Seminar 2A 8:30AM-Noon April 10, 2007 EDUCAUSE Security Professionals Conference H. Morrow Long,...

Seminar 2A

8:30AM-Noon April 10, 2007

EDUCAUSE Security Professionals Conference

H. Morrow Long, CISSP, CISM, CEHDirector - Information Security

Yale University

Wireless Security forMobile Devices

2007/04/10 EDUCAUSE 2007 Security Professionals Conference Sem 2A Wireless Security for Mobile Devices 2

Copyright Notice

Copyright H. Morrow Long 2007. This work is the intellectual property of the author. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for non-commercial, educational purposes, provided that this copyright statement appears on the reproduced materials and notice is given that the copying is by permission of the author. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the author.


Description

A discussion of the security issues involved in a multitude of wireless data technologies including PPP over cellular, IEEE Cellular and Mobile Data (one way

and two way pagers), IEEE 802.11a/b/g/i, WEP, WPA as well as IEEE 802.1X, WEP, WAP’s WTLS, Bluetooth, ZigBee, CPDP, 1RTT, EVDO and SMS.

A useful guide to the relative information security risks to an individual or organization involved in wireless data technologies including those used by pagers, cellphones, PDAs, assorted networked ‘appliances’ and wireless WANS, LANS and PANs


Outside workshop scope:

Private Mobile RadioPrivate MicrowaveShortwave Radio IPDirectPCSkyDSL / Aloha Networks High Speed ISPMobile Satellite data services Iridium (Motorola, et. al) GlobalStar (Qualcomm, Loral) Teledesic (Gates/McCaw)

Digital cordlessIrDA


Topics

Introduction, History and Evolution of Wireless DataTerminology Definitions: Wireless Data SecurityWireless Data Risks and ThreatsPager SecurityCellular Phone Security Analog Digital

Wireless Data Security Non-IP Mobile Data Access Networks Wireless PANs / Pico-Nets

Wireless LANs and VLANs 802.11 / WiFi


Introduction

Prediction for the Late 1990s

“Most people now carry a portable radio transceiver with a Touchtone keyboard. They have a wallet full of credit-card size overlays. When an individual is dialed, he can be reached in most parts of the country. The zones of radio in-accessibility are diminishing. It has been suggested that the public should be issued with transceivers that transmit their national identification number, even when switched off. These devices would help in controlling crime, which is still growing at an appalling rate. They would also be used in most financial transactions.”

- James Martin, 1971, “Future Developments in

Telecommunications”, p. 355, Prentice Hall.


Introduction

•Workers connect wireless home LANs to the Internet at high speed.

•Workers set up office PCs to push data to PDAs over Internet.

•Senior US Government official told staff he wanted wireless access. They set up a demo of all kinds of reports and data availability. Turns out he just wanted an alphanumeric pager.

•INS considers a ban on the use of personal devices to hold data.

•Doctors are buying PDAs and putting notes & data on patients in them.

•Army Material Command giving senior managers Blackberry 2-way pagers.

•Pentagon issues a warning reminder that wireless LANs are not allowed in the Pentagon, nor may mobile wireless devices enter most DOD areas.


Mobile Wireless Voice – History

Radio-telephones develop 1901-1920First wireless voice AM Radio – 1906Commercial AM Radio Pitt PA – 1920First FM broadcast – 1935 (FM is a big mobile radio help)Military walkie-talkies - 1940Two-way police radios –1930-1950sCommercial RadioTelephone:MTS & IMTS 1946..1965..1976..1980sPrivate mobile radio servicesDC-NYC Metroliner phones – late 1960sCB Radios – 1970s 1G Cellular (Tokyo 1979, Sweden 1981, Chicago 1983)


Wireless Data – History and Evolution

McClure's Magazine, February, 1902, pages 291-299: Marconi‘s Achievement. Telegraphing Across The Ocean Without Wires.


