

4. Allowing Chief Constables the opportunity to apply an average award of 1% across the force according to local priorities.

5. Only apply a pay award (suggested at 1%) to the top pay point for each rank on the basis that all officers, on other pay points, will be in receipt of an annual increment.

6. For each of options 1 to 5 above to consider the payment of non-consolidated award. This will allow time to consider future pay issues without inflating pay points that might be adjusted in future years.

9.2.3 The options that are suitable chief officers are as follows:

1. Apply a 1% pay award to all chief officer ranks without any differentiation.

2. Apply a pay award to all chief officer ranks either above or below the government public sector pay policy.

3. Only apply a pay award to the top pay point for ACC and for DCC and CC ranks on the basis that officers, on other pay points, will be in receipt of an annual increment.

4. Allowing Chief Constables / Police and Crime commissioners the opportunity to

apply an average award of 1% across the force according to local priorities.

5. For each of options 1 to 4 above to consider the payment of non-consolidated award. This will allow time to consider future pay issues without inflating pay points that might be adjusted in future years.

9.2.4 When considering each of the options above, ACPO would ask the Review Body to have

full regard to the principles set out in chapter 6 and the findings from each chapter. There are some good grounds for adopting a holding position for 2015/16 (for example, based around option 5) until such time as more evidence is collected to support a new framework (as set out in chapter 9 above) and until the funding envelope for the period of the next Spending Review is known. There is also an argument that the pay for senior leaders of the service should be held at existing levels.

9.2.5 The Review body will note that most forces have made budget provisions for a 1% salary

increase in 2015 & 2016. This should be viewed as prudent forward planning by forces rather than a clear statement of affordability given that budgets overall are reducing. To apply a 1% pay increase to all ranks and pay points for 2015/16 would of course avoid divisions across the workforce and remain in line with government policy. However, in exploring fully all the evidence available to it, the Review Body will equally want to have in mind the options for targeting any pay additions reflecting the evidence on recruitment, retention and morale, and the differential impact there has been on actual take home pay of officers over recent years through previous reforms.

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9.2.6 ACPO recognises that in the current climate, these competing factors will need to be weighed very carefully by the Review Body. ACPO looks forward to the opportunity to expand on this evidence, and engaging with Review Body members on these issues at the oral evidence session.

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Appendix 1 - Summary of Collaboration Case Studies

Collaboration Scale of the collaboration Savings generated Timescales to deliver benefits

Warwickshire/West Mercia Strategic Alliance

Whole Force collaboration, all operational and support functions, and all costs except premises, capital financing and pensions

£34m of ongoing savings will have been generated by the end of 2014/15. Savings of a similar scale are expected to be generated over the life of the next CSR.

From inception to today, it has taken 4 years, but the project will continue for at least the life of the next CSR.

The Northamptonshire Blue Light Services

The collaboration is designed to fully integrate the Police Force and the Fire and Rescue Service, with a view to this becoming a single entity (if legislation is amended to allow this).

Not yet fully quantified for Police. £500k p.a. for the Fire Service.

The project will have been fully developed to allow an organisational merger after 4 years.

The Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire alliance

The tri-force vision of collaboration is to have single units for all Protective Services, Operational Support (e.g. Contact Centres, Criminal Justice, Custody) and Organisational Support (e.g. Finance, Human Resources, ICT, Estates). Work focused initially on protective services, creating a joint unit with a budget of £57m. Work is now underway to integrate 50% of operational and business support.

Savings from protective services amount to £8.5m (after an earlier collaboration between Beds and Herts had saved £4m). The projected savings from the integration of operational and business support over the next 3 years is £27m.

The integration of protective services took around 2 years. The programme to integrate support functions is a three year programme.

The Kent/Essex joint support service

The original collaboration had relatively modest beginnings involving the creation of a joint procurement team and since then it has grown to its current size and scope to comprise a Serious Crime Directorate and a

Savings in the Serious Crime Directorate since inception have amounted to c£8.5m and in the Support Services Directorate c£12.5m

This project has been in existence for over 6 years, and has been progressively developed and implemented over that time, with the final element, IT

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Support Services Directorate, the latter defined widely to include Finance, HR, Estates, Procurement, Business Services, Transport and IT.

services, being merged at the end of 2013/14.

