Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand

Experience transfer from Europe

co-organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and

the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy

Advanced Technologies for Using Energy Crops,

Waste Water and Manure for Biogas

Jan Stambasky

4th October 2012

Outline

• Biogas in the Bio Based Economy

– Biogas potential

– Biogas in Europe

• Biogas Production

• Biogas Utilization

– Combined heat and power production

– Local biogas grids

– Biomethane production

– Fueling the future

Biogas Among Others

Biogas Potential

Big Potential For The World

Biogas = versatile renewable energy source

Energy utilization

space heating, cooking

local power production

automotive fuel

natural gas substitute

Rural area development

sustainable agriculture

nutrient recovery and soil improvement

securing current jobs, new ‘green’ jobs creation

…this is the potential of biogas

10,9 M toe biogas

production in 2010

Average:

20,5 toe/1000 citizen

> 11.870 biogas plants

30.339 GWh electricity

generation from biogas in

2010 (cca. 2x conventional

nuclear power plant)

RENEXPO, Budapest Source: Biogas Barometer 2011

European Biogas

Current Status

Source: Biogas Barometer 2009

36%

12%

52%

Landfill

Sewage

Agriculture & other

European Biogas

Current Status

European Biogas

Current Status

Biogas plants total

11,869 (74% in Germany)

Biomethane plants

177

Biomethane plants feeding the grid

128 (64% in Germany)

Sewage gas

app. 2965

Source: National biogas associations 2011

Biogas in Germany

Biogas in Germany

Biogas Production

Biomass

Biogas

Digestate

Raw Materials for

Biogas Production I.

Wastes of fruit/vegetable origin

• Fruit processing waste

• Canning industry waste

• Fruit press residues

• Refused grain

Wastes of animal origin

• Manure & Slurry

• Slaughterhouse waste

• Food with expired warranty

• Milk industry wastes

Wastes of human origin

• Sewage sludge

• Communal waste

• Kitchen waste

DRANCO-plant Hengelo (The Netherlands)

Raw Materials for

Biogas Production II.

Industrial by-products

• Sugar beet press cake

• Rapeseed press cake

• Raw glycerine from

biodiesel production

• Stillage from alcohol

production

Energy plants

• Maize silage

• Sweet Sorghum

• Topinambur

• Cup plant

Digestate Utilization

Intention to close the carbon and

the nutrient cycle

Digestate = Valuable Fertilizer

• Organic fertilizer

• NPK fertilizer

Recycling Phosphorus

• Sustainable

management od the

least abundant artificial

fertilizer

Biogas at WWTPs

Biogas at WWTPs

Shanghai Municipal Sewerage Company, 208 tDS/ 1 day

(25 m diameter, 45 m height, 12 300 m3 volume each)

Biogas Utilization

Biomass

Biogas

Digestate

Biogas Utilization

Source: KTBL

Quality Requirements

Application H2O H2S Siloxanes CO2

Heating no <1000 ppm

no no

Cooking no yes no no

CHP no condens.

<500 ppm

yes no

High pressure compression

yes yes no recommended

Fuel and grid quality

yes yes yes yes

Hot fuel cell no condensation

yes yes no

Electricity & Heat (CHP)

Biogas: the grid compensation

Electricity & Heat (CHP)

Advantages of CHP

Production

• Efficiency can be high

– 30 to 43% electric (up to 48% on test sites)

– 30 to 55% heat

– Availability factor over 91% (8000 hours) per year

• Electricity grids are available “everywhere”

• Cost of connection is reasonable

• Biogas is storable on a daily basis

– It can cover daily peaks

• In some regions the local grid may not be strong enough…

• Without heat utilization, the overall efficiency is very poor…

Local Heat Utilization

Local utilization on-site or close to BGS

space heating

offices, workshops

stables (breeding piglets)

greenhouses

sometimes even ponds (fishes)

drying

wood

digestate

agro- products

usually quite limited options

Biogas Plant

An Energy Balance

biomass biogas

Electricity:

460 kWh

1 t 200 m3

1 tone of biomass

=

4 tones of water

20 °C to 100 °C

There is a lot of heat

available!!!