Wireless Data – History and Evolution

1901 – First Transatlantic telegraph – Marconi Company 1920s commercial service – Marconi CompanyMobile – 1908 Shipboard telegraph – Marconi CompanyEncrypted radiotelegraph messagesAlohanet / Hawaii Radio WAN – 1970sTCP/IP over shortwave (Ham) radio – 1980sCellular V.90 modems – 1990sPDAs and cellphones with digital wireless services$150 Wireless 802.11b Ethernet cards and base stations(Mobile Data + Mobile Internet + Internet) -> Supranet


Secure Wireless Data – History and Evolution

Secure telephony over Radio

A-3 – analog “scrambling”• US/UK analog voice privacy system in use at WWII start• Broken by Germans early in WWII, real time decryption



Secure telephony over Radio

SIGSALY Secure Digital Voice Communications• First useful use of :

– Companded PCM encoding of voice (vocoder – BTL 1936-9)– Enciphered telephony, quantized speech transmission– Speech bandwidth compression– Spread Spectrum technology– multilevel Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex) as a

viable transmission method over a fading medium– Weighted 90 tons, ocupied a large room.– Special phongraph records contained a secret key masking voices with white noise– Germans monitored but never broke the system– Declassified in 1976.

• US (BTL, DOD), UK (Turing)



Alan Turing



Spread spectrum radio transmission

• Actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil.

•Patent 2,292,387 given to DOD, Declassified in mid-1980s.

Designed to defeat interception and jamming of sub signals to torpedo by sending multiple coded signals on different frequencies in random pattern.



Secure telephony over Radio – Other WWII methods Navaho code-talkers

1st Marine Division Ballarat 7 July 1943 Photog: Ashman

Private First Class Preston Toledo (left) and Private First Class Frank Toledo, cousins and Navajos, attached to a Marine Artillery Regiment in the South Pacific will relay orders over a field radio in their native tongue.

OFFICIAL U.S. MARINE CORPS PHOTO USMC #57875

(Paraphrased caption) http://bingaman.senate.gov/code_talkers/men/127-MN-57875/127-mn-57875.html


Wireless – Terminology Definition

AMPSDAMPSTDMACDMAGSMPCSISP

• 1G• 2G• 2.5G• 3G• Dual-mode• Tri-mode• SIM• GPS

• Spread-spectrum

• Frequency Hopping


Wireless Data – Terminology Definition

CDPD

PPP

EVDO

GPRS

• Portal• WLAN• W-VLAN• WAP• “Web-

clipping”• PQA – Palm

Query App

• IEEE 802.11a

• IEEE 802.11b

• IEEE 802.1x• IEEE

802.11e• IEEE

802.11g• Bluetooth• HomeRF• Jini


Wireless Data Security– Terminology Definition

VPNSupranetInternetinternetintranetextranetISP

• PPP CHAP mode

• Firewall• WEP• SSL / TLS• WTLS

• Encryption• Authenticati

on• PKI• LDAP• “Certificate”


Wireless Data Risks and Threats Business Needs for Wireless Data Security

Financial / m-commerceEnable Telecommuting for employeesSecure current insecure applications (alerts, remote administration)Provide remote access to important internal information resources (e.g. E-mail)Monitoring/Controlling sensitive and/or important real-world devices (sensors)


Wireless Data Risks and Threats – CIA / AAA /etc

Confidentiality - Data ExposureIntegrity - Data Modification/Tampering Availability - Denial of Service to Data/ResourcesAuthentication - Identification vs SpoofingAuthorization - Appropriate Access ControlAccounting - Theft of Service (cloning, wireless ISP)M-commerce - Fraudulent transactions, CC # theftMalicious Software – Trojan Horses, Viruses, Worms, etc.Personal Privacy - Location exposure (new 911 law, GPS)Physical theft of device


Wireless Data Risks and Threats

Confidentiality

Sniffing / Eavesdropping / Interception from the airSniffing / Eavesdropping / Interception at endpoint Via Compromise of mobile/wireless device Via Compromise of base station (cell tower / GSM POP)

Stolen devices – stored dataStolen devices – use of keys & secrets for accessBrute Force Decryption / CryptanalysisReplay Attack


