Seminar Kesedaran Awam Berkaitan Medan Elektromagnet 27 … · 2018-01-08 · Seminar Kesedaran...
Transcript of Seminar Kesedaran Awam Berkaitan Medan Elektromagnet 27 … · 2018-01-08 · Seminar Kesedaran...
PENGGIAT INDUSTRI TENAGA
• Unit Perancang Ekonomi
• Kementerian Tenaga,
Teknologi Hijau dan Air
• Unit Kerjasama Awam Swasta
(UKAS)
• Suruhanjaya Tenaga
• National Green Technology
Centre (dahulunya PTM)
• PETRONAS
• PETRONAS Gas
• TNB, SESB, SESCO
• Gas Malaysia, Sabah Energy
Corp, Sarawak Gas
• Sustainable Development
Authority (SEDA)
• MyPower Corporation
Merangka secara makro polisi tenaga negara
Mempelopori, membangun dan melaksanakan polisi dan
program tenaga
Private Finance Initiatives bagi projek utama
Badan kawal selia elektrik dan gas
Membangunkan pelan tindakan pembangunan bagi teknologi
hijau. GreenTech berfungsi sebagai titik fokus bagi
penetapan standard serta mempromosikan teknologi hijau
Cari gali, pengeluaran, pemprosesan dan pemasaran minyak
dan gas
Pemprosesan dan penghantaran gas
Penjanaan, penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik di
Semenanjung, Sabah dan Sarawak
Pengagihan dan retikulasi gas di Semenanjung, Sabah dan
Sarawak
Pembangunan inisiatif RE/EE & pelaksanaan FIT
Inisiatif reformasi MESI
KERANGKA PERUNDANGAN
AKTA - Parlimen
PERATURAN – Kuasa Menteri
LESEN – Dikeluarkan oleh Suruhanjaya Tenaga
STANDARD LESEN – Syarat-syarat Lesen
1. Akta Suruhanjaya Tenaga 2001 (Akta 610) + Pindaan 2010
2. Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990 (Akta 447) + Pindaan 2001
3. Akta Bekalan Gas 1993
4. Peraturan-Peraturan Elektrik 1994 + Pindaan 1998
5. Peraturan-Peraturan Bekalan Pemegang Lesen 1990 + Pindaan 2002
6. Electricity Supply (Exemption) Notification 1994
7. Exemption Order di bawah Seksyen 54
8. Peraturan Pengurusan Tenaga Elektrik Dengan Cekap 2008
9. Lesen kepada Utiliti, Penjanakuasa, Pengagih Elektrik dan lain-lain
10. Standard bagi Penjanaan, Penghantaran dan Pengagihan
LAIN-LAIN KONTRAK / PERJANJIAN – Penggiat Industri
12. Perjanjian Pembelian Tenaga (PPA)
13. Perjanjian Pembekalan Bahan Api
11. Kanun Grid / Kanun Pengagihan
KANUN INDUSTRI – Dikeluarkan oleh Suruhanjaya Tenaga
Menasihati Menteri tentang segala perkara yang berkenaan denganobjektif dasar kebangsaan bagi aktiviti pembekalan tenaga
Melaksanakan dan menguatkuasakan peruntukan undang-undangpembekalan tenaga
Mengawal selia segala perkara yang berhubung industripembekalan elektrik dan gas melalui talian paip dan melindungimana-mana orang daripada bahaya yang berbangkit daripadaaktiviti berkaitan penjanaan, pnghantaran dan pengagihan.
Menggalakkan dan melindungi persaingan dan pengendalianpasaran yang adil dan cekap atau, dalam ketiadaan pasaranbersaingan, mencegah penyalahgunaan monopoli atau kuasapasaran..
Mendorong dan menggalakkan pengawalseliaan sendiri dalamindustri pembekalan elektrik dan pembekalan gas melalui talianpaip.
Menjalankan apa-apa fungsi yang diberikan oleh atau di bawahundang-undang pembekalan tenaga.
FUNGSI DAN KUASA SURUHANJAYA TENAGA
TNB
Generation Division
TNB
Transmission Div
TNB
Distribution Division
IPPs
Multiple Generation Single Buyer
STRUKTUR PASARAN PEMBEKALAN ELEKTRIK
Fully integrated
monopoly
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
TNB
Area specified
distributors
Bulk
supply
Own generation
ConsumersConsumers
SLA
TNB
Planning Division
(Single Buyer)
Regulated tariff
~
TNB
Grid System
Operator
PPA
Tadbirurus dalam Penjanaan Elektrik
IPPs sell power to the utilities through long-term power purchase
agreements (PPAs).
The PPA prices are negotiated between the IPP and the utility, with government acting as a moderator.
