Segers Introduction To Scientific Nomenclature
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Transcript of Segers Introduction To Scientific Nomenclature
Introduction toScientific Nomenclature
Hendrik SegersRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Hue University, Vietnam
January 2009
What nomenclature?
A set of mandatory rules and voluntary recommendations that determine the structure and formation of names of organisms, for use in scientific communication.
“The objects of the Code are to promote stability and universability in the scientific names of animals and to ensure that the name of each taxon is unique and distinct. All its provisions and recommendations are subservient to those ends and none restricts the freedom of taxonomic thought or actions” (ICZN 1999:2)
Fundamental aim of nomenclature: avoid a Tower of Babel
Why nomenclature?
Need for universal codes!
Nomenclature codes• McNeill., et al. (eds), 2006. International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (Vienna Code). Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. ISBN 0080-0694
• Trehane, P., et al. (eds). 1995. International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Adapted by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants of the I.U.B.S. Regn. Veget. 133.
• Sneath, P.H.A., et al. (eds), 1992. International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Washington (+ : Skerman, V.D.B. et al., 1980. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names).
• International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition. Adopted by the I.U.B.S. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London
The ICZN
History of zoological nomenclature
1758 Formal starting point = 10th Edition of Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae (also Clerck’s Aranei Svecici)
1842 Strickland Code (botany and zoology)1889 First ICZ meeting (Paris); tentative adoption of a set of rules1901 Fifth ICZ meeting (Berlin); “Rules of Zoological Nomenclature”;
published as Règles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique (French, English & German)
1961 First edition of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature1964 Second edition 1985 Third edition 1988 Launch of fourth edition project1995 Draft of fourth edition released by Secretariat1999 Fourth edition (current edition)
Takes effect from 1 January 2000
2005 Discussion on registration of names re-opened; “zoobank”, Launch of fifth edition project
Correct application of nomenclatural codes(e.g., correction of errors; homonyms;…)
Increased scientific understanding (e.g., discoveries; changes in species concept (s.l.) and phylogenetic understanding)
Why do names change?
Correct application of nomenclatural codes(e.g., correction of errors; homonyms;…)
Increased scientific understanding (e.g., discoveries; changes in species concept (s.l.) and phylogenetic understanding)
Why do names change?
All changes are governed by legalistic, scientifically neutral conventions: the codes of nomenclature
E.g.: the ICZN consists of:Preamble90 Articles, grouped in 18 chapters
One or more mandatory provisionsNon-mandatory recommendationsExamples
Glossary
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool
Nomenclature only follows taxonomy
Tool Science
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool
• Typification
The taxonomic identity of a name is determined by that of its type
Art. 61.1. Each nominal taxon in the family, genus or species groups has actually or potentially a name-bearing type. The fixation of the name bearing type of a nominal taxon provides the objective standard of reference for the application of the name it bears.
61.1.1. The valid name from a taxon is determined only from the name-bearing type(s)61.1.2. Objectivity through typification is continuous through the hierarchy of names, from species to family group61.1.3. Name-bearing types (generally) are stable and provide objective continuity in the application of names
(ICZN)
=> Identity of a name relies only on its type, not on its description or diagnosis
Principle of Typification
Types of name-bearing types (in the species group)
Original designation(Fixed in the original publication)
Subsequent designation(Not fixed in the original publication)
Holotype: the single specimen upon which a new species-group taxon is based in the original publication (see also isotype)Paratypes: remaining specimens of the original type series (see also allotype)Syntypes: specimens of a type series that collectively constitute the name-bearing typeHapantotype: (special case)
Lectotype: a syntype designated as the single-name bearing type specimenParalectotypes: each specimen of the former syntype series remaining after lectotype designation (see also isolectotype)Neotype: the single specimen designated as the name-bearing type when no name-bearing type specimen is believed to exist (anymore)
Principle of Typification
How does it work?
SyntypesType localities New Species A
Species B
How does it work?
Holotype + ParatypesType locality New Species A
Species B
How does it work?
Lectotype + paralectotypeType localities Species A
Species B
How does it work?
Lectotype + paralectotypeType localities Species A
Species B
Terms not regulated by the Codes
Allotype: a designated specimen of opposite sex of the holotypeCotype: a term formerly used for either syntype or paratypeGenotype: a term formerly used to designate the type species of a genus (generotype)Topotype: a specimen originating from the type locality or localities of the species or subspecies to which it is thought to belong, whether or not the specimen is part of the type series (see also topotypical specimen)
Some peculiar cases: Cleptotype, Iconotype, …
Type of a family name = genus Type of a genus = species
Principle of Typification
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification
• Principle of Synonymy
1 taxon should only have 1 valid name
Synonyms…
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon– Nomenclatural (= objective, homotypic) synonyms– Taxonomic (= subjective, heterotypic) synonyms
Synonyms…
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon– Nomenclatural (= objective, homotypic) synonyms– Taxonomic (= subjective, heterotypic) synonyms
• Lecane ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883) or• Lecane stokesi (Pell, 1890) or• Lecane ohioensis (Herrick, 1885) ?