Alternatives to wireless data service provider encryption

Secure corporate or partner portalsSSL Web servers / Secure ASPs WTLS WAP servers

Secured Applications (SSLized IMAP/POP)Secure Remote Access (Term/File xfer) SSH, Secure Telnet/FTP, FTP over SSL Multiuser NT/W2K (w/WinCE MS Term Srvr Client) Remote Console: CC, PCA, Timbukto, VNC PGP Encrypted Files for transfer over insecure links/email


Wireless Data Risks and Threats –

Integrity – Data/etc Modification

Tampering with intercepted data in transitTampering with stored dataTampering with keys & secrets for accessTampering with device identification credentialsTampering with device applications (programs)Replay Attack



Availability

Denial of Service via Signal Jamming (e.g. Israeli device) Netline C-Guard Cellular Firewall http://www.cguard.com/English/latests/index.html

Non-malicious man-made problemsNatural Disasters in cell areas



Authentication - Identification Spoofing data in transit – Man in the middleSpoofing the endpoints Cloning analog phones Impersonating servers (e.g. m-commerce web servers or WAP servers)

Cellphone credentials ID #s Phone #s GSM SIM cards

User credentials PINs, Passwords, X.509 “Certificates”, Smartcards



Authorization – Access Control

Allowing a user or device access to a: Application Network Resource (file, printer, fax)

E.g., Cellular phone companies authorize devices/users for access to their networks: Roaming Long distance calls Local calls 911 calls



Accounting

Theft of Service: Via cloning Via theft of wireless ISP access credentials Via theft of physical device Via compromise of base station / networked servers / etc. Via fraudulent registration with carrier or ISP



M-Commerce

Fraudulent transactionsCredit Card number theft At WAP WTLS gateway At Web server endpoint At mobile device endpoint

Other account (customer/employee/vendor) theft.



Cellphone Malicious Software

E-Mail & WAP browsers too “dumb” to infect?Other push and pull content methods PIM synch

First Cellphone Virus Hoax – “Mobile Phone Virus Hoax” – May 18, 1999

No Known Cellphone Malicious SoftwareFirst Cellphone Messaging Attack – Spanish SMS


“Mobile Phone Virus Hoax”

Dear all mobile phone's owners,

ATTENTION!!!

NOW THERE IS A VIRUS ON MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM..

All mobile phone in DIGITAL system can be infected by this virus..If you receive a phone call and your phone display"UNAVAILABLE" on the screen (for most of digital mobile phones with a function to display in-coming call telephone number),DON'T ANSWER THE CALL. END THE CALL IMMEDIATELY!!!BECAUSE IF YOU ANSWER THE CALL, YOURPHONE WIL L BE INFECTED BY THIS VIRUS.. This virus will erase all IMIE and IMSI information from both your phone& your SIM card which will make your phone unable to connect with the telephone network. You will have to buy a new phone.

This information has been confirmed by both Motorola and Nokia..For more information, please visit Motorola or Nokia web sites:

http://www.mot.comhttp://www.mot.com or http://www.nokia.com

There are over 3 million mobile phone being infected by this virus in USA now. You can also check this news in CNN web site:http://www.cnn.com..

Please forward this information to all your friends who have digital mobile phones..


“Mobilevirus” Hoax – 3/19/2001

VIRUSINFORMATION VARNING !!!!

----------------------------------------------------------------

Följande har hänt:

Om din mobiltelefon ringer och det blinker: !?UNAVAILABLE!? på

displayen. SÅ SVARA INTE. Din telefonen blir angripen av ett

virus, som raderar alla IMIE och IMSI informationer,

både från telefonen och SIM-kortet.

Och då finns det bara en sak att göra, just det - köpa en ny

telefon.

Både Motorola och Nokia har bekräftat denne information. I USA

har detta virus förstört 3 miljoner mobiltelefoner.

VB DENNA E-MAIL TILL ALLA DU KÄNNER SOM HAR

MOBILTELEFON.