Part of TNB’s Planning
(Single Buyer) and
Transmission Division
(National Load Despatch
Centre) is the Grid System Operator in Peninsular Malaysia,
responsible for the planning
and operation of the grid
system, scheduling and
despatch of generating
units and load forecasting in accordance with the Grid
Code.
Proposals for new generation
plants are evaluated by
both government and utility before a
licence is granted
(Recently, the government introduced a competitive
bidding system to improve the
process).
A committee chaired by the Minister, with
representatives from
government and utilities
oversees plant-up programme
JPPPET).
Rantaian Pembekalan Elektrik Di Semnnjung
Generation
(% of Capacity Mix )
SREP
(Small Renewable
Energy Programme)
(< 1%)
RE
TNB
7,040 MW (32.3%)
Hydro Plants
1,911 MW
(8.8%)
Gas Plants
5,061 MW
(23.2%)
Distillate
Plants
68 MW
(0.3%)
Gas Plants
7,607 MW
(34.9%)
Coal Plants
7,170 MW
(32.9%)
IPP (inclusive JMJG and KEV)
14,777 MW (67.7%)
TransmissionTNB
(100%)
DistributionTNB
(100%)
Consumers
(% of FY09 Sales)
Domestic
(20.4%)
Commercial
(33.9%)
Industrial
(44.1%)
Public Lighting
(1.3%)
Mining
(0.1%)
Agriculture
(0.3%)
Generation Transmission Distribution
▪ Comprises of TNB, IPPs and RE
Developers
▪ Gas to power sector is capped at 1,250
mmscfd and coal is fully imported
▪ IPP contract is 21-25 years and IPP fuel
cost is fully passed-through to TNB under
the PPAs
▪ RE developers sell to TNB at maximum
price of 21 sen/kWh
▪ TNB is the Single Buyer and the
System Operator
▪ The generators are dispatched based
on least-cost by the System Operator
▪ TNB is the sole distribution network
operator and the retailer
▪ TNB also provide bulk supply to
selective large power consumers
888888
SEKURITI BEKALAN: Pergantungan kepada gas
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1980 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008(f)
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Hydro
Melaka
Kuantan
Segamat
Jerneh
(1992)
Kuala Lumpur
Lawit (1997)
Bekok
THAILAND
JDA
(2005)
PM-3
(2003)
Angsi (2002)
SONGKHLA
Bintang
(2003)
Resak(2000)
KERTIH
Duyong (1984)
Kangar
West Natuna ‘B’
(Indonesia - 2002)
Sistem Penghantaran Gas di Semenanjung Malaysia
Impot gas mula meningkat, dianggar mencapai
1/3 daripada keperluan menjelang 2015*
*Inclusive of expensive fields that need to be developed to meet demand.
Non-economic fields may not be developed if cheaper to import
SOURCE: Petronas
LNG Re-gas Terminal to be
developed to cater for LNG imports
into Peninsular Malaysia, estimated
to be ready by Dec 2014
MM
SC
FD
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Production from existing and
committed domestic fields and
non-domestic supplies
Future imports
requirements
Forecast Demand
Additional Gas Reserves
to be developed
Need to pay “fair
market value” to
attract imports
As per Petronas,
extremely expensive
to develop (many
fields not
economically viable)
Depleting domestic
supply: 12% non-
domestic, e.g. JDA
and Natuna
Harga Gas Kepada Sektor Penjanaan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Januar
y 08
Febru
ary 0
8
Mar
ch 0
8
April 0
8
May
08
June 0
8
July
08
August
08
Septe
mber 0
8
Octob
er 08
Novem
ber 08
Decem
ber 08
Januar
y 09
Febru
ary 0
9
Mar
ch 0
9
April 0
9
May
09
June 0
9
July
09
August
09
Septe
mber 0
9
Octob
er 09
Pri
ce (
RM
/MM
Btu
)
FORMULA PRICE
GOVERNMENT FIXED PRICE
70% discount
from formula
* Discounted price on 1st July 2008 was based on one month lapse of formula price.
RM 10.70/MMBtu
74% discount from
formula price
RM 14.31/MMBtu
RM 6.40/MMBtu
BEKALAN ARANG BATU SEPANJANG TAHUN 2010
Stesen Indonesia AustraliaAfrika
SelatanJumlah
KEV 978,420 1,068,110 854,920 2,901,450
TNBJ 6,367,472 - 403,694 6,771,166
T.Bin 4,422,825 1,014,340 643,079 6,080,244
JEV 2,705,977 - 414,070 3,120,047
Jumlah 14,474,694 2,082,450 2,315,763 18,872,907
•Pada tahun 2010, kira-kira 19 juta tan arang batu diimport
daripada tiga negara iaitu Indonesia, Australia dan Afrika
Selatan.
