SegreSegregation gation and the and the DisenfranchisemDisenfranchisement of the Southent of the South

SS8H7 The student will SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, evaluate key political, social, and economic social, and economic

changes that occurred in changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and Georgia between 1877 and

1918.1918.

b. Analyze how rights were denied to b. Analyze how rights were denied to African- Americans through Jim Crow African- Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. laws, Plessy v.

Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence. racial violence.

Supreme Court DecisionsSupreme Court Decisions

18961896• Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson made made

segregationsegregation the law of the land the law of the land until until 19541954. .

• U.S. Supreme Court upheld Jim U.S. Supreme Court upheld Jim Crow Laws with a vote of Crow Laws with a vote of 7-17-1..

1899 1899 • Cummings v. Richmond Cummings v. Richmond County Board County Board

of Education of Education upheld upheld Georgia Georgia laws to laws to create “separate but equal” schools.create “separate but equal” schools.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 In addition to the In addition to the

indirectindirect and and illegalillegal denial of denial of civil rightscivil rights blacks encountered blacks encountered legallegal set backs. set backs.

The US Supreme Court The US Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson in Plessy v. Ferguson approved approved officially officially segregated segregated facilitiesfacilities. .

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws Laws passed in the Laws passed in the SouthSouth that set up a that set up a

system of system of legallegal separation between the separation between the races in races in public public placesplaces

Named After a minstrel Named After a minstrel song-and-dancsong-and-dance e routineroutine

Defacto DiscriminationDefacto Discrimination discriminationdiscrimination resulted in the resulted in the practicepractice of of

discrimination, but was not upheld by law discrimination, but was not upheld by law

““SeparaSeparate but te but

Equal” Equal”

The court found that The court found that states could legally states could legally separate the races by separate the races by providing providing “separate but “separate but equal”equal” facilities. This, facilities. This, according to the S. according to the S. Court, would not Court, would not violateviolate the equal protection the equal protection clause of the clause of the 14th14th AmendmentAmendment

Of course, from Of course, from schoolsschools to to waiting rooms waiting rooms at at train stationstrain stations the the facilities were facilities were notnot equal. equal.

Political Rights After Political Rights After ReconstructionReconstruction

Poll taxesPoll taxes, , literacy literacy teststests, and , and grandfather clauses grandfather clauses were all used to deny were all used to deny blacks the right to blacks the right to vote.vote.

The The 1515thth amendment amendment was circumvented.was circumvented.

Poll TaxPoll Tax a a capital tax capital tax levied equally on every levied equally on every adult adult in the in the

community. Although no longer a significant source of community. Although no longer a significant source of revenue for any major country, the poll tax did provide revenue for any major country, the poll tax did provide large sums for many governments until well into the large sums for many governments until well into the 1800s. The tax has long been attacked as being an 1800s. The tax has long been attacked as being an unfairunfair burden upon those less able to pay. In the United States, burden upon those less able to pay. In the United States, the poll tax has been connected with the poll tax has been connected with voting voting rights. Poll rights. Poll taxes enacted in taxes enacted in SouthernSouthern states between states between 18891889 and and 19101910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting. By the prerequisite for voting. By the 1940s1940s some of these taxes some of these taxes had been abolished, and in had been abolished, and in 19641964 the the 24th Amendment 24th Amendment to to the U.S. Constitution disallowed the poll tax as a the U.S. Constitution disallowed the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. In prerequisite for voting in federal elections. In 19661966 this this prohibition was extended to all elections by the U.S. prohibition was extended to all elections by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that such a tax violated the Supreme Court, which ruled that such a tax violated the "equal protection" clause of the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment 14th Amendment to the to the Constitution. Constitution.

Segregated Drinking Segregated Drinking FountainFountain

Routine acts like Routine acts like using a rest room using a rest room or getting a drink or getting a drink were an exercise in were an exercise in humiliation for humiliation for blacks.blacks.