PDA/Cellphone Malicious Software

E-Mail Clients and Web browsers

Other push and pull content methods PDA PIM synch

First PDA Virus Hoax – “Hairy Palms” 10/12/97

First PDA Malicious Software: Palm.Liberty.A 8/28/00 Trojan Horse Palm.Vapor 9/22/00 Trojan Horse Palm.Phage.Dropper 9/22/00 Computer Virus

PDA Anti-Virus Software Palm: Symantec, McAfee, CA, Trend, F-Secure EPOC: McAfee, F-Secure PocketPC: McAfee



Personal Privacy

Location exposure: Passive roaming transmit cellphone #ID continously in cell area. This method is used to

track down fugitives today. Reg 911. New E911 law requirement and methods require greater accuracy:

• Triangulation within cell area – TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival)• AOA – Angle of Arrival (CDMA near-far problem as with TDOA)• Location Pattern Matching• GPS – Global Positioning System -- is one method likely to be used as well as included inside

mobile wireless devices. Under user privacy control.

Caller-ID / ANI / *69Physical theft of device – stored data / credentials / etc. Phone card / Credit card numbers / PINs, Passwords, etc. Traffic Analysis – called #s recorded on mobile device



Physical theft of device

Loss / Destruction of mobile deviceLoss / Destruction of data: Sensitive business records secret access credentials

Compromise/Abuse of secret access credentialsFraudulent use of mobile deviceTrue replacement cost of mobile device, new device + : Damage assessment – exposure of business data Replacing data Securing secret access credentials



Reverse Tunneling

Utilizing a VPN tunnel or other “trusted” connection to connect back to or burrow through to the user’s enterprise network and computer resources (if you can steal the device or hijack the connection)

This is a particular Blackberry worry.

Carpal TunnelingAlso a particular Blackberry worry….


Pager Technologies and Security

Typically low data rate, insecure, one-way short messages. Powerful ground transmitter networks.In CT and NY individuals are actively listening on pager traffic (PIs, news organizations, etc.). Don’t use for anything private as there is no encryption.One Way POCSAG - Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group – 1981.

512bps – 2400bps. ERMES – 1995 – International Standard FLEX (Motorola)

Two Way reFLEX (Motorola) Mobitex (2 way paging and mobile data)


“Zero G”

0G

PTT MTS IMTS AMTS OLT MTD Autotel/PALM ARP


“One G”

1G

NMTAMPS/TACS/ETACSHicapCDPDMobitexDataTac


Cellular Techology and Standards

1G – 1st Generation - Analog

• AMPS (US) 800Mhz (UHF) FM used

• NAMPS

• UK: TACS (1982), ETACS (1985)

• Japan: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) – 1979

Data transmission is unreliable and 9.6kbps or less.


“Two G”

2G

GSMiDEND-AMPSIS-95/cdmaOnePDCCSD

PHSGPRSHSCSDWiDENCDMA2000 1xRTT/IS-2000EDGE (EGPRS)



2G - 2nd Generation – Digital

• PDC (Japan) Pacific Digital Cellular

• TDMA/FDMA

• GSM (World-wide)

• USDC (North American TDMA Cellular, aka US Digital Cellular) Dual-mode 800Mhz

• DAMPS: IS-54 (1992), IS-136 (1996)

• CDMA/FDMA

• IS-95 (CDMAone 1993) Dual-mode 800Mhz



2G - 2nd Generation – Digital Cellular• PCS – (Personal Communiations Services) 1.9 Ghz

PCS is a misnomer, but was supposed to be for a different type of coverage range and/or service than cellular phone service.

• TDMA/FDMA

• DCS-1900 – Upbanded GSM

• J-STD-011 – Upbanded USDC

• CDMA/FDMA

• J-STD-008 – Upbanded CDMA

Data rates from 9.6kbps to 14.4kbps. Slow.