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification• Principle of Synonymy
• Principle of Homonymy
1 name can apply to only 1 taxon (but see independance of codes)
… and Homonyms
• Lecane ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) • Lecane ornata (Daday, 1897)
(syn. of L. ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883))
Problem: name for L. ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) non (Daday, 1897)?
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification• Principle of Synonymy• Principle of Homonymy
• Principle of Priority
“the oldest fool is always right”
Synonyms…
« Oldest fool »:Lecane ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883)
• Lecane ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883) or• Lecane stokesi (Pell, 1890) or• Lecane ohioensis (Herrick, 1885) ?
… and Homonyms
Argus Bohadsch, 1761(gastropod); Argus Scopoli, 1763 (butterfly); Argus Scopoli, 1777 (butterfly); Argus Poli, 1791 (mollusk); Argus Temminck, 1807 (bird);
Argus Lamarck, 1817 (hesperid); Argus Boisduval, 1832 (lycaenid); Argus Walckenaer, 1836 (arachnid); Argus Gray, 1847(mollusk); Argus Gerhard, 1850 (lycaenid))
Principle of Priority:
Argus Bohadsch, 1761 is the only valid name
… and Homonyms
• Lecane ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) • Lecane ornata (Daday, 1897)
(syn. of L. ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883))
Problem: name for L. ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) non (Daday, 1897)?
No “Oldest fool” available! Nomen novum required:
Lecane myersi
Principle of Priority
Can Cause Problems !
The Commission can intervene(nomina rejicienda, conservanda)
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification• Principle of Synonymy• Principle of Homonymy• Principle of Priority
• Principle of binominal nomenclature
• Names of taxa above species: uninominal: e.g., Hominidae, Homo
• Names of species: binominal: e.g., Homo sapiens
Monostyla closterocerca Schmarda, 1853
What’s in a name?
With subgenus name:Lecane (Monostyla) closterocerca (Schmarda, 1853) Edmondson, 1935
Short: Lecane (M.) closterocerca (Shmarda, 1853) Or: L. closterocerca
new combination: Lecane closterocerca (Schmarda, 1853) Edmondson, 1935
With subspecies name: trinomenLecane (Monostyla) closterocerca amazonica Koste, 1972
Or: L. closterocerca amazonica
Scientific Names are Latin
Rules of Latin grammar apply
Agreement in gender
• Mastigocerca capucina Wierzejski & Zacharias, 1893• Rattulus capucinus : Jennings, 1903• Trichocerca capucina (Wierzejski & Zacharias, 1893) Harring, 1913
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectivese.g.:
- Lepadella minuta - Scaridium grande- S. longicaudum- Brachionus bidentatus- Keratella taurocephala
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectives
- After other species: noun in apposition, adjective
e.g., Trichocerca tigris, T. rattus, T. cavia, T. mus, T. musculus, T. porcellus, T. orca.also: Seison nebaliae.
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectives- After other species: noun in apposition, adjective
- After people: noun in genitive caseone man: Trichodorus borgoniei one woman: T. catharinaeseveral man/woman: L. gallagherorumseveral woman: stem + arum
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectives- After other species: noun in apposition, adjective- After people: noun in genitive case
- After places: adjectival toponym e.g., Trichodorus lusitanicus Paratrichodorus delhiensis
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:no diacritic or other marks, ligature, apostrophes,
etc…:- Trichocerca dixon-nutalli becomes T. dixonnutalli;- Dicranophorus lütkeni becomes D. luetkeni;- Filinia novaezaelandiae; - (ñ becomes n, ø becomes o, …)But- Zygiella x-notata
Formal requirements in ICZN (1)
• Name or nomenclatural act must be Published;
Formal requirements in ICZN (1)
• Name or nomenclatural act must be Published;• Scientific names must be spelled using the 26
letters of the Latin Alphabet;
Formal requirements in ICZN (1)
• Name or nomenclatural act must be Published;• Scientific names must be spelled using the 26 letters
of the Latin Alphabet;• Derivation: a name may be derived from any
language, or even an arbitrary combination of letters if this is formed to be used as a word (not cbafdg);
=> lots of freedom allowed!
Some examples:One-letter difference…
Eucosma fandanaEucosma gandana Eucosma handana Eucosma landanaEucosma mandana Eucosma nandana Eucosma pandanaEucosma sandana Eucosma wandana
But also:
Cydia candana Epiblema tandanaEpinotia xandana Epinotia zandana
Pelochrista randanaPelochrista vandana
Tortricidae (Moths, Northern Mexico: (Kearfott, 1907)
Fun with Latin: • Stupidogobius Aurich, 1938 (stupid fish)
Localities:• Panama canalia Marsh, 1993 (braconid) • Belgica antarctica (chironomid)• Mexico (beetle and virus)• Texas (pentatomid and virus)• Neotiglossa (Texas) californica Bliven, 1958
Mythology: • Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 (fish)• Kali Lloyd, 1909 (fish)• Satan Hubbs & Bailey, 1947 (fish),…
More examples….
