Semester 2 Final Review Part 2
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Transcript of Semester 2 Final Review Part 2
Semester 2 Final Review Part 2
Carbohydrates, Photosynthesis & Respiration and Ecology
DECOMPOSERS Cause decay and release essential
nutrients back into the environment to be recycled.1. Scavengers2. Detritivores3. Saprotrophs
• Obtain their energy from organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at all trophic levels
• Ex vultures.
1. Scavenger:
Scavergers can also include: Secondary (2nd Order) CONSUMERS (Omnivores)-
Omnivore Eats herbivores
as well as being a scavengerEx. Bear,
racoon
2. Detritivore: Consume
detritus (dead organic matter) Ex. Worms
3. Saprotrophs Feed exclusively on
dead or decaying organic material.
Saprophyte: Release digestive
enzymes to break down organic material in their surrounding environment and survive by taking up the simpler soluble substances produced (spit and suck) Ex. Fungi, bacteria
FOOD WEB
FOOD WEB shows the interactions between a wide variety
of organisms in the environment creating a complicated, interconnected path of
energy flow. are used to study effects of the changing or
introduction of a variable in an environment
Ecological Pyramids:
graphs which illustrate the trophic levels in a community.
Does all the energy this caterpillar eats get passed to the bird who eats him?
Plant material eaten by caterpillar
100 kilocalories (kcal)
Feces50 kcal
Growth
15 kcal
Cellular respiration
35 kcal
Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at
the top. This is because every time that an organism is eaten by the next trophic level, some of the energy is lost as heat.
More Energy
Less Energy
Pyramid of Biomass:• Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic
level – Biomass weight is determined after dehydration
• Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels.
• Measured in Kg, grams or pounds
Pyramid of Energy:• Shows the energy available at each trophic
level.– The size of the blocks represents the proportion of
productivity– Measured in Joules or Calories
Pyramid of Numbers:• Illustration of the number of organisms at
each level
POPULATIONS
Definition:All the members of a species that live in one place at one time.
PROPERTIES of Populations
Population SIZE The number of individuals in a population
Population DENSITY Number of individuals per unit of area
DISPERSION SPATIAL distribution of individuals within the population
Uniform Random Clumped
Population Growth RATE
Definition The amount by which a population’s size
changes over time.
Population Growth RATE
Depends on: Birth Death Emigration: movement of individuals OUT OF a
population Immigration: movement of individuals INTO a
population
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EXPONENTIAL Model of Population Growth
Population increases rapidly with no limit What will a graph look like? Rare in nature. Why?
“J” shaped curve
Limit on the amount of resources (food / space)
Population Growth
Limited by Carrying Capacity
Definition: The number of individualsthe environment can support over a long period of time
LOGISTIC Model of Population Growth
Accounts for influence of limiting factors (like food, space)
What will the graph look like?
Stretched out “S”When population is small, birth rate is higher
than death rate
As population reaches carrying capacity,
death rate increases
When at carrying capacity, birth rate is equal to
death rate
Population Size REGULATION
1. Density Independent Factors: reduce population regardless of population sizeExamples: Weather Fires Floods
Population Size REGULATION
2. Density Dependent Factors: triggered by increasing population densityExamples Food shortages Space limitations Waste accumulation
Example of Exponential Growth Phase (J-Shaped Curve)
Ex. Human Population Human population increased
relatively slowly until about 1650. It then doubled in the next two
centuries It doubled again in the next 80
years.
Our population is now about 6.9 billion. This increases by 80 million/year This in an increase of 214,000/day. It takes 3 years for the world population to add
the population equivalent of another US.
Ecological Principles VocabularyBiome Predation Decomposer
Parasitism ScavengerBiodiversity Mutualism Detritivore Commensalism Saprotroph
Population Pyramid of Energy Food Chain Pyramid of Biomass Food Web Pyramid of Numbers Autotroph Population Producer Immigration
Trophic Levle Heterotroph EmigrationEcology Consumer LogisticBiosphere -primary, etc… ExponentialHabitat Herbivore Carrying CapacityBiotic/Abiotic Omnivore Density Dependent Limiting Factor
Community Carnivore Density Independent Limiting Factor
Dispersion Patterns