2.5G - 2 1/2 Generation – Digital Cellular Enhanced

• HSCSD (High Speed Circuit-Switched Data)

• 38.4kbps

• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

• 144kbps

• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution)

• 384kbps


“Three G”

3G

W-CDMA UMTS (3GSM) FOMA

TD-CDMA/UMTS-TDD

1xEV-DO/IS-856

TD-SCDMA

GAN (UMA)HSPA

HSDPAHSUPA

HSPA+HSOPA)



3G - 3rd Generation – Digital Next Generation

• 3GPP – UMTS/UTRA, WCDMA, ARIB

• UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecom System• European implementation of IMT2000 standard

• WCDMA – Wide band CDMA (NTT Japan)

• CDMA

• CDMA2000 (US)

Data rates from 144kbps to 2000kbps.


“Four G”

4G

UMB 3GPP2 Project based on IS-95/CMDA (e.g CDMA2000)

UMTS Revision 8 (LTE) 3GPP Project based on evolved GSM (UTMS)

WiMAX


Cellular Techology and Standards - 4th Generation

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)

• OFDMA technology

• 3GPP2 CDMA200 upgrade’s brand name

• 280 Mbits/sec downstream, 75 Mbits up

• Std in 2007, commercialization in 2009.

• IP based -- but supports voice cell calls

• Interoperable with 1x and 1XEV-DO



UMTS Revision 8 (LTE) - 3GPP Long Term Evolution • E-UTRA OFDMA down, SC-FDMA uplink

• 3GPP GMS/UTMS upgrade’s name - AKA SC-FDMA)

• 100 Mbits/sec downstream, 50 Mbits up

• Std in 2007, commercialization in 2009.

• IP based -- voice cell to WiMAX & UMB?

• Interoperable with GMS/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS - WRT mobility hand-offs



WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

• IEEE 802.16 standard AKA WirelessMAN100

• Theoretical 70 Mbits (distance related)

• 20 - 30 Kilometres radius• IEEE 802.16e-2005 is called “Mobile WiMax”


Cellular Techology Security

GSM has been criticized for cryptographic insecurity. It is a non-open, licensed system. In 1999 Adi Shamir and Alex Biryukov deciphered GSM A5/1.

• http://www.brookson.com/gsm/contents.htm• http://tito.hack3r.com/textos/telephonia/gsm-secur.html

The SDA (SmartCard Developers Assn.), Ian Goldberg and David Wagner of UC Berkeley ‘cloned’ a SIM card in 1998 (broke Comp128):

• http://www.scard.org/press/19980413-01/

Data rates from 10Mbps to 150Mbps!


GPRS Security

GPRS - Global General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

2.5G Packet-switched Mobile Data Service

Built on GSM and IS-136

Uses GSM security.

Superceded oler GSM CSD (Circuit Switched Data)

Superceded by EGPRS (Edge GPRS) 200+ Kbps vs. 60 - 80 Kbps


1XRTT and EVDO

EV-DO - Evolution Data OptimizedBuilt on CDMA - 1x data available w/CDMA1xRTT 50 Kbps-100 Kbps - burst to 144Kbps# EVDO Rev 0 400kbps-700kbps Download, bursts up to 2.0Mbps, 50kbps-100kbps Upload Speed, bursts to 144Kbps.# EVDO Rev A 450Kbps-800Kbps Download, bursts to 3.0Mbps, 300Kbps-400Kbps Upload Speed, bursts to 1.8Mbps.Uses CDMA built-in encryption / security.


Cellular Techology / Mobile Data

• SMS – Short Message Service

• Similar to paging

• Small text messages

• Encryption is supported

• NTT DoCoMo iMode


Cellular Techology / Mobile Data

• WAP – Wireless Application Protocol

• 4 or 5 line text menus in ‘microbrowser’

• Designed for use of numeric keypad on cellphones called ‘Internet-enabled’ phones.

• Mobile Web: HTML/HDML/XML/WML files converted at WAP gateway.

