Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that...

23
Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? Steve Mackin

Transcript of Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that...

Page 1: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go?

Steve Mackin

Page 2: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Aim

“The aim is to develop the means to have truly self­calibrating satellite imagers with no human intervention and no onboard calibration equipment.”

Page 3: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Why do we (DMCii) need it ?

DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites.

Always we seem to have 3­6 satellites to manage, but we expect the number to increase.

We also expect each satellites capability to increase (more bands, higher resolution, more images per orbit) so more data.

Sadly, there is no corresponding increase in staff numbers. We have approximately 0.08 of a year for one staff member to do this task.

Page 4: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Choices

Given the increasing data quantities with no increase in support we have no choice but to automate as completely as possible all of our procedures.

Page 5: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Our current satellites

3 to 5 bands in the VNIR2.5m to 22m GSDNo onboard calibration

Page 6: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Our future satellites ?

We would like to use 50kg satellites (B, G, R, NIR, SWIR), 12 bit data, two star cameras.

Its feasible to launch five together to get 24 hour repeat at 5m resolution, always on over land.

Data volumes would be massive for our small group

Page 7: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Current Calibration / data quality checks

Calibration Bias ­ Dark images (Pacific at night)

Relative Calibration ­ White images (Antarctic / Greenland)

Absolute Calibration (Cross­Calibration) – Dune field (Libya 4)

Page 8: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Problems

Labour intensive process to extract information over the identified test sites.

Requires specific targets which may be cloudy (Dome­C, Libya 4) or not suitable (Greenland and Dome­C with low sun angles).

Uses satellite capacity which could be used on commercial contracts, as out systems are not currently “always on”.

Tends to be a less frequent activity than we would like given the other demands on our time.

Page 9: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Problems

If infrequent…

Vertical striping residuals (very common)

Changes in relative gain curve (has happened)

Absolute calibration drift (always)

Changes in SNR characteristics of sensor (does happen)

Also we can have calibration errors

Not yawing properly (relative calibration over Dome­C)

Surface not homogeneous enough for relative calibration

Page 10: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Dome- C Issues

Surface VariabilityIssues in homogeneity across the swath of the instrument. We need to be careful when yawing the spacecraft to reduce illumination slopes in the profiles

Page 11: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

What would be ideal ?

Use all images (heterogeneous)Crops, water, soil, urban

No specific calibration acquisitionsNever calibrate manually again…!!

Key parameters checked once per week

The System updates its own coefficients

The System flags changes to operators

The updates take place before a user can actually detect the data quality issue

Page 12: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Typical Images

Ordinary images collected over any target type

Page 13: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Is it feasible?

Individual detector drift (vertical striping)

Relative calibration curve changes (banding)

Signal to Noise Ratio changes

Page 14: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Individual Detector Striping

No matter how good the calibration of linear CCD’s there tends to be drift of individual detector response with time, producing striping effects.

Corrected in the past using white (snow) scenes which we consider uniform, but are only approximate flat­fields.

Page 15: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Dome- C Issues

Surface VariabilityIssues in homogeneity across the swath of the instrument. We need to be careful when yawing the spacecraft to reduce illumination slopes in the profiles

Page 16: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Individual Detector Striping - Experiment

0.2% change >1% change

Page 17: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Individual Detector Striping - Experiment

• Coefficient number 222 was reduced by 0.2% for 10 NigeriaSat­2 scenes

• This is about 40,000 lines of data

• As we increased the number of scenes we reduced the background clutter to reveal underlying features

Page 18: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Relative Calibration Changes

One can monitor changes in groups of detectors.Temporal changes, CCD boundaries, external influences

Page 19: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Relative Calibration Changes

One can monitor changes in groups of detectors.Pre­launch calibration errors

Series 1 is from heterogeneous images, Series 2 is pre-launch

Page 20: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Full SNR Profiles can be determined

The upper edge defines the SNR

Page 21: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation

Uses heterogeneous images (approximately 30 to 50% accepted)Improved SNR as we have changed data processing (8 to 10 bit, dynamic gain allocation)Could be implemented per detector…!

Page 22: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Absolute Calibration (automatically)

Pseudo­Invariant Calibration Sites

2001

Page 23: Self-Calibrating Satellite Imagers, how far can we go? · DMCii is a commercial company that currently provides calibration and data quality services for three satellites. Always

Absolute Calibration using all images?

Examining the limitations currently using simulations to try and understand the fundamental accuracy we can achieve.

First tests using all data, show it to be less sensitive than using Pseudo­Invariant Calibration Sites.

Considering a new method based on modelling and measurement of the saturation radiance.