Cleveland’s partnering with Steria

The contract with Steria initially covered human resources, procurement, fleet and facilities services, finance, central administration services, criminal justice unit, district support services, control room, ICT and wider business transformation. Crime management and risk and operational planning services were later added. 514 staff were transferred to Steria, and the services transferred were costing £25.9m prior to transfer. The contract is for 10 years and can be extended for a further 5.

The contract has delivered savings of £7.9m p.a. and discussions are in progress on delivering a further £1.8m for 2015/16.

It took 2 years from soft market testing to contract commencement, with the full change programme delivered in the following 2 to 3 years.

The Lincolnshire private sector partnering arrangement with G4S

575 staff transferred to G4S at the start of a contract covering the Criminal Justice Unit, Collisions Unit, Central Ticket Office, Firearms Licensing, Force Control Room, ID Unit, Custody (Detention Officers), Town Enquiry Offices, Finance, Procurement, HR, ICT, Learning and Development, Resource Management Unit, Crime Management Unit, Asset and Facilities (Estate Management), Fleet Management and Support Services. The contract is a 10 year contract.

The contract guarantees savings of £3.6m p.a. to Lincolnshire, although savings in the first 2 years have exceeded this, at £5.2m and £4.1m.

The work which ultimately led to the establishment of the contract commenced in early 2010, and the contract commenced 2 years later in April 2012.

Avon and Somerset’s involvement in the

The services from Southwest One cover local

Not fully identified, but include

Not identified. Contract started in

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Southwest One collaboration

front desks, HR, Finance, ICT, Procurement, Resource units and Corporate & Admin Support. The cost of the services provided is £19m p.a. The contract covers a 10 year period.

accommodation savings of £1m p.a. and procurement savings of £18m over the life of the contract.

2007.

The Cheshire/Northants support service collaboration

The collaboration is a support service collaboration covering Accounts, Purchasing and Service Support, HR and Payroll, and is centred around the implementation of an Oracle ERP system in partnership with Capgemini. Nottinghamshire are intending to join the collaboration in 2015.

Savings to date of around £14.3m have been achieved and are expected to reach £50m over the life of the system.

The project commenced in early 2011, with a staged implementation commencing in April 2012 and completing in March 2013.

NPAS NPAS is a mandated collaboration to provide air support to all Police Forces. West Yorkshire acts as the lead Force for the service. Currently the service is being provided to 36 Forces being serviced by 22 airframes from 19 bases.

Not yet fully quantified or known. However, considerable savings being achieved through procurement and rationalised use of aircraft (£16.3m p.a. identified), although some of this simply compensates for a structural deficit in the originally transferred budget for the service.

Establishment of the service followed a review in 2009. The service will be fully operational in 2015.

Dyfed Powys, South Wales and Gwent Joint Firearms Collaboration

This collaboration covers firearms operational, support and training functions. The unit has 4 operational hubs and has 198 fte officers and 10 fte staff.

The original cost base was £12.701m. This was reduced to £11.839m – a net saving of £0.861m

The collaboration process started in early 2010. Training went live in April 2012, with operational capabilities and policy and administration becoming operational in

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October 2012.

Thames Valley Police and Hampshire Constabulary collaboration

The two forces have single ICT and information management departments and a joint operations unit (JOU) that delivers all specialised uniform support functions across both forces (this includes all firearms, roads policing, operational planning and other specialist functions)

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ACPO submission to Police Remuneration Review Body 2015

Appendix 2 – Sickness Data

Total contracted hours lost to sickness as a proportion (%) of total contracted hours available for police officers (including probationers), by police force area, 2012/13 and 2013/141

