Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M....
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Transcript of Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M....
![Page 1: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and
Behavioral Response
Eric M. Stroud
Michael M. Herrmann
Dr. Samuel G. Gruber
![Page 2: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Semiochemical Mixture
• Semiochemicals are messengers or “clues” – Shark-specificity– Non-lethal – Action is suspected to be olfactory (mouth
dose is not required)– Not based on Cu+, surfactants, acid, or
dye– Safe to handle and store
![Page 3: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Discovery of the Mixture
• Shark carcass – Not decayed, no Cu+, no ammonium acetate
• Production– Multi-phase extraction process– Deproteinization– Filtration– Neutralization
• Modern analytical instrumentation• Mixture of nucleotides
![Page 4: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Analytical Tools
• Visible / IR Spectrophotometry
• Fluorimetry
• Derivatization and HPLC
• Flash Chromatography and TLC
• GC-MS
![Page 5: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GC-MS Total Ion Chromatograph
![Page 6: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Field Tests
• Find a suitable wild shark population
• Construct a delivery apparatus
• Test a behavioral control
• Test a variety of fractions of the semiochemical mixture
• Quantify results
![Page 7: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Testing Locations
• BBFS – South Bimini– Blacknose, Caribbean Reef, Lemon, Bull
sharks
• Ordinance Dump – Montauk, NY– Blue sharks
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Delivery Apparatus
• Based on Donald Nelson’s design
• Pressurized delivery of liquid through a tube to a fish head suspended on a pole
• Pressures ranges from 5- 20 psig
• Delivery volumes ranges from 100mL to 500mL
![Page 9: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Controls and Repellents
• Control is introduced while sharks are actively feeding– Seawater with or without FD&C Red 3 & 40, at the
same pressure and dose size for the repellent
• Repellent is introduced while sharks are actively feeding– Observations are made on the size of the feeding
population before and after dosing– Observations are made on changes in feeding
behavior
![Page 10: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Results
• Controls– Feeding shark populations were not
diminished for control deliveries of up to 20 psig
– Plain seawater nor FD&C Red 3 &40 and seawater did not deter feeding
– Sharks are not afraid to feed from and near the delivery apparatus
![Page 11: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Results• Repellents
– 100mL to 250mL doses of the semiochemical mixture dramatically reduce the feeding population size
– Nearby fish are unaffected and continue feeding– In six separate field tests, feeding populations of 2 to
12 Blacknose and Caribbean Reef sharks are reduced to 0 within 120 seconds of a subsurface dose
– Visual behavior changes occur within 20 seconds of the subsurface dose
– 4 fl oz is the optimal dose size for large populations, but response has been observed with as little as 25mL
![Page 12: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Species and Populations
• Blacknose / Caribbean Reef Sharks – Up to 12
• Blue Sharks – 2
• Bull Sharks – 2
• Lemon Sharks – 2
• Nurse Sharks - 2
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Cloud Test: Population = 12
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Tonic Immobility Test
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0.1ppm Criteria
• Test for a behavioral response at with 0.1 ppm of the chemical repellent
• Johnson-Baldridge proposed that a 100mL/hr release of a chemical repellent into a 6m3 boundary of water under steady-state conditions for 3.5 hours represents 0.1 ppm.
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0.1ppm Criteria
• Use a tall plastic tripod with wireless camera to observe a 6m3 boundary of water, with a fish head suspended in the 6m3 boundary
• Chum to attract sharks into the boundary area, let them take the fish head
• Begin metered dosing of the repellent using a precision peristaltic pump into the boundary once a population is established, using a new fish head
• New fish head must remain protected for 3.5 hours
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Johnson-Baldridge Apparatus
![Page 18: Semiochemicals as Shark Repellents: Identification and Behavioral Response Eric M. Stroud Michael M. Herrmann Dr. Samuel G. Gruber.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea45503460f94ba8b02/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
0.1ppm Results
• September 2003– Fish head was protected for 1.5 hours from two
lemon sharks, until medical pump battery died
• March 2004– Fish head was protected for 2 hours from two
Caribbean reef sharks, until pump failed
• May 2004– Successfully performed and video’d a control
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Next Steps
• More field testing:– Tiger, Great White, Hammerhead, Oceanic
Whitetip
• More validation:– Bull, blue
• Perfect synthesis pathway for commercialization
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