Blacks who Blacks who challenged “Jim challenged “Jim Crow” laws often Crow” laws often met with violence. met with violence.

Disenfranchisement of Black Disenfranchisement of Black votersvoters

• In 1900, 12% of population in United States were In 1900, 12% of population in United States were BlacksBlacks

47% of population in Georgia were Blacks47% of population in Georgia were Blacks

1908 1908 • Georgia enacted the Georgia enacted the Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause, which only , which only

allow black males to vote if their grandfather or fathers allow black males to vote if their grandfather or fathers were eligible to vote in 1867.were eligible to vote in 1867.

• Strict voting requirementsStrict voting requirements

1. 1. Own propertyOwn property

2. 2. Poll TaxPoll Tax

3. 3. Literacy testsLiteracy tests

• GerrymanderingGerrymandering established voting districts to weaken established voting districts to weaken Black voting powerBlack voting power

LynchingLynching

A mob’s A mob’s illegal illegal seizure and seizure and execution of a execution of a suspected criminal suspected criminal or troublemakeror troublemaker

Great Migration 1910-20Great Migration 1910-20

Some blacks Some blacks ““voted with their voted with their feetfeet” leaving the ” leaving the South for South for NorthernNorthern cities. cities.

While there was While there was racial racial injusticeinjustice in the in the NorthNorth, , there were there were opportunities opportunities too!too!Cities like New York, Chicago,

and Detroit greatly increased their black population.

Literacy TestLiteracy Test

Literacy test were used to determine Literacy test were used to determine votervoter eligibility, eligibility, the following test was given in Alabama in 1965the following test was given in Alabama in 1965

1.1. In Groups of three you will complete the literacy In Groups of three you will complete the literacy test. test.

2.2. You may not use any resources other than yourself.You may not use any resources other than yourself.

3.3. The group with the most correct answers will get The group with the most correct answers will get 100 to replace their lowest grade in the grade book 100 to replace their lowest grade in the grade book (cannot replace a unit test grade)(cannot replace a unit test grade)

4.4. Good luck!!!Good luck!!!

SS8H7 SS8H7 The student will evaluate key The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918.between 1877 and 1918.c. Explain the roles of c. Explain the roles of Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington, , W. E. B. DuBoisW. E. B. DuBois, , John John and Lugenia Burns and Lugenia Burns HopeHope, and , and Alonzo Alonzo Herndon. Herndon.

Significant Significant LeadersLeadersW.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) Born in Born in MassachusettsMassachusetts Attended school where Attended school where

he excelled academicallyhe excelled academically Attended Attended Fisk University Fisk University

in Tennessee in Tennessee 1895 first African 1895 first African

American to receive a American to receive a Ph.D. from Ph.D. from HarvardHarvard

Supporter of Pan- Supporter of Pan- Africanism the belief Africanism the belief that all African that all African Americans should Americans should join join together and work to together and work to conquer conquer prejudiceprejudice

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) Taught at the Taught at the UniversityUniversity

LevelLevel ProtestedProtested and fought and fought

against injustices of racial against injustices of racial discriminationdiscrimination

19091909 with the help of with the help of Mary White Ovington they Mary White Ovington they formed the formed the NAACPNAACP

Authored Authored several booksseveral books 1961 He moved to 1961 He moved to Ghana Ghana

Africa , where he spent the Africa , where he spent the remainder of his life as a remainder of his life as a communistcommunist party member. party member.

W.E.B. DuBois’ Views on W.E.B. DuBois’ Views on Civil RightsCivil Rights

1.1. He believed that He believed that BlacksBlacks needed to protest needed to protest the social and political system NOW, and the social and political system NOW, and demand social equality NOW!!demand social equality NOW!!

2. Renounced Washington’s “2. Renounced Washington’s “Atlanta Atlanta Compromise SpeechCompromise Speech”” (It was too (It was too accommodating to the present injustices of accommodating to the present injustices of the day, and the day, and onlyonly action will bring action will bring change!!)change!!)