2012/13 2013/14 Avon & Somerset 4.22 4.19 Bedfordshire 5.57 4.98 Cambridgeshire 5.60 3.03 Cheshire 4.37 4.94 Cleveland 4.44 4.75 Cumbria 4.75 4.59 Derbyshire 4.11 4.24 Devon & Cornwall 4.43 4.02 Dorset 4.78 5.20 Durham 3.95 3.53 Dyfed-Powys 3.95 3.55 Essex 5.72 5.77 Gloucestershire 4.19 3.82 Greater Manchester 4.22 4.69 Gwent 4.49 4.83 Hampshire 4.42 4.08 Hertfordshire 3.74 3.33 Humberside 3.63 3.99 Kent 4.03 4.13 Lancashire 4.33 3.95 Leicestershire 2.67 2.70 Lincolnshire 4.17 4.20 London, City of 2.66 2.77 Merseyside 4.89 3.48 Metropolitan Police 3.34 3.34 Norfolk 3.45 2.93 Northamptonshire 3.36 3.47 Northumbria 4.33 3.82 North Wales 3.96 3.34 North Yorkshire 4.03 3.43 Nottinghamshire 4.68 4.27 South Wales 4.78 4.16 South Yorkshire 3.27 3.34 Staffordshire 3.67 3.23 Suffolk 3.73 3.24 Surrey 3.17 2.43 Sussex 4.02 3.74 Thames Valley 3.56 3.40 Warwickshire 5.08 5.78 West Mercia 4.94 6.09 West Midlands 4.31 4.23 West Yorkshire 2.70 3.13 Wiltshire 4.06 3.67 Total 3.95 3.82

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Appendix 3 - London weighting and Allowances 2014

Officers who joined post 1994

In addition to Salary, Police Officers receive allowances of:

London Weighting £2,325 per annum from 1 July 2014

London Allowance of £1,011

London Allowance 2 of £3,327 per annum (this is fixed and doesn't change with annual increments).

A total of £6,663 in allowances on top of pay.

Officers who joined prior to 1994

In addition to Salary, Police Officers receive

London Weighting £2,325 per annum from 1 July 2014

London Allowance of £1,011 and Rent and Housing Allowance

If in receipt of a half rate rent or housing allowance an addition London Allowance 3 of £1,000 per annum is payable.

Rent or Housing Allowances and London Allowance 3 are fixed amounts not subject to change with annual increments.

The current rates of rent allowance are as follows:

Maximum limit Flat rate

FEDERATED Annual £5,863.65 £2,931.83

Monthly £ 488.64 £ 244.32

SUPERINTENDENTS/ Annual £6,802.00 £3,401.00

CHIEF SUPT. Monthly £ 566.83 £ 283.42

COMMANDERS/ Annual £7,890.00 £3,945.00

DAC'S Monthly £ 657.50 £ 328.75

ASSISTANT Annual £9,153.00 £4,576.56

COMMISSIONERS Monthly £ 762.75 £ 381.38

& DEP COMM.

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Compensatory Grant

Compensatory grant is paid to all officers who are in receipt of rent allowance, except those who are

not paying income tax e.g. officers seconded abroad who have a NT tax code. It is paid in May of

each year and in officers’ final salaries when they leave the Service. Compensatory Grant is not a

set amount – it depends on personal income and tax situation and can therefore vary greatly from

year to year, decreasing as well as increasing.

Compensatory grant is taxable and is comprised of the following elements;

(i) an allowance equivalent to the amount of income tax paid on rent allowance received in the

previous financial year

(ii) an allowance which is equivalent to the amount of income tax paid on the rent element of the

previous year's compensatory grant. This element of compensatory grant allowance is also taxed

and is not refunded by way of a further allowance.

When officers leave the Service they receive the full compensatory grant due to them in their final

salary. The compensatory grant is grossed up by the basic rate of income tax before payment. In

the event that, at the end of the financial year that officers leave the Service, they have paid income

tax at the higher rate, they may be eligible to claim a "Further compensatory grant".

Housing allowance

The Police (Amendment) Regulations 1990 came into force on 1 April 1990 and replaced rent

allowance with housing allowance.

These regulations made provision for officers currently in receipt of a rent allowance to continue to

receive the amounts in payment on 31 March 1990, on a mark time basis, until the standard rate or

half rate housing allowance equals, or exceeds, the sum of their transitional rent allowance plus the

amount of compensatory grant payable for the year ending 5 April 1990. Officers remained on the

maximum limit rent allowance if the annual total of their rent allowance on 31 March 1990, plus the

compensatory grant for the financial year ending on 5 April 1990 (paid in May 1990 and additionally

in May 1992), exceeded the annual total of standard rate housing allowance.