1.44 GJ

District Heating Grids (DHG)

biogas production close to municipality

negotiations with owners

cost intensive (about 100 Euro per 1 m)

heat losses

efficient when connected to an existing DHG

Biogas upgrading

high-tech engineering

very efficient

very cost intensive

tends to large production sites

no world-wide biomethane market (yet)

no world-wide standards (yet)

Remote Energy

Utilization

Local Biogas Grids

(Biogas “Microgrids”)

CHP

CHP

CHP

CHP

Local Biogas Grids

no heat losses

large distances

no limits on locations

quite cheap

(20 Euro per 1 m)

EUSEW, Brussels, 25 March 2010

Local Grid Trebon,

Czech Republic

13

Local Grid Trebon:

Project Location

BGP

SPA Aurora

4,3 km

Local Grid Trebon

Biogas Production

Biogas plant (2009)

12 000 m3/day

CHP on-site

175 kWel

223 kWth

Local Grid Trebon

The Local Grid

Biogas pipeline

Length: 4.4 km

Diameter: 160 mm

Delta P: 40 / 20 kPa

Q: 420 Nm3 BP/h

18 pcs of drainers

Local Grid Trebon:

“bio” Heating Plant

Power plant at local spa

building noise level 36 dB

CHP Jenbacher

844 kWel

843 kWth

heat accumulation 2x 100 m3

16

Local Grid Trebon

Heat Supply

Bioplyn TřeboňLázně Aurora - Diagram trvání tepelného výkonu (2005)

Zemní plyn

642 GJ

Nevyužité teplo

(Rezerv a pro klimatizaci)

2 931 GJ

Zemní plyn

8 124 GJ

Bioplyn

17 286 GJ

990

kW

MWh

tis. m3

Instalovaný el. výkon

Spotřeba ZP kog. a kot.

0

GJ/rok

tis. m3

Výroba elektřiny

Užitečná dodávka

285

5 300

Současný stav

2 x 150

Spotřeba bioplynu 2 500

1 144

703

26 00026 000

Budoucí stav

744kWInstalovaný tep. výkon

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

den

GJ/

den

66%

32%

2%

Aurora spa saves 500 000 m3/a of natural gas

Local Grid Trebon

Economical Details

Economical details

total investments

biogas plant 3.4 M€

biogas pipeline 0.5 M€

heating plant incl. CHP 1.3 M€

operational costs

biomass 583 k€

O&M 300 k€

financing 392 k€

Specific heat supply costs

3.5 GJ.a-1.M€-1

Local Biogas Grids

Role in Europe

Biogas is a precious, high quality energy carrier

thermal power of biogas plants in Europe reaches 2 500 MW

we have 54 000 TJ/a at hand (80% available, 7 500 h/a)

we can easily save 1.5 billion m3/a of natural gas

we can save even more when replacing more nasty fuels

more economic and energy efficient compare to heat transport

less investment intensive compare to biomethane

energy efficiency may be the same, but generally lower

Local biogas grids have a great potential to enhance

the degree of the biogas primary energy utilization,

with extensive savings on fossil fuels on top of it!

Biogas Utilization

Source: KTBL

Quality Requirements

Application H2O H2S Siloxanes CO2

Heating no <1000 ppm

no no

Cooking no yes no no

CHP no condens. <500 ppm

yes no

High pressure compression

yes yes no recommended

Fuel and grid quality

yes yes yes yes

Hot fuel cell no condensation

yes yes no

Biogas Upgrading

Biogas cleaning

Removal of trace impurities from the biogas like

sulphane, ammonia, siloxanes etc.

Removal of water droplets and moisture

Biogas upgrading

Removal of carbon dioxide

Removal of nitrogen in some special cases (landfill gas)

Biomethane

Fully upgraded biogas up to the identical chemical and

physical parameters of natural gas

Suitable for grid injection, or vehicle fuel applications

Biogas Upgrading Principal Technologies

Source: www.biogasmax.eu

Upgrading

Technologies

Physical adsorption

pressure swing adsorption

(PSA)

Absorption in liquids

water scrubbers

glycol-based scrubbers

MEA scrubbers

Membrane separation

based on membrane ultra-

filtration processes

Cryogenic separation

very suitable for getting pure

liquefied streams (LBG, CBG)

Number of Biogas

Upgrading Plants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

DE SE CH AT NL ES FR UK

47

38

15

6 4 4 3 1

DE – Grid Connection

Annual Increase

Source: Fachverband Biogas, Biogas Journal

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2 3

7

16 16

Upgrading Technologies

by Number

Source: IWET 2009

38.4%

37.2%

10.5%

8.1%

4.7% 1.2%

PSA

Water scrubbing

Chemical absorb.

