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CHAPTER IWHAT IS SEMANTIC ?

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YesPRAGMATICSSEMANTICS

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YesREASONS TO LEARN SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICSPRAGMATICS VS SEMANTICSSemantics refers to the meaning of words in a language and the meaning within the sentence.

Semantics considers the meaning of the sentence without the context.

The field of semantics focus on three basic things: the relations of words to the objects denoted by them, the relations of words to the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax)" [1].

Semantics is just the meaning that the grammar and vocabulary impart, it does not account for any implied meaning.Example :

THE DEFINITION

Lexical is the meaning compatible with dictionary.It need to know that dictionaries which notactually so to exist the other means not lexical likefigurative meaning.Example:I walked five kilos yesterday, and now my legs ache.The ache in my foot prevented me from running fast.

LEXICAL MEANING

LEXICAL MEANINGGRAMATICALCONTEXTUAL MEANINGREFERENCIAL & NON REFERENCIAL MEANING

CONCEPTUAL & ASSOCIATION MEANINGDENOTATIVE & CONOTATIVE MEANINGKINDS OF SEMANTICS

GRAMATICAL MEANINGA grammatical process will happen after covering grammatical process.

Example :Cloth using a clothHorse Riding a horsemis + understand + ing = misunderstandingcopy + able = copable

Contextual meaning is word avaible in the one context.Example :My brother felt by bike.She have fallen in the examination.He felt falling in love to my sister.If price had fallen, we would have become bankrupt

CONTEXTUAL MEANINGThe words have meaning is called referencial and havent meaning is called non referencial. The words like horse, red, and picture (referencial) on the contrary and, or, but and because (non referencial).Deictic word is the words included pronoun like she/he, you, and I. the words explain to room like here, there, those, adverb of time like now, tomorrow, yesterday. The words called indicator like this and those.Example :A word I statement belong to reference its not same :I met with Mr Ahmad Ani said Ali.

REFERENCIAL & NON-REFERENCIAL MEANINGTHE DEFINITIONKINDS OF SEMANTICSSEMANTIC RELATIONSSEMANTICS

WHAT IS SEMANTICDenotative meaning is the orginal of meaning or the thruth of meaning so denotative meaning same with lexical meaning. Connotative meaning is the other ofmeaning additional to denotative meaning. Example :Pig : Denotative : kind of animalConnotative: group of people that gather be once of group.

DENOTATIVE & CONNOTATIVE MEANINGCHAPTER IIISEMANTIC RELATIONS

SYNONYMANTONYMHOMONYMHYPONYMOUS

SEMANTIC RELATIONSSynonym is the same of words have the same ofmeaning. Example :Able Capable (Mampu)I shall be able to help when I get moneyShe is capable of teaching English to young childrenBeautiful Pretty (Cantik, Indah)She is a beautiful girlFitri has a pretty face

SYNONYMAntonym is the pair of words have different meaning. Example:Awake (Bangun) Asleep (Tidur)I awake at three everymorningHe is asleeping soundlyBegin (Mulai) Finish (Selesai)Andi begins to study SemanticsShe finishes her job on time.

ANTONYMIt means two concepts, A and B, which are expressed by the same symbol.

Example: Bank1. Both afinancial institution.2. Aedge of a river.Both are expressed by the word bank(the word has two senses).

HOMONYMHyponymous means a relation of "inclusion.e.g :Acatis a type ofanimal;"car- is a - VEHICLE" and "chicken- is a - BIRD". It can be thought of as being a shorthand for "is a type of". When all the relationships in a system are "is a", it is the system a taxonomy.

HYPONYMOUSCHAPTER IVPRAGMATICS MEANING

WHAT IS PRAGMATICPRAGMATICS & CONTEXTSPEECH ARTCONVERSATIONAL MAXIMSPRAGMATICSpragmatics Pragmatics and contexSpeech act Physical contexLinguistics contexSocial contex Epidemics contexConversational maximsDirect speechIndirect speechMaxim of quantityMaxim of qualityMaxim of mannerMaxim of relevance: Be relevantPragmatics is the study of how language is used and of the effect of context on language.In other meaning, pragmatic is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or (writer) and intrepeted by a listener or (reader).

PRAGMATICS & CONTEXTSEVERAL TYPES OF CONTEXT:Physical context (objects surrounding the communication, place and time of the the communication, what is going on around, etc.) a. I want that book. ( accompanied by pointing )b. Be here at 9:00 tonight. (place/time reference)

2. Linguistic context ( what has been said before in the conversation.)a. Linda came home late yesterday. She thought nobody would notice.b. If my mom heard you talk like that, . . .

PRAGMATICS & CONTEXTSPEECH ARTCONVERSATIONAL MAXIMSPRAGMATICS234. Epistemic context (what is known by both speaker and hearer.)Ex: Epistemic: from Greek episteme (knowledge), epi + histanai (to place, determine).E.g.: system, stem, steed, arrest, instant, understand, static, prostitute, insist, ecstasy.