3. Founder of 3. Founder of Niagara Movement Niagara Movement in in 19051905 with 29 other Black leaders in Niagara with 29 other Black leaders in Niagara Falls, CanadaFalls, Canada

Du Bois, said in the Du Bois, said in the Niagara Niagara Movement’s Movement’s Manifesto,Manifesto,

““We want full We want full manhood manhood suffragesuffrage and we and we want it now…. We want it now…. We are men! We want are men! We want to be treated as to be treated as men. And we shall men. And we shall win.”win.”

BeliefsBeliefs

African Americans African Americans should be free should be free to pursue a to pursue a collegecollege education in education in Advanced liberal arts educationAdvanced liberal arts education

African Americans African Americans should openly should openly strivestrive for their rights for their rights

College College educatededucated African American African American would have the best opportunity to would have the best opportunity to turn the “turn the “flood of discriminationflood of discrimination””

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington (1856-1915) (1856-1915)

born a slave in Hale's Ford, born a slave in Hale's Ford, VirginiaVirginia, reportedly on , reportedly on April 5, 1856. April 5, 1856.

After After emancipationemancipation, he , he worked in salt worked in salt furnaces furnaces and and coal coal minesmines beginning at beginning at age nineage nine

an an intelligentintelligent and and curiouscurious child, he yearned for an child, he yearned for an education and was education and was frustrated when he could frustrated when he could not receive good not receive good schooling schooling locallylocally

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington (1856-1915) (1856-1915)

at 16 his parents at 16 his parents allowed him to quit allowed him to quit work to go to work to go to schoolschool. . They had no money to They had no money to help him, so he walked help him, so he walked 200200 miles to attend miles to attend the Hampton Institute the Hampton Institute in Virginia and paid in Virginia and paid his his tuitiontuition and and board board there by working as there by working as the the janitorjanitor. .

Washington became a Washington became a teacherteacher. . He first taught in his home town, He first taught in his home town, then at the then at the Hampton InstituteHampton Institute, , and then in and then in 18811881, he founded the , he founded the Tuskegee Normal Tuskegee Normal and and Industrial Industrial Institute Institute in Tuskegee, in Tuskegee, AlabamaAlabama. .

He He traveledtraveled the country the country unceasingly to raise funds from unceasingly to raise funds from blacks and whites both; soon he blacks and whites both; soon he became a well-known became a well-known speakerspeaker. .

In In 18951895, Washington was asked to , Washington was asked to speak at the opening of the speak at the opening of the Cotton Cotton States ExpositionStates Exposition, an , an unprecedented honor for an unprecedented honor for an African American. His African American. His Atlanta Atlanta CompromiseCompromise speech explained his speech explained his major thesis, that blacks could major thesis, that blacks could secure their secure their constitutionalconstitutional rights rights through their own through their own economiceconomic and and moralmoral advancement rather than advancement rather than through through legallegal and and politicalpolitical changes. changes.

He He angeredangered some blacks who feared some blacks who feared it would encourage the foes of it would encourage the foes of equal equal rightsrights, whites , whites approvedapproved of his views. of his views.

His major His major achievementachievement was to win was to win over over diversediverse elements among elements among southern southern whites, without whose whites, without whose support the programs he envisioned support the programs he envisioned and brought into being would have and brought into being would have been been impossibleimpossible. .

He died on He died on November 14, 1915November 14, 1915..

BeliefsBeliefs

Africans should Africans should developdevelop practical practical vocation skills to acquire property vocation skills to acquire property and lead to economic prosperityand lead to economic prosperity

Africans could succeed in Africans could succeed in occupations occupations that whites needed that whites needed them to fillthem to fill

African Americans should stop African Americans should stop demanding equal rights and demanding equal rights and through through compromisecompromise get along with get along with whiteswhites

Equality

Booker T. Washington’s formulaBooker T. Washington’s formulaTuskegee InstituteTuskegee Institute

Washington opened what would become Tuskegee Institute in 1881 to train blacks to become teachers.

