SECURITY CHALLENGES OF AFRICA - IEEE · 2010. 6. 22. · EGIPTO MADEIRA CANARIAS MAR NEGRO...
Transcript of SECURITY CHALLENGES OF AFRICA - IEEE · 2010. 6. 22. · EGIPTO MADEIRA CANARIAS MAR NEGRO...
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SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES
Captain (SPN) IGNACIO JOSÉ GARCÍA SÁNCHEZ
Lisbon Treaty and Future of the
European Security Policy
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (Prague. 06 MAY 2010)
SECURITY CHALLENGES OF AFRICA
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INDEX
HARD VS SOFT POWER?
AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS?
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HARD VERSUS SOFT POWER?
“Rules must be binding. Violations must bepunished. Words must mean something. The
world must stand together”.President Obama’s speech delivered in Prague.
05 April 2009
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Spanish Defence Policy Secretary General´s recent speech balancing the 20 years of the Spanish participation on
Peace Operations, with the first operation in Angola under the United Nations mission UNAVEM in January 1989. In that speech, Mr. Luis Civis referred to the intervention of the Spanish Minister of Defence in the Spanish Parliament during the presentation of the National Defence Directive, stating that the response to the treats in the new scenario
must be MULTILATERAL, COMPREHENSIVE and SUSTAINED IN TIME.
Multilateralism, Comprehensiveness, Sustainability
HARD VERSUS SOFT POWER?
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Africa-EU Peace and Security Partnership
The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership adopted by the Lisbon Summit on 9 December 2007 laid the foundation
of a long-term strategic partnership.
“A GLOBAL RESPONSE FOR FRAGILITY SITUATIONS”
Mme. Claude-France Arnould
Director of Crisis Management & Planning Department
HARD VERSUS SOFT POWER?
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
1 SOMALIA 114.7
2 ZIMBABWE 114.0
3 SUDAN 112.4
4 CHAD 112.2
5 DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO 108.7
9 GUINEA 104.6
11 IVORY COAST 102.5
14 KENYA 101.4
151 SPAIN 43.3
152 CZECH REPUBLIC 42.6
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
15 NIGERIA 99.8
16 ETHIOPIA 98.9
21 UGANDA 96.9
23 NIGER 96.5
24 BURUNDI 95.7
26 CAMEROON 95.3
27 GUINEA-BISSAU 94.8
28 MALAWI 93.8
30 REPUBLIC OF CONGO 93.1
32 SIERRA LEONE 92.1
34 LIBERIA 91.8
35 BURKINA FASO 91.3
36 ERITREA 90.3
Core Five State Institutions
Leadership Military Police Judiciary Civil Service
Weak Weak Poor Weak Weak
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
43 EGYPT 89.0
45 RWANDA 89.0
46 MAURITANIA 88.7
47 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 88.3
50 TOGO 87.2
52 COMOROS 86.3
55 ANGOLA 85.0
57 CHINA 84.6
58 ISRAEL/WEST BANK 84.6
60 ZAMBIA 84.2
65 SWAZILAND 82.4
67 LESOTHO 81.8
68 MADAGASCAR 81.6
70 TANZANIA 81.1
71 RUSSIA 80.8
72 MOZAMBIQUE 80.7
73 ALGERIA 80.6
74 DJIBOUTI 80.6
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
80 GAMBIA 79.0
83 MALI 78.7
84 CAPE VERDE 78.5
87 INDIA 77.8
93 MOROCCO 77.1
96 NAMIBIA 75.6
99 GABON 74.4
102 SENEGAL 74.2
111 BELIZE 69.5
112 LIBYA 69.4
113 BRAZIL 69.1
116 BOTSWANA 68.8
120 SEYCHELLES 67.7
121 TUNISIA 67.6
122 SOUTH AFRICA 67.4
123 TRINIDAD 66.7
124 GