Seed:Seed Coat

Embryo

Storage Tissue (Endosperm)

Seed HormonesCK-CytoKinin

cell division

GA-Gibberellic Acidcell expansion

AbA-Abscisic Aciddormancy

http://www.kyne.com.au/~mark/photos/flowers/cherry_blossum.jpg

http://www.jdandersen.com/Resource-231/fruit.jpg

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/large/strawberryflower.jpg

Aggregate Fruit

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/mor_alb_m.jpg

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/digitalflowers/picts/Moraceae/09-%20Morus%20alba%20fruits.jpg

Multiple Fruit

http://www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/strawberry%202.gif

achenes

Fruit Origins: Simple Fruit

Fruit CompositionSuperior OvaryHypogynous FlowerTrue Fruit Only

Half-Superior OvaryPerigynous FlowerTrue + Accessory Fruit

Inferior OvaryEpigynous FlowerTrue + Accessory Fruit

Fleshy Fruits

Drupe: with pit

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/DRUPE.JPG

Berry: with seeds

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/TOMATO.JPG

Pome: with core

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/POME.JPG

Fruit Description:

Example: peach Example: tomato Example: apple

The Cherry flower is:

completeperfecthypogynous

The cherry fruit is a drupe with a both fleshy and pit wall layers.

Coffea arabica - coffee

Coffee fruits mature unevenly and so are hand-picked…by Juan Valdez? This leads to a social dilemma…to buy or to boycott or…?

Coffee originated in tropical Africa, but most of the crop is now grown in the South American tropics. Why?What South American native is produced mostly in Africa?

Chocolate

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http://www.all-creatures.org/pica/ftshl-grape-07.jpg

These grapes are a classic berry.What is the tiny scar on the end of each fruit?

The location of the style attachmentSo is the ovary superior or

inferior?

Here is a berry from an inferior ovary!

What is the difference between the flesh of the two berries shown here?

True vs Accessory

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http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio255/Cucurbita.jpg

Cucurbita female (pistillate, carpellate flower)

stigma

style

inferiorovary

pedicel

vestigialandroecium

fruit will have accessory

Are the flowers perfect or imperfect?Is the pistil simple or compound?

Is the ovary inferior or superior?Is the flower epigynous or hypogynous?

This is the true fruit.

What is the rest of the tissue?Is the placenta axile, radial, or parietal?This is a seed or an ovule?What is this stalk?funiculus

accessory

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http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/flower/images/syncarpy-melon.jpg

placenta

placenta

placenta

funiculus

ovule/seed

Cucumis melo

rind = accessory

true fruit

parietal!

The flowers of apple have a half-inferior (half-superior) ovary.

So the fruit is going to be partially an accessory fruit.

The apple fruit is a pome, which has a cartilaginous core as the true fruit. The accessory is tasty!

The bottom of the fruit shows the remains of the five styles and stigmata.

There are also five triangular flaps that were the sepals,

Dry FruitsDehiscentFollicle-one side

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/FOLLICLE.JPG

Legume-two sides

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/LEGUME.JPGhttp://arnica.csustan.edu/key/CAPSULE.JPG

Capsule-multiple

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/ACHENE.JPG

Dry FruitsIndehiscentAchene - cypsela

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/CORN.JPG

Grain - caryopsis

http://arnica.csustan.edu/key/NUT.JPG

Nut with involucre

Fruit Description:

Example: milkweedExample: honey locustExample: hibiscus

Example: sunflower Example: corn Example: oak

Both Kapok and Milkweed have a fruit that splits along one side:

…a follicle.The seeds of both species have a fibrous pappus attached to the seeds.

Kapok was used for filling floatation devices.

In WW2, the US investigated using milkweed as a substitute to outfit the Navy.

It was found unsuitable.

Here are two fruits, dry at maturity, and splitting along both sides of the fruit to shed seeds.This makes the fruits legumes. The examples shown are lentil (left) and redbud (below).

Papaver orientale- oriental poppy

stigmata

ovary wall

sepal

stamen and petal scars

Wounding this fruit causes latex to bleed out. This is collected as raw opium. Morphine and codeine can be extracted from this. Heroin is synthesized by reactions with morphine as starting material.

Is this pistil simple or compound?

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/large/strawberryflower.jpg

Origin: Aggregate Fruit

http://www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/strawberry%202.gif

Fragaria - Strawberry

http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/fruit/images/

strawberry-achene.jpg

Descripton (true fruit!): Dry Indehiscent Achene

superior ovary

style + stigma

Composition: True + Accessory

flowerhypogynous

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http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/flower/images/Fragaria2.jpg

Fragaria early fruit development shows clearly the carpels of the flower becoming the true fruit…

stigma

style

superiorovary

receptacle

true fruit

accessory to fruit

Nut!

involucre

ovary wall

stigmastyle

Cypsela

inferiorovary wall

scar of epigynous flower

Caryopsis - grain

pedicel scar hypogynous flower chaff

pedicel scar

scar of style

embryo

ovary wall

The most important fruit on earth!

daisy family!oak, filbert(hazelnut), chestnut

rice, corn, wheat, etc.

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http://www.tropicamente.it/immagini

%20sito/CATALOGO/T/Theobroma

%20cacao.jpg

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http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db50/FOTO_-_Archiv/Theobroma%20cacao%202.jpg

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http://www.mytho-fleurs.com/images/

fleurs_tropicales/theobroma_cacao_fleurs.JPG

Theobroma cacao

The ground-up interior of the seeds is used to make chocolate (after mixing with sugar and milk solids)