Economic success +

Education =

Du BoisDu Bois

Gradually gain rights. Full civil rights now!

WashingtoWashingtonn

vvs. s.

Booker T. Washington believed that equality would come through vocational education.

He accepted social segregation.

Du Bois believed Du Bois believed education was education was meaninglessmeaningless without without equalityequality..

N.A.A.C.P. N.A.A.C.P. formed formed to fight for to fight for political equality.political equality.

He led what was He led what was called “called “The The Niagara Niagara MovementMovement”.”.

W.E.B

Booker T.

Segregation’s GripSegregation’s Grip While DuBois and While DuBois and

Washington Washington debateddebated how to get how to get equalityequality, much of , much of the country stayed the country stayed in the grip of “Jim in the grip of “Jim Crow” laws.Crow” laws.

Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws separated the races separated the races at at moviesmovies, , ball ball gamesgames, , schoolsschools, , etc. etc.

John HopeJohn Hope(1868 to(1868 to 1936)1936)• Born to a Born to a ScottishScottish father father

and and BlackBlack mother who mother who were married in Augusta, were married in Augusta, GAGA

• Treated Treated wellwell until father until father died when John was 8.died when John was 8.

• Instead of passing off as Instead of passing off as just just white, he became white, he became proud of his Black proud of his Black heritageheritage

• Educated in Educated in New EnglandNew England, , and graduated from Brown and graduated from Brown University (RI) University (RI)

• Became professor at Became professor at Atlanta Baptist CollegeAtlanta Baptist College in 1899in 1899

John Hope’s Views on Civil RightsJohn Hope’s Views on Civil Rights

1.1. Shared same views as Shared same views as Du Bois Du Bois that that social action and protest will create social action and protest will create changechange

2.2. ““If we are not striving for If we are not striving for equalityequality, in , in heaven’s name, for what are we heaven’s name, for what are we livingliving?” ?” He believed that all Blacks must stand He believed that all Blacks must stand up for and “up for and “demand social equalitydemand social equality.”.”

3. Co-founder of 3. Co-founder of Niagara MovementNiagara Movement in in 19051905

John Hope’s AccomplishmentsJohn Hope’s Accomplishments

1.1. First Black president of Atlanta Baptist First Black president of Atlanta Baptist College College (Morehouse) in 1906, and Atlanta (Morehouse) in 1906, and Atlanta University in 1929.University in 1929.

2.2. One of the community leaders which helped One of the community leaders which helped restore calm after restore calm after Atlanta Riots in 1906.Atlanta Riots in 1906.

3.3. President of President of National Association of National Association of Teachers Teachers and Colored Schoolsand Colored Schools

4.4. Worked with Worked with YMCAYMCA and National Studies of and National Studies of Negro Life and HistoryNegro Life and History

5.5. Lead in creating the Lead in creating the Atlanta University Center Atlanta University Center (consolidating six black schools)(consolidating six black schools)

6.6. Also advocated for Also advocated for jobjob opportunities, better opportunities, better housinghousing, , recreationalrecreational facilities, and facilities, and health care health care throughout throughout nationnation

Lugenia Lugenia Burns Hope Burns Hope

******

Community Community organizer,organizer,

reformerreformer social activistsocial activist

Poster***Poster*** Create poster:Create poster:

Write the Standard – SS8H7 - Write the Standard – SS8H7 - The student will The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. 1877 and 1918.

Who – Was the leader.Who – Was the leader. What – What they believedWhat – What they believed When – Year born – Year diedWhen – Year born – Year died Where – Places this leader traveled to.Where – Places this leader traveled to. How – Did this leaderHow – Did this leader Why – Was their ideas importantWhy – Was their ideas important

EQ***EQ***

How did influential How did influential African Americans African Americans influence social, influence social, political and political and economic change?economic change?

Homework complete compare contrast Homework complete compare contrast sheet. Due January 7.sheet. Due January 7.

