Selling an Idea or a Product - Dental Management Coalition · Edward T. Lally, DMD, PhD Thomas...
Transcript of Selling an Idea or a Product - Dental Management Coalition · Edward T. Lally, DMD, PhD Thomas...
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OF
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
THE
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Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
Edward T. Lally, DMD, PhD
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► Thomas Evans Building (1915). ► Leon Levy Center for Oral Health Research (1969). ► Robert Schattner Center (2002).
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• Primary dentition is not involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of inflammation or plaque
formation • Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial predilections • Vigorous humoral immune response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late teens • Simple flora--A. actinomycetemcomitans is the
primary cultivatable organism
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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• Primary dentition is not involved
• Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial
predilections • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is
the primary cultivatable organism
•
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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• Primary dentition is not involved
• Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial
predilections • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is
the primary cultivatable organism
•
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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• Primary dentition is not involved
• Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial
predilections • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is
the primary cultivatable organism
•
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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• Primary dentition is not involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of inflammation or
plaque formation • Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial predilections • Vigorous humoral immune response to this
organism • Disease “burns out” in late teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary
cultivatable organism
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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• Primary dentition is not involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of inflammation or
plaque formation • Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial predilections • Vigorous humoral immune response to this
organism • Disease “burns out” in late teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary
cultivatable organism
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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• Primary dentition is not involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of inflammation or
plaque formation • Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial predilections • Vigorous humoral immune response to this
organism • Disease “burns out” in late teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary
cultivatable organism
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis
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A. actinomycetemcomitans
A pioneer colonizer
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
•Member of the Family Pasteurellae, a HAP(M) organism •Non-enteric, fermenting, Gram negative coccobacillus •Only Actinobacillus species routinely cultured from man. •A pioneer colonizer (4 months) of the oral cavity •Comprised of five serotypes (a-e)--Serotype b is associated w/ LJP. •Catalase-positive •Serum-resistant •Produces leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt)
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
•Member of the Family Pasteurellae, a HAP(M) organism •Non-enteric, fermenting, Gram negative coccobacillus •Only Actinobacillus species routinely cultured from man. •A pioneer colonizer (4 months) of the oral cavity •Comprised of five serotypes (a-e)--Serotype b is associated w/ LJP. •Catalase-positive •Serum-resistant •Produces leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt)
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans •Non-enteric, fermenting, Gram negative coccobacillus
•Member of the Family Pasteurellae, a HAP(M) organism
•Member of the HACEK group (H. parainfluenzae, H. aphrophilus, and H. paraphrophilus), A. actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species), the most common cause of gram-negative endocarditis among children
•Only Actinobacillus species routinely cultured from man
•A pioneer colonizer (4 months) of the oral cavity
•Produces leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt)
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Virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans
Factors that promote colonization and persistence in the oral cavity • Adhesins • Invasins • Bacteriocins Antibiotic resistance
Factors that interfere with the host's defenses • Leukotoxin • Cytolethal distending toxin • Chemotactic inhibitors • Fc-binding proteins
Factors that destroy host tissues • Cytotoxins • Collagenase • Bone resorption agents • Stimulators of inflammatory mediators
Factors that inhibit host repair of tissues • Inhibitors of fibroblast proliferation • Inhibitors of bone formation
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans •Non-enteric, fermenting, Gram negative coccobacillus
•Member of the Family Pasteurellae, a HAP(M) organism
•Member of the HACEK group (H. parainfluenzae, H. aphrophilus, and H. paraphrophilus), A. actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species), the most common cause of gram-negative endocarditis among children
•Only Actinobacillus species routinely cultured from man
•A pioneer colonizer (4 months) of the oral cavity
•Produces leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt)
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Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin
1. 116 kDa member of repeats-in toxin (RTX) family of bacterial toxins.
2. Specifically kills human leukocytes including neutrophils, NK cells, B cells and T cells.
3. Toxin receptor is LFA-1, a β2 integrin
Leuk
otox
ic
Min
.-Leuk
otox
ic
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LtxA LtxC LtxB LtxD Promoter
Leukotoxin operon
Structural Toxin Gene
Acylase Secretion
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Periplasm
TolC
RtxD
RtxB
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LtxA LtxC LtxB LtxD Promoter
LtxA LtxC LtxB LtxD
LtxA Production and Aa strains
D 530 bp
Promoter
“Minimally” Leukotoxin Operon
Leukotoxin Operon
Leuk
otox
ic
Min
.-Leuk
otox
ic
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Highly leukotoxic strains of Aa are cultured from patients with active disease
• Haraszthy et al. found this strain in 55% of LJP patients (N=71).
