Semester One

Vocabulary Review

an event when one object in space casts a shadow onto another; when the Moon

moves through Earth’s shadow or is in Earth’s umbra

lunar eclipse

the act of one object going around another, like the orbit of a planet around the Sun(a year) or a satellite around a

planet

revolution

a scientific hypothesis that has been tested many times with the same outcome

theory

The total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance

thermal energy

theory that places the Sun at the center of the universe with planets and other objects

orbiting around it heliocentric

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another that

is touching

conduction

a group of billions of stars

galaxy

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler

substances by ordinary chemical changes; consists of

atoms of only one type element

when two forces are working on the same object in opposite

directions and no changes seem to be occurring

balanced forces

the speed and direction of an objects motion

velocity

an object bigger than an asteroid orbiting a star

planet

a cylindrical container marked with horizontal lines to

represent units of measurement and used to precisely measure

the volume of liquids graduated cylinder

the rise and fall of ocean water occurring at somewhat regular

intervals due to the gravitational pull of the Moon

tide

the planets, Sun, moons, stars, and everything that exists in

space

universe

the spinning of an object, like a planet (a day)

or other celestial body on its axisrotation

a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means

mixture

The amount of mass in a given volume

density

the Sun and all the objects revolving around it

solar system

the star groups made up of stars in the universe, not

always the same galaxy, that resemble familiar objects and

charactersconstellation

the attraction between objects that depends on the mass of

the objects and distance between them

gravitational pull

a narrow-mouthed container used to transport, heat, or store substances, often used when a

stopper is required Erlenmeyer flask

a distant sun glowing from heat produced by nuclear reaction at

its center

star

compound or element that is the result of a chemical

reaction

product

a positive or negative change in speed

acceleration

described using a reference point, direction, and displacement

motion

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid or a gas

convection

a particular kind of matter with uniform properties

substance

in all energy transfers, some energy is lost as thermal energy

energy inefficiency

the SI unit of measure of forceNewton

the irregular-shaped rocks, smaller than planets, that

revolve around the Sun

asteroid

an electrically neutral subatomic particle that is part of the nucleus of an atom and

has a mass slightly greater than that of a proton

neutron

the method of determining the volume of an irregularly shaped

objectdisplacement volume

an oval or flattened circular path that the moons, planets,

asteroids, and comets follow as they travel around the Sun

elliptical orbit

a type of force that acts upon an object without touching it (ex.

magnetism, gravity, electrostatic)

noncontact force

a variable in an experiment that is measuring the effect of the change made on purpose

dependent variable

the measurement of the amount of gravitational force

exerted on the mass of an object

weight

a change in the composition of a substance/object

chemical change

a space rock or dust from a comet or broken up asteroid

that burns up in the atmosphere of Earth

meteor

a change in the appearance of an substance or object

physical change

a celestial body that orbits the Sun, is large enough to have a nearly round

shape, does not clear the neighborhood around its orbit, and is not a satellite of a

planet

dwarf planet

the energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or

condition rather than its motion

potential energy

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical

properties of that element

atom

a variable that must remain the same throughout the

experiment

constant

the force that pulls an object moving in a circle toward the

center of the circle and causes the object to follow a curving

pathcentripetal force

the positively charged central region of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons and

containing most of the mass of the atomnucleus (atomic)

a force that opposes the motion of an object

friction

an event when one object in space casts a shadow onto another; when the Moon’s

shadow crosses Earth

solar eclipse

a substance participating in a chemical reaction, especially

one present at the start of the reaction

reactant

a part of an experiment set up to represent normal,

unchanged conditions that is used for comparison at the end

of an experimentcontrol or control group

forces working in opposite directions that result in

acceleration of an object

unbalanced forces

a stable subatomic particle that has a positive electric charge

and is part of the nucleus of an atom

proton

a variable in an experiment that is changed on purpose by

the investigator to see the effect it may have

independent variable

the process of changing one form of energy into another;

energy is never created or destroyed

energy transformation

The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

radiation

a celestial body that revolves around a planet

moon – natural satellite

the apparent force that seems to cause a body turning around

a center to move away from the center

centrifugal force

a group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds so that they move as a single unit

molecule

the energy possessed by a body as a result of being in motion

that is dependent on mass and velocity of the object

kinetic energy

a stable subatomic particle with a negative electric charge

that spins around an atom’s nucleus in orbits called shells

electron

the amount of salt dissolved in a solution; it’s much higher in the

ocean than in rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water

salinity