Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation
-
Upload
ravikash-maurya -
Category
Science
-
view
359 -
download
0
Transcript of Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation
![Page 1: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SEEING WITH EARS
Presented By:Ravikash Maurya
(14484sc038)Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
![Page 2: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
This ppt was prepared for Seminar presentation purpose in M.Sc.
semester IVIn
Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science
Banaras Hindu University (BHU)Varanasi (India).
![Page 3: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How to see with Ears??
This could be achieved by listening & interpreting of a sound coming from an object.
Ears are adopter of sound(signal) &
Brain is interpreter of signal.
This property is known as “Echolocation”.(Discovered by Griffin in 1938)
A new trending term is “Biosonar”.
![Page 4: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
An Echo is a reflection of sound after hitting an object.
![Page 5: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is Echolocation?
"Echolocation is a property of using echo to determine where objects are in space”
In other words, with the help of echoes, the brain draw an image of the objects.
![Page 6: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Echolocation Is Used by AnimalsThere are some animals who have developed
property to Echo-locate objects without help of vision.
The property of echolocation is well developed in mammals.
![Page 7: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bats Dolphins Whales
Echolocating Animals
Echolocation is Only found in
Microchiropteran bats
Echolocation help them for
navigation & foraging in total
darkness.
Echolocation helps Whales to navigate
where vision is extremely
limited in range due to Absorption or
Turbidity.
Dolphin’s habitats have low visibility
due to dirty water & Turbidity.
Echolocation help them for foraging.
![Page 8: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How do Animals echolocate??
The echolocating animals cry loud so that their sound become Echo after hitting the target.
Animals
Sound Echo
Target
![Page 9: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Principle Of EcholocationEcho locating bats emit sound
Pulses(Clicks) of very high frequency and listen for returning echoes to form an auditory scene..
![Page 10: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What a bat can detect by using echolocation
o Distance(Range)- by comparing the time of emitted pulse to the time of the returning Echo.
o Size- larger animals reflect more sound(high intensity) and smaller animal reflect less sound (low intensity).
o Movement- by comparing amount of echo obtained on Left & Right ear.
o Velocity- by taking advantage of Doppler Shift.Echo of higher frequency = Target is gaining.
Echo of lower frequency = Target is outstanding.
![Page 11: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phases & Sequence of Echolocation
Redrawn From: Simmons & Kick(1984)
There are 4 steps in Prey capturing by bats-1- Search2- Approach3-Track4-Capture
![Page 12: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
You should not forget that echoes of other bats in a space create a noise. Then, how a bat recognize it’s own voice in noise? The “JAR” solves this problem.
Noise of Other Bats
Bat
![Page 14: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Experimental Evidence of JAR
What is JAR ?• Each bat change its
sound frequency to increase the difference between the two bat's sound frequencies.
• By doing this, they avoid jamming of echolocating calls.
Experimental Evidence• Gillam et al had provided
first experimental evidence of JAR.
• They presented “Playback stimuli” (recorded echolocating sounds of six different frequencies ) to bat.
Outcome
• The bat exhibit a JAR by increasing frequency of clicks from the given Playback stimuli.
Reference: Gillam E.H. et al. Rapid jamming avoidance in biosonar. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 651–660 (2007)
![Page 15: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Co-evolution of Bat & Prey
With the evolution of Echolocation in bat, their Prey has also been evolved.
Some important evolved escaping property of Prey are-
By interfering Bat’s Sonar System (eg. Tiger Moth).By flying in irregular pattern.By becoming just quiet. By having hairy wings.
![Page 16: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
22 MammalsGenome
Including 4 newly sequenced Bat genes
805,053 Amino Acids
Within2,326 Orthologous
Coding gene Sequences
Convergence of 200 loci
Strong Evidence for convergence in Bat & Bottleneck Dolphins
Convergent Evolution Of Echolocation
Reference: Parker et al. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals. Nature 502, 228-236(2013).
![Page 17: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Learning From NatureMany equipment have been developed using the clue
of Natural Echolocation .
Examples of Some Echo-locating Inventions
All these equipment produce ultrasounds for echolocation .
RADAR
SONAR
Driverless Car
Tactic Devices for Blinds
![Page 18: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Radar• RAdio Detection And Ranging• It is similar to bats, used for
Arial echolocation.• Radar uses Radio wave or
Microwave to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.
![Page 19: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sonar
• Sound Navigation And Ranging
• Similar to Dolphins, used for Underwater echolocation.
• It uses ultrasound to navigate.
![Page 20: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Driverless Car• It uses Radar for navigation.
Downloaded from: Google official Blog (https://goo.gl/wYhSl2)
![Page 21: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tactic Devices for Blinds
Downloaded from: PhysOrg.com (http://goo.gl/Pura08)
![Page 22: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ben Underwood: The Superman Descriptions• Name: Ben Underwood• Life : 1992-2009 (17 Years Only)• Location: California (USA)• Handicapped : Yes. His eyes were
removed during operation of Retinoblastoma (a Retinal Cancer)
• Special Property: Ben used to echolocate the surrounding by producing “Click” Sounds (With His Tongue). He was able to locate buildings, playing football, riding bike etc.
• Death: When same cancer returned.• Tribute: His Mom wrote a book about
Him-“Echoes of an Angel”. Website: www.Benunderwood.comvD
ownl
oade
d Fr
om:
Benu
nder
woo
d.co
m
![Page 23: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Blind men teach themselves to see with Ears
Downloaded from-http://goo.gl/hOkcmk
![Page 24: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
References1. Chiu C., Xian W., Moss C.F. Flying in silence: Echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid
sonar jamming. PNAS 105, 13116–13121(2008).2. Gillam E.H., Ulanovsky N., McCracken G.F. Rapid jamming avoidance in biosonar. Proc.
R. Soc. B 274, 651–660 (2007) .3. Jones G, Siemers B.M. The communicative potential of bat echolocation pulses.
Journal of Comparative Physiology A 197(5), 447-457(2011).4. Kno¨rnschild M., Jung K., Nagy M.,Metz M.,Kalko E. Bat echolocation calls facilitate
social communication. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 4827–4835(2012) .5. Madsen P. T., Surlykke A. Functional Convergence in Bat and Toothed Whale Biosonars.
Physiology 28, 276–283(2013).6. Parker J., Tsagkogeorga G., Cotton J.A., Liu Y., Provero P., Stupka E., Rossiter S.J.
Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals. Nature 502, 228-236(2013).
7. Shnitzler H.U., Kalko E.K.V. Echolocation by insect-eating bats. BioScience 51, 557-569(2001).
8. Surlykke A, Kalko E.K.V. Echolocating Bats Cry Out Loud to Detect Their Prey. PLoS ONE 3(4), 1-10(2008).
9. Whitelow W. L. Au, Simmon J. A. Echolocation in Dolphins and Bats, Physics Today, 40-45(2007).
![Page 25: Seeing With Ears:The Echolocation](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052418/58880a441a28ab554e8b6723/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Thanking You..