• Haubek et al. found that highly leukotoxic Aa strains were exclusively associated with LJP.
• Bueno et al. found that individuals infected with highly leukotoxic Aa were 22.5 times more likely to develop LPJ than subjects with the minimally leukotoxic strain.
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Human 100 Chimpanzee 27 Baboon 19 Gorilla 19 Mangabe 16 Spot-nose guenon 16 Pig-tailed Macaque 16 Liontailed Macaque 14 Orang-utan 10 Debrazza’s guenon 4 Diana 2
Gibbon < 0.1 Grivet < 0.1 Vervet < 0.1 Marmoset < 0.1 Cebus < 0.1 Spider < 0.1 Squirrel < 0.1
Relative sensitivity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans LTX to primate PMNs*
*(% control)
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Effect of LtxA on Target Cells
RTX treated Normal
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A
D
B
C7
-AA
D F
luro
es
en
ce
Hoechst 33342 Fluoresence
101
101
102
102
103
103
104
104
D
C
B
A
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Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
• A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary cultivatable organism
• Familial predilection • Primary dentition is not
involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens
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Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
• A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary cultivatable organism
• Familial predilection • Primary dentition is not
involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens
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Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
• A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary cultivatable organism
• Familial predilection • Primary dentition is not
involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens
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A. actinomycetemcomitans infections are clonal infections which
show vertical transmission through families.
.
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Differences in the Ltx promoter structure are associated with clinical
disease
PCR analysis of dental plaque samples indicating the presence of both highly leukotoxic and minimally leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans in the same individual. PCR using the leukotoxin primers was performed on a pooled dental plaque sample taken from each of 7 subjects. Lane 1, molecular weight markers; lanes 2, 3, 4, and 8, the 1022 base pair product indicates the presence of minimally leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans; lanes 6 and 7, the 492 base pair product indicates the presence of highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans; lane 5, the 1022 and 492 base pair products indicate the presence of both highly leukotoxic and minimally leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans
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Differences in the Ltx promoter structure
is linked to the production of toxin.
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Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
• A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary cultivatable organism
• Familial predilection • Primary dentition is not
involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens
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• Decreased chemotaxis • Altered superoxide production • Decreased Ca2+ mobilization • Decreased phagocytosis • Defective fMLP-mediated chemotaxis • Decreased diacylglycerol kinase activity
Cellular defects attributed to patients with LAP
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Reconciling the A. actinomycetemcomitans mutant and genetic defect lines of experimentation: Unifying
hypothesis or shotgun wedding?
• a virulent strain of A. actinomycetem-comitans has found and selectively colonized individuals with the LAP immune cell deficiency
• the JP2 mutant is ubiquitous but colonization proceeds in individuals with a selective immune defect
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The alternative hypothesis---
Vertical transmission of an organism
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
Signs: Depend on stage of disease Peracute:
• Sudden onset of severe illness • Pigs found dead with no clinical signs of
disease • Fever, off feed, difficulty breathing, open
mouth breathing • Bloody foam coming from nose and/or mouth
Acute: • Fever, depression, off feed • Coughing • Difficulty breathing, open mouth breathing
Chronic: • Off feed • Decreased average daily weight gain
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Necropsy findings
• Blood, necrotic debris, and fibrin around lungs
• Blood tinged fluid in the thorax
• Bloody foam in trachea and lung airways
• Abscesses
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Localized Aggressive Periodontitis
• A. actinomycetemcomitans is the primary cultivatable organism
• Familial predilection • Primary dentition is not
involved • Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens
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• Primary dentition is not involved
• Peripubertal onset • Minimal clinical evidence of
inflammation or plaque formation
• Molar/incisor involvement • Familial and racial
predilections • Vigorous humoral immune
response to this organism • Disease “burns out” in late
teens • A. actinomycetemcomitans is
the primary cultivatable organism
•
Localized Aggressive (Juvenile) Periodontitis