• WTLS (Wireless Transport Level Security) provides single leg vs. end-to-end security using ECC (less cpu intensive), not RSA encryption.Uses X.509v3 certificates from root Trust CAs


Mobile Data Techology and Standards

Public Packet Data Networks (WAN Tech)

• 19.2kbps – Ardis, RAM, CDPD

• 128kbps – Metricom (circuit-switched)

Used by paging and wireless data services:

• RIM (Research in Motion) Blackberry

• AT&T Wireless

• Verizon

• Palm.net

• OmniSky


Mobile Data Techology

Public Packet Data Networks (WAN Tech)• Motorola DataTAC and ASTROs• EDACS (Ericsson Enhanced Digital Access

Communications System)• TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) – Europe.Used by :• Fedex• US Govt• Private companies who build their own mobile

data networks.


Mobile Data Device Security

Palm Security

@Stake NotSync utility demonstrated an attack on the Palm via the use of the IR port to attempt to sync with the Palm. The Sync could be hijacked and important information (e.g. password) obtained.

Any time you are beaming from a Palm you must be careful about any devices in IR range.


Blackberry Security

Has message level security between BB & BES(Blackberry Enterprise Server) but not on Internet.

Only allows ‘signed’ applications to run - but these could infect & compromise..Such an application could be used as a backdoor/proxy into enterprise networks.It could also read and send e-mail, SMS and Internet traffic.DISABLE the CAPABILITY TO INSTALL & RUN 3-rd Party Applications.


Wireless Data Tech and Standards

Wide/Metro Area PPP over Cellular Analog (AMPS) – 9.6kbps Digital (US CDMA) – 14.kbps

CDPD – 19.2kbpsMetricom Richochet modem– provides encryption!Wireless ISPs for high speed access Several hundred kbps to several megabits per second Proprietary MAN technologies Native American Reservation high speed Internet access

WiMax - 20 to 30 KM at 70 Megabits/sec.


PAN (Personal Area Network) Standards

PAN/piconet networks PCs, printers, peripherals, applicances in a very small (10’ – 20’) personal area network. Meant as wire/cable replacements.

Wireless LAN Technology

• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15)

• HomeRF

Middleware:

• Jini – Sun Microsystems Java – provides authentication and security


1, 10 and 100 metre versions.Uses 2.4Ghz freq range.Bluetooth uses custom algorithms based on the SAFER+ block cipher for authentication and key derivation.The E22 algorithm.is used for initialization and master key generation.Encryption is via the E0 stream cipher.“PINs” have been cracked/hacked. Encryption to be upgraded.Bluetooth 3 to use UMB.


Bluetooth Security Threats

Bluejacking - sending messages to Bluetooth-enabled devices.Bluesnarfing - stealing info from a Bluetooth device (contacts/addressbook)Bluestumbling - discovering and cataloging Bluetooth devicesBuebugging controlling another’s deviceBluetooth “rifle” can be used up to 1 mile to receive signal..


ZigBee (AKA HomeRF lite)

250 Kbps at up to 30 meters.

Uses the 2.4GHz radio band - ala 802.11b/g and 868/915 MHz.

HomeRF Lite plus the 802.15.4 specification.

AKA PURLnet, RF-Lite, Firefly & HomeRF Lite.

CSMA/CA in varied topologies up to 50 metres

Low Power


Summary and Unresolved Issues

Wireless data over digitally encrypted channels (e.g. US CDMA) is better security in general than “over” analog un-encrypted.No encryption nor security mechanism is 100% secure. You need to assess risk threats and evaluate tradeoffs.For sensitive/critical data you should use end-to-end protection: either encrypted applications (e.g. SSL) or VPNs (or both) over wireless networks even those with digital encryption.


Questions?


Additional Resources

• 3G Wireless FAQhttp://www.synchrotech.com/support/faq-3g.html

•Official Bluetooth SIG Website:http://www.bluetooth.com/

• HomeRF Working Group, Inc.http://www.homerf.org/

•IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee:http://www.ieee802.org/

•Wireless Application Protocol Forum Ltd.:http://www.wapforum.org/


Questions

Seminar 2A 8:30AM-Noon April 10, 2007 EDUCAUSE Security Professionals Conference H. Morrow Long,...

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