Physical absorb.

Membrane

Cryogenic

Biogas Upgrading Units

Upgrading Technologies

by Capacity

Source: IWET 2009

26.9%

56.4%

8.7%

3.8% 1.4% 2.8%

PSA

Water scrubbing

Chemical absorb.

Physical absorb.

Membrane

Cryogenic

Carbotech PSA

Source: Carbotech

Biogas Upgrading Costs

Size Matters!

Source: Frauenhofer

UMSICHT 2008

Biomethane Production

Facility Göteborg

• Göteborg Energi

• PURAC Chemical

absorbtion

• 2007

• 900 Nm3/hour raw

gas capacity

BMC Technology

MT-Energie GmbH

Biogas Upgrading

Indicative Numbers

Capacity range: 60 – 5.500 Nm3/hour raw biogas

Methane loss: < 0,1 – 3,0 %

Investment: 1,2 – 1,5 M EUR (1.000 Nm3/hour raw gas)

0,5 – 0,8 M EUR (250 Nm3/hour raw gas)

Upgrading costs: 7 – 13 EUR/MWh (1.000 Nm3/hour)

13 – 17 EUR/MWh (250 Nm3/hour)

Electricity

consumption: 0,12 – 0,3 kWh/Nm3 raw gas

Source: Biogas Journal; www.biogasmax.eu

Biomethane In Europe

> 177 biomethane producing units

Injection into natural gas grid in > 9 countries

(AT, FR, DE, LX, NL, NR, SE, CH, UK)

Biomethane used as vehicle fuel in > 5 countries

(SE, FR, CH, DE, AT)

Limitation on grid injection for bimethane produced from landfill and

sewage gas in several countries (e.g. AT, FR, DE, CH)

Rapid development on its way

» Technologies becoming more efficient,

» Small-scale solutions evolving,

» Number of grid connection points increasing,

» Number of CNG vehicles resp. gas fuelling stations growing

Biogas from sewage sludge upgraded to grid quality – Didcot/Oxfordshire

Which Way To Go ?

First off all: consult the experts, rely on their knowledge and

experience

1. Integrate your biogas plant into the local agricultural

environment – source and consumption in one place =

decentralised energy supply, local biogas grids

2. If source and consumption can not be locally united:

1. go to grid

2. One more (probably the best) option: produce motor

fuel for local/regional consumption

Biogas Utilization

Source: KTBL

Why Fuel?

Biomethane has very low emissions

Car engines are less noisy

No distribution infrastructure is needed, grids are available

Biomethane can be blended with natural gas at any ratio

For long transport distances, trains, ships LBG/LNG is

available

WWTP Fuels Cars

BIOGASMAX Examples

Source: www.biogasmax.eu

Certain Political Will

is Needed

Stockholm has decided to treat 35% of the municipal organic waste in a biological way by 2010

Lille aims to feed the Organic Recovery Centre with the source-separated household organic waste issued from 50% of the citizens

Linköping has set up a “pay-as-you-through” fee for household waste collection (encourages source separation)

Rome decided to develop the source-separated biowaste collection in various types of housing areas

Göteborg has developed the Biogas Väst cooperation project: new industry development, fueling 20% of the road transport by 2020

Source: www.biogasmax.eu

GHG Reduction

Biogas Highway

Göteborg - Stockholm

500 km

12 biomethane

fuelling stations

Live Cycle

Optimization

Use of Co-substrates in Bern, biogas production increased by 21% through adding biowaste substrates with high energy content

Distribution and transport:

Grid Injection:

Bern, Göteborg

Local Pipes:

Falkoping, Stockholm

Storage tanks:

Lille

Mobile storage:

Stockholm-Vasteras

Going Off-Grid

What to do if there is no local grid available?

AGA Concept

Fueling the Future

Audi A4 226 mph 2009

Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand

Experience transfer from Europe

co-organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and

the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy

Advanced Technologies for Using Energy Crops,

Waste Water and Manure for Biogas

Jan Stambasky

4th October 2012