A standard rate housing allowance is payable to the following;-

(i) officers who are married, but not to a serving police officer

(ii) single officers who have attained the age of 30 years and have 5 years police service

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(iii) officers married to a policewoman when the latter is on unpaid maternity leave

(iv) officers married to another police officer if one of them is on a career break

(v) single officers who share accommodation with another serving police officer, when one of them

is off pay and the other officer is 30 years of age and has 5 years service

(vi) officers aged 30 with 5 years police service who share accommodation with another serving

officer who is not entitled to receive a rent/housing allowance.

In all of the aforementioned cases officers claiming the allowance must reside in a property which

they either own or rent with an official tenancy agreement and must not reside with any other

police officers currently on pay with an entitlement to receive a rent/housing allowance.

A half rate housing allowance is payable to the following:-

(i) officers married to another police officer serving in any constabulary

(ii) officers sharing accommodation with one or more officers serving in any constabulary

(iii) single officers who do not have age and service to qualify for the higher rate, eg. under 30 years

of age and/or less than 5 years police service

(iv) officers who qualify for the higher rate allowance because of marriage or age and service, but

who reside in accommodation of which they are neither owners nor tenants.

With effect from 1 July 2000, a new allowance - London Allowance 3 - was introduced as an extra

allowance for police officers who are receiving a half rate housing allowance. The current rate for

this allowance is £1,000.00 per annum.

Officers who resign (otherwise than upon immediate transfer to another force) or who retire from a

police force will cease to receive housing allowance and this will not recommence if they again

become a member of a police force.

The current rates of housing allowance are as follows:

Standard Half

FEDERATED Annual £5,126.70 £2,563.36

Monthly £ 427.23 £ 213.61

SUPERINTENDENTS/ Annual £5,947.01 £2,973.50

CHIEF SUPT. Monthly £ 495.58 £ 247.79

COMMANDERS/ Annual £6,921.06 £3,460.53

DAC'S Monthly £ 576.76 £ 288.38

ASSISTANT Annual £7,997.65 £3,998.83

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COMMISSIONERS Monthly £ 666.47 £ 333.24

& DEP COMM.

A supplementary housing allowance may be paid to married officers, or to widows/widowers with

children, who join the MPS if they are unable to find suitable accommodation for their families

within a reasonable distance of their place of duty.

South East Allowances

South East Allowance

Officers appointed on or after 1 September 1994

A member of the Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey or Thames Valley constabulary not receiving a

replacement allowance receives an allowance at a rate determined by the Chief Constable of the

relevant force with regard to location and retention needs, following consultation with the joint

branch board, and not exceeding £2,000 a year.

A member of the Bedfordshire, Hampshire or Sussex constabulary not receiving a replacement

allowance receives an allowance at a rate determined by the Chief Constable of the relevant force

with regard to location and retention needs, following consultation with the joint branch board, and

not exceeding £1,000 a year.

A part-time member of any of the forces above and not receiving a replacement allowance is paid an

allowance at an hourly rate calculated by multiplying the allowance that the member would receive

if a full-time member by 6/12520 .

South East England Transitional Supplement

Officers appointed before 1 September 1994

A member of the Hertfordshire, Kent or Surrey constabulary receives the following allowance:

I. at half rate, a replacement allowance equivalent to a housing allowance under regulation 49

of the 1987 Regulations as it had effect before 1 September 1994, or

II. at flat rate a replacement allowance equivalent to a transitional rent allowance under

regulation 49B of the 1987 Regulations as it had effect before 1 September 1994

payable at a rate less than the rate of the South East England Allowance that the member would

receive above if not in receipt of a replacement allowance, shall be paid a supplementary allowance

at the rate of the difference between that South East England Allowance and the replacement

allowance that the member is receiving.

A part-time member of the Hertfordshire, Kent or Surrey constabulary receives an allowance as at (i)

or (ii) above shall be paid a supplementary allowance at an hourly rate calculated by multiplying by

6/12520 the allowance that the member would receive if a full-time member.

Payments cease if the member moves to the full rate of replacement allowance

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