Not another one…• Cyclocephala nodanotherwon Ratcliffe (scarabid) • Ochisme, Polychisme, Dolichisme, Peggichisme Kirkaldi, 1904• Iyaiyai Evenhuis, 1994• Agra vation Erwin, 1983 • Notnops, Taintnops, and Tisentnops Platnick, 1994 (spiders
originally in genus Nops MacLeay, 1839
Persons (“honorifics”):• Cartwrightia cartwrighti Cartwright, 1967 (scarab)• Hoia hoi (parasitic copepod), after Ju-Shey Ho• Leonardo davincii Bleszynski, 1965 (pyralid butterfly)
But also (“horrorifics”): • Dyaria Neumoegen, 1893 (liparid butterfly) after Mr. Dyar.
Even more examples….
Formal requirements in ICZN (2)
• New requirements for species-group names published after 1999:– Explicit indication of name as intentionally new
(n. sp., gen. nov., nom. nov.,…) – Fixation of name-bearing types explicit
designation & deposition
The different codes: a comparison
1) The codes have different starting dates and works
• Botanical : Species Plantarum : Linnaeus, 1753.• Zoological : Systema Naturae : Linnaeus, 1758; Araneae
swecici Clerck, 1757,…• Bacteriologial : January 1, 1980 (older names only when
included in list of approved names)
1) The codes have different starting dates and works
2) The codes are independent => inter-code homonyms are possible, allowed,
and common
The different codes: a comparison
• Lactarius nonfungus Nolf & Bajpai 1992: fish• Lactarius nonpiscis Verbeken 1996: fungus
Inter-Code Generic homonyms Botanical
genus nameshomonyms in Zool. record
Total 64,419 8,784 (13.6%)
in common use
28,041 3,554 (12.7%)
Bacteriological genus names
Homonyms in Zool. Record
Homonyms in ING (Botanical)
Homonyms in both
Total 739 50 (6.8%) 29 (3.9%) 15
in common use
701 48 (6.9%) 27 (3.9%) 14
• Poria cocos: Coleoptera and Fungus;• Pieris japonica: butterfly and plant;• Culcita novaeguineae: seastar, and Culcita novae-guineae: fern
Examples of genus + species homonoms:
• Principle of co-ordination:
Names established at any rank within the F/G/S groups are deemed established at any rank within the group
– Family-group: Super-,Family, sub-, Tribus, sub-– Genus-group: Genus, sub-– Species-group: Species, sub-
Zoology only
The different codes: a comparison
• Principle of co-ordination • Tautonyms
(Bison bison, Glis glis, Mops mops...)
allowed in zoology;
The different codes: a comparison
• Principle of co-ordination • Tautonyms• Latin diagnosis
required in botanical nomenclature
The different codes: a comparison
• Principle of co-ordination • Tautonyms • Latin diagnosis • Application & different standardised
endings
The different codes: a comparison
Table 2: Standardized endings for names of taxa
Rank :
Zoological Botanical Bacteriological
phylum/divisio * - phyta/-mycota1
classis * - opsida/-mycetes1/ -phyceae²
subclassis * - idea/-mycetidae1/-phycidae2
superordo * - anae
ordo * - ales - ales
subordo * - ineae - ineae
superfamily - oidea (not used) (not used)
family - idae - aceae - aceae
subfamily - inae - oideae - oideae
tribus - ini - eae - eae
subtribus - ina - inae - inae
1: for fungi; ²: for algae
Interesting websites• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature :
http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm• International Commission and Code on Zoological Nomenclature :
http://www.iczn.org• Nomenclator Zoologicus (347,000 zoological genus- and subgenus
names from 1758 to 1994: http://www.ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus
• GBIF (www.gbif.org), Catalogue of Life (www.catalogueoflife.org), Zoobank (www.zoobank.org), Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer (uBio: www.uBio.org),
• ERMS, WoRMS, Fishbase, FaunaEuropaea (www.faunaeur.org), • Encyclopedia of Life, Speciesbase,……• Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG: www.tdwg.org)• BioNET International (http://www.bionet-intl.org/opencms/opencms/index1.jsp)• Global Taxonomy Initiative (http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/cross-cutting/taxonomy/)
Games with letters/statistics:• Aa Baker, 1940 (mollusk)• Aaadonta Solem, 1976 (endodontoid slug) • Cavaticovelia aaa Gagne, 1975 (Hawaiian bug) • Aragara Walker, 1860 (fly; longest palindrome)• Ia io Thomas, 1902 (bat; shortest binomen) • Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis Dybowski,
1926 (amphipod; the longest binomen)• Zyzzyxdonta Solem, 1976 (endodontoid slug,
with opposite features of Aaadonta) • Zyzzyzus Stechow, 1921 (Coelenterata)
… and many, many more: http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~heraty/menke.htmlhttp://cache.ucr.edu/~heraty/yanega.html
Did I mention these ones?
Thank you for your attention