Self-Esteem. Definitions Global (Trait) Self-Esteem is the way we generally feel about or evaluate...

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Self-Esteem

Transcript of Self-Esteem. Definitions Global (Trait) Self-Esteem is the way we generally feel about or evaluate...

Self-Esteem

Definitions

• Global (Trait) Self-Esteem is the way we generally feel about or evaluate ourselves.

• State Self-Esteem is how we feel about or evaluate ourselves at a given point in time.

• Self-Evaluations are how we feel about or evaluate specific dimensions of self (e.g., appearance, intelligence, social skills, etc.)

Measures of Self-Esteem

• Rosenberg (1965)– 10 item self-report measure of global

self-esteem.– most commonly used measure.

• Heatherton & Polivy (1991)– State self-esteem scale– Sensitive to experimental

manipulations and clinical treatments

Origins of Self-Esteem

A. Cognitive views– “Add ‘em up” model– “Add ‘em up” and weight by

importance model

These models both predict global self-esteem

– Appearance is the most predictive factor (Harter, 2003)

Self-Evaluation as a Function of Self-Esteem

Brown (1993)Attribute HSE LSEAthletic 5.6 4.8Attractive 5.2 4.4Capable 6.2 5.6Smart 5.7 5.0Incompetent 1.5 2.2Phony 1.5 2.0Uncoordinated 1.6 2.3Unpopular 1.9 2.7Scale: 1(not at all true of me) to 7(very true of me).All SE differences significant, p < .05.

A Cognitive-Developmental

Perspective (Harter, 2003)Cognitive ability to integrate self-

evaluations into a global representation of self does not develop until middle childhood (8 yrs old).

Therefore, children do not have global self-esteem until this point.

Harter, continuedAge Self-Representation Self-Evaluation

2-4 Concrete, observable, compartmentalized

Unrealistically +

5-7 Able to group similar attributes together, but all or none thinking

Typically +

(except with abusive parents)

8-11 Higher-order generalizations (key for global self-esteem), able to integrate + and - attributes

+ and -, more accurate

12-14 Further abstraction of trait labels, but difficulty integrating seemingly contradictory characteristics

Unstable

15-16 Recognition of inconsistencies, increased introspection

Vacillating

17+ Deal with inconsistencies, recognition that it’s normal

More balanced, stable

Affective Models

• Self-Esteem based on feelings of:– Belonging– Mastery– These come from early childhood

experiences

Attachment

   A close emotional relationship among two persons characterized by:

• proximity- strive to be near one another

• selectivity- not just anybody will do

Attachment Theory

Based on interaction with caregivers, infants develop an “internal working model” of self as good and worthy of love or bad and unworthy of love.

This may be the basis for self-esteem.

Individual Differences in Attachment Style

Strange situations test reveals:• Secure• Insecure

– Anxious/Ambivalent– Avoidant

Attachment and Self-Esteem

• Attachment in infancy predicts self-esteem in preschool and kindergarten (Cassidy, 1990).

• Childhood parental attachment is correlated with adult romantic attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).

• Adult romantic attachment is correlated with adult self-esteem (Bylsma et al., 1997).

Does infant attachment predict adult SE?

Comparison of Cognitive and Affective Models

• Cognitive has more empirical support– But this may be because it is easier to

test and existing measures were developed by cognitive theorists.

• Cognitive has problems with directionality

• Affective fits better with evidence that global self-esteem is stable

Consequences of Self-Esteem

Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness or healthier lifestyles?

Baumeister et al. (2003).

Consequences of Self-Esteem

Problems with self-esteem research:• Directionality• Heterogeneity• Self-report

Consequences of Self-Esteem

Performance:• SE and school performance are correlated, but

no causal relationship.• SE has little impact on work performance.

Aggression:• Not related to SE (but is related to

narcissism).

Consequences of Self-Esteem

Happiness• Strongly related to SE.• LSE related to depression.

Health:• Smoking, alcohol use, drug use, early sexual

activity, and teen pregnancy are unrelated to SE.

• LSE is a risk factor for eating disorders.

Consequences of Self-Esteem

Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness or healthier lifestyles?

Answers: No, No, Probably, Sporadically.

Baumeister et al. (2003).

Functions of Self-Esteem

• Self-Esteem as an Interpersonal Monitor (Leary et al., 1995)

• Self-Esteem as an Anxiety Buffer (Greenberg et al., 1997)

Sociometer Model

• SE is an interpersonal monitor– Evolutionary adaptation

• Inclusion causes (state) SE to increase; exclusion causes (state) SE to decrease.

Leary et al. (1995)

Studies 1 & 2: Feelings of inclusion vs. exclusion were strongly correlated with feelings of self-worth.

Leary et al. (1995)

Studies 1 & 2: Feelings of inclusion vs. exclusion were strongly correlated with feelings of self-worth.

Studies 3 & 4: Inclusion feedback led to more positive feelings than exclusion feedback.

Leary et al. (1995) Study 3

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4.6

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5

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

Random Group Choice

IncludedExcluded

Leary et al. (1995)

Studies 1 & 2: Feelings of inclusion vs. exclusion were strongly correlated with feelings of self-worth.

Studies 3 & 4: Inclusion feedback led to more positive feelings than exclusion feedback.

Study 5: Feelings of inclusion were strongly correlated with global self-esteem (r = .55)

Terror Management Theory

• Self-Esteem buffers people against existential terror.

Evolutionary Adaptations

Desire for Self-Preservation (shared with other animals)

Cognitive Abilities (unique to humans)

Annihilation anxiety Awareness of the inevitability of death

POTENTIAL TERROR

Terror is controlled by:

• Immersion in a cultural worldview “a shared conception of reality that imbues life with meaning, order, and permanence and the promise of safety and death transcendence to those who meet the prescribed standards of value”

• “The belief that one is living up to those standards of value (self-esteem).”

Basic Implications

• Self-esteem buffers anxiety• The cultural worldview must be

defended when threatened

Self-Esteem as an Anxiety Buffer

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Neutral Feedback Positive Feedback

No ThreatThreat