Standards focused on Standards focused on Economic Changes in GeorgiaEconomic Changes in Georgia

SS8H7a The student will evaluate the impact of . . . SS8H7a The student will evaluate the impact of . . . Henry Grady and International Cotton ExpositionHenry Grady and International Cotton Exposition

SS8E1 The student will give examples of goods and SS8E1 The student will give examples of goods and services produced in Georgia in different historical services produced in Georgia in different historical

periods.periods.

SS8E3 The student will evaluate the influence of SS8E3 The student will evaluate the influence of Georgia’s economic growth and development.Georgia’s economic growth and development.

B. Explain how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new B. Explain how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a businessgoods and services to start a business

C. Evaluate the importance of entrepreneurs in Georgia C. Evaluate the importance of entrepreneurs in Georgia such as enterprises Coca-Colasuch as enterprises Coca-Cola

Which of the following describes the meaning of profit as it pertains to economics? ***A. Accumulation of debt a business incurs from investing

B. The difference between the amount earned and the amount spent when operating a business C. The savings a business can acquire by buying its materials in bulk D. An advantage a business has by specializing in a certain type of product

EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs

AA. Rich’s Department Stores. Rich’s Department Stores

1. Morris Rich began in 1. Morris Rich began in 18671867 and moved into and moved into downtown Atlanta in downtown Atlanta in 19241924..

2. Became the “2. Became the “Store to Shop AtStore to Shop At” due to:” due to:

a. Involvement in community traditionsa. Involvement in community traditions

(i.e., Pink Pig, Christmas Tree and (i.e., Pink Pig, Christmas Tree and Hanukkah lightings)Hanukkah lightings)

b. Helping b. Helping customerscustomers during hard during hard timestimes

1. 1. FarmersFarmers buy with farm produce buy with farm produce

2. Allowed teachers use of scrip2. Allowed teachers use of scrip

Coca- ColaCoca- Cola

11. After Civil War, Atlanta druggist . After Civil War, Atlanta druggist John S. John S. Pemberton developed a Pemberton developed a “Nerve Tonic’ or “French Wine “Nerve Tonic’ or “French Wine Cola.” Cola.”

2. In 1885 attempted to change 2. In 1885 attempted to change recipe due to recipe due to Temperance Temperance Movement Movement (remove alcohol)(remove alcohol)

3. In 3. In 18881888 Pemberton sold rights Pemberton sold rights to Asa Chandler for to Asa Chandler for $2,300$2,300

Coca- ColaCoca- Cola

44. . 1892 sold drug store and started 1892 sold drug store and started Coca-Cola CoCoca-Cola Co..

5. Woodruff’s bought company for 5. Woodruff’s bought company for $25 million $25 million in 1919—international in 1919—international success due to:success due to:

a. Advertisinga. Advertising b. Supplying U.S. soldiers and b. Supplying U.S. soldiers and

Europeans during Europeans during WWIIWWII c. Patented bottlec. Patented bottle

11. Herndon was born in . Herndon was born in 1858 1858 as a as a slave, and worked as a sharecropper slave, and worked as a sharecropper for three years.for three years.

2. He moved to 2. He moved to AtlantaAtlanta to obtain a to obtain a skill, which was becoming a barber.skill, which was becoming a barber.

3. Herndon eventually earned enough 3. Herndon eventually earned enough money to start his own shop called the money to start his own shop called the Crystal Palace.Crystal Palace.

. Alonzo . Alonzo HerndonHerndon

4. All of his employees were 4. All of his employees were BlackBlack and all his clients and all his clients were white due to were white due to segregationsegregation in Atlanta. in Atlanta.

5. Alonzo Herndon became the 5. Alonzo Herndon became the wealthiest wealthiest Black Black businessman in Atlanta by three attributes:businessman in Atlanta by three attributes:

a. a. Hard workHard work b. Saving his moneyb. Saving his money c. Investing wiselyc. Investing wisely6. Herndon exhibited his pride in his 6. Herndon exhibited his pride in his African- African-

American American heritage in his murals at his heritage in his murals at his home. They told of scenes from home. They told of scenes from AfricaAfrica, , when Herndon was a slave, and how he when Herndon was a slave, and how he became successfulbecame successful..