PRAGMATICS & CONTEXT3. Social context (The social relationship of the people involved in communication.)Ex: a. To the President: #Mr. President, stop bugging me and go home.b. To your friend: #I do hereby humbly request that you might endeavor to telephone me with news of your arrival at your domicile when such arrival occurs.Better: Call me when you get home.Note: In Linguistics, [#] is used to mark sentences that are semantically or pragmatically odd.

SEVERAL TYPES OF CONTEXT:Speech act means the usage of language to accomplish something.1_ Direct speech acts: typical sentence form (e.g. interrogative sentence for aquestion)Could you close the door?You left the door open.Please close the door!

2_ Indirect speech acts (The form of the sentence suggest a different purpose than it actually has.) There are wolves on the prowl tonight.I'm warning you to watch out for wolves.

SPEECH ARTPRAGMATICS & CONTEXTSPEECH ARTCONVERSATIONAL MAXIMSPRAGMATICSAccording to H. Paul Grice (English philosopher, 1913 88) there are several principles which people implicitly obey when communicating (assuming cooperative conversation).

CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMSMAXIM OF RELEVANCEMAXIM OF QUANTITYMAXIM OF QUALITYMAXIM OF MANNERMAXIMS1. Maxim of Relevance: Be relevantAssuming B follows this maxim, A can interpret their answer:A: Is Sandy dating anyone these days?B: Well, she goes to Cleveland every weekend.A: Can you pick the kids up at school this afternoon?B: I have piano lessons at 3 p.m.

MAXIM OF RELEVANCEMAXIM OF RELEVANCEMAXIM OF QUANTITYMAXIM OF QUALITYMAXIM OF MANNERMAXIMS1. Make your contribution as informative as is required.i.e., "Don't say too little"2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.i.e., "Don't say too much"We usually assume that people are telling us everything we need to know. If they don't say something, then we assume they simply don't know that information or it is not relevant.A break of the maxim:A: John and Mary have 2 children.B: Are they planning on having a third?A: They already have a third child.X: How did Harry fare in court the other day?Y: Oh, he got a fine. (True, but Harry also got a death sentence)

MAXIM OF QUANTITYMAXIM OF RELEVANCEMAXIM OF QUANTITYMAXIM OF QUALITYMAXIM OF MANNERMAXIMSDo not say what you believe to be false.(i.e., dont lie)

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(i.e., dont say things which you cant back up)One of the main uses of the maxims, aside from describing how communication generally takes place, is to signal the presence of indirect speech.

MAXIM OF QUALITYMAXIM OF RELEVANCEMAXIM OF QUANTITYMAXIM OF QUALITYMAXIM OF MANNERMAXIMSAvoid obscurity of expression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief.Be orderly.These maxims relate to the form of speech you use. You shouldnt use words you know your listeners wont understand or say things which you know could be taken multiple ways. You should also not state something in a long, drawn-out way if you could say it in a much simpler manner.

Eg: Miss Singer sang The Star-Spangled Banner ( Miss Singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of The Star-Spangled Banner)

MAXIM OF MANNERMAXIM OF RELEVANCEMAXIM OF QUANTITYMAXIM OF QUALITYMAXIM OF MANNERMAXIMSCHAPTER VPRAGMATICS MEANING SEMANTICS MEANING VSAs the example above shows, considering both the pragmatic and semantic meaning of your sentence is important. Although semantics is concerned only with the meaning of the words and their interrelations, pragmatics focuses on the meaning that the speakers and listeners perceive. The following examples demonstrate the difference between the two:

She hasnt taken a shower. (today)He was so tired he could sleep for days.

PRAGMATICS VS SEMANTICS

In both of these examples, the context and pragmatic meaning really define the sentence. Has she really not taken a shower ever? Although the sentence says just that, the listener could assume that she may not have taken a shower today if they were not considering the pragmatic meaning. In the second example, we have a guy who is so tired he can sleep for days. Is he really going to sleep for days? Only the listeners and speaker could tell you. He may be just expressing that he is really tired or he could actually mean that he plans on sleeping for days.PRAGMATICS VS SEMANTICS

CHAPTER VIREASONS TO LEARN SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICSNew language learners need to start learning how to understand the pragmatic meaning of the sentence in order to avoid miscommunications. If they plan on fully comprehending the language and the meaning, they will have to learn how to process the pragmatic meaning of the sentence. Some ways to make the transition easier is byteachingphrases and idioms that are commonly said, but whose true meanings differ from the semantic meaning. An example of this is Crack the window.

REASONS TO LEARN SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICS

When teaching the pragmatic meaning of phrases, explain to your students what the actual meaning of the phrase is. In this case, you would explain that crack the window means to open the window so only a crack is showing. Although full comprehension of pragmatic meaning in language can take time, students can speed up the process by practicing the most common exceptions to the semantic meaning.

REASONS TO LEARN SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICS

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