Plant Capacity
(MW) Commissioning
Year
Annual Consumption
(Mtpa)
Sejingkat Ph.1 100 1998 0.50
Sejingkat Ph.2 110 2000 0.50
Lahad Datu Ph.1
160 TBD 0.50
Lahad Datu Ph.2
160 TBD 0.50
Total 530 2.00
14
PERMINTAAN ARANG BATU UNTUK
PENJANAAN DI SABAH DAN SARAWAK
PROFIL SISTEM - SEMENANJUNG
• Utiliti utama: Tenaga Nasional Berhad
• Bil. Pelanggan: 7,177,143
• Permintaan Puncak: 15,072 MW
• Jumlah Tenaga Dijana: 102,139 GWh
• Jumlah Tenaga Dijual(est): 91,000 GWh
• Kapasiti Terpasang: 21,817 MW
– Gas: 58.1%
– Arang Batu: 32.8%
– Hidro: 8.8%
– Diesel: 0.3%
• SAIDI (2010): 62.88 minit/pelanggan/tahun
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
1-J
an
15
-Ja
n
29
-Ja
n
12
-Fe
b
26
-Fe
b
12
-Ma
r
26
-Ma
r
9-A
pr
23
-Ap
r
7-M
ay
21
-Ma
y
4-J
un
18
-Ju
n
2-J
ul
16
-Ju
l
30
-Ju
l
13
-Au
g
27
-Au
g
10
-Se
p
24
-Se
p
8-O
ct
22
-Oct
5-N
ov
19
-No
v
3-D
ec
17
-De
c
31
-De
c
Daily Maximum Demand & Operating Reserve (Year 2010)
Maximum Demand Operating Reserve Installed Capacity
MW MW
Maximum Demand: 15,072 MW24 May 2010 1600 hours
Installed Capacity: 21,817 MW
SAIDI INDEX UNTUK SEMENANJUNG
MALAYSIA
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
CY2005 CY2006 CY2007 CY2008 CY2009 CY2010
136
104
7687
66 63
150
Minutes/Customer/Year
Year
With major incident on 13th Januari 2005
KPI 2010 : 60
Sabah
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1-J
an
8-J
an
15
-Ja
n
22
-Ja
n
29
-Ja
n
5-F
eb
12
-Fe
b
19
-Fe
b
26
-Fe
b
5-M
ar
12
-Ma
r
19
-Ma
r
26
-Ma
r
2-A
pr
9-A
pr
Daily Maximum Demand & Available Capacity (YTD 14 April 2010)
Max. Demand Available Capacity Dep. Capacity
MW MW
Max Demand 766 MW
6 April 2010
Dep. Capacity1,040 MW
13 March 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
UOR (%)
2008 11.6 28.9 8.8 4.8 8.4 0.4 7.8 3.7 12.1 20.8 21.7
2009 12.7 28.1 9.7 2.1 4.6 0.2 10.4 19.6 19.3 36.5 11.3
IPP
Serudong
(Diesel 36MW)
IPP
ARL
(Diesel 47.5MW)
IPP
SPC
(Diesel 32MW)
IPP
Stratavest
(Diesel 60MW)
IPP
Pow ertron
(Gas 190MW)
IPP
SBPC
(Gas 100MW)
SESB
Patau-Patau
(Gas/Diesel
SESB
Pangi
(Hydro 66MW)
SESB
Melaw a
(Diesel 37.5MW)
SESB
Taw au
(Diesel 56.7MW)
SESB
Sandakan
(Diesel 79MW)
UOR for Sabah in 2008 and 2009 (As at Sept_09)
(Gas/Diesel 107MW)
CONTOH PARAS VOLTAN PENGHANTARAN
PELBAGAI NEGARA
22
Negara Paras voltan penghantaran ( kilo volt)
Malaysia 66 kV, 132 kV, 275 kV, 500 kV
UK 66 kV, 132 kV, 275 kV, 500 kV
India 110 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV, 765 kV
US 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 500
kV, 765 kV
Thailand 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV
PERANAN SURUHANJAYA DLM ISU EMF
Menggunapakai piawaian-piawaian antarabangsa berkaitanradiasi EMF seperti standard-standard yang ditetapkan oleh IRPA(International Radiation Protection Agency), ICNIRP(International Commission on Non-ionising RadiationProtection) dan WHO (World Health Organisation) dalammenetapkan tahap-tahap radiasi EMF bagi rekabentuk talian-talian penghantaran TNB;
Membuat literature review terbitan oraganisasi-organisasiantarabangsa tersebut mengenai kesan EMF kepada kesihatan;
Membuat bacaan tahap radiasi EMF pada pepasangan-pepasangan TNB dari berbagai paras voltan, fasa dan peralatanprasarana elektrik serta menanda aras dengan tahap-tahap yangditetapkan; dan
Mengeluarkan garispanduan berkaitan aktiviti-aktivitiberhampiran talian penghantaran.