. Alonzo Herndon. Alonzo Herndon

Little Progress in Area of Little Progress in Area of Civil Rights Civil Rights

There were some There were some economic gains for economic gains for black Americans in black Americans in the the NorthNorth..

But the era from But the era from 1900 - 1920’s saw a 1900 - 1920’s saw a resurgence of the resurgence of the KKKKKK and an and an increase in increase in lynchings in the lynchings in the South.South.

EQEQ

How did influential How did influential African Americans African Americans influence social, influence social, political and political and economic change?economic change?

Homework complete compare contrast Homework complete compare contrast sheet. Due January 7.sheet. Due January 7.

Quick Quick ReviewReview

New IndustriesNew Industries

a. a. Textile mills Textile mills developed in Atlanta and Fall developed in Atlanta and Fall LineLine

b. b. Lumber Lumber

1. Paper products1. Paper products

2. Naval stores (pine tar, pitch, turpentine, 2. Naval stores (pine tar, pitch, turpentine, etc.)etc.)

3. 3. FurnitureFurniture

c. Miningc. Mining

1. 1. kaolinkaolin (white clay for paper) (white clay for paper)

2. gold and coal2. gold and coal

3. bauxite (aluminum)3. bauxite (aluminum)

The Populist Party and Progressive The Populist Party and Progressive Movement in GeorgiaMovement in Georgia

1.1. Tom Watson and Populist PartyTom Watson and Populist Party aa. Rural Free Delivery Bill . Rural Free Delivery Bill (improvements made (improvements made

on roads and bridges) on roads and bridges) b. Agricultural Extension Service and Smith-b. Agricultural Extension Service and Smith-

Hughes Act (Georgia laws improving farming and Hughes Act (Georgia laws improving farming and vocational training) vocational training)

c. c. County Unit System County Unit System (allowed smaller rural (allowed smaller rural counties more voting power in primaries) counties more voting power in primaries)

( 8 most had 6 each/next 30 had 4 each/ 121 other ( 8 most had 6 each/next 30 had 4 each/ 121 other counties had 2 each) counties had 2 each)

2.2. Civil RightsCivil Rights a. a. NAACPNAACP (white liberal and Niagara Movement (white liberal and Niagara Movement

formed to work for rights of Blacks)formed to work for rights of Blacks) b. National Urban League (interracial groups formed b. National Urban League (interracial groups formed

to solve urban problems)to solve urban problems)3.3. Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage (19(19thth Amendment in 1920 but Amendment in 1920 but

Georgia voted against)Georgia voted against)

The Populist Party and Progressive The Populist Party and Progressive Movement in GeorgiaMovement in Georgia

4.4. Child Labor LawsChild Labor Laws a. Set minimum wage for children (oppose to 2 a. Set minimum wage for children (oppose to 2

cents an hour)cents an hour) b. Laws required school attendance, forbade b. Laws required school attendance, forbade

13 hour days and working around dangerous 13 hour days and working around dangerous machinesmachines

5. 5. Temperance Movement Temperance Movement (Mary Harris Armor (Mary Harris Armor and Rebecca Felton in GA)and Rebecca Felton in GA)

a. Outlaw sale of liquor near schools and a. Outlaw sale of liquor near schools and churcheschurches

b. 1881, 48 counties banned the sale of b. 1881, 48 counties banned the sale of alcoholalcohol

C. Several more attempts before 18C. Several more attempts before 18thth Amendment in 1919Amendment in 1919

6.6. Prison ReformPrison Reform Eliminated Eliminated Convict Lease SystemConvict Lease System; separated ; separated

adults and children, juvenile court in 1915adults and children, juvenile court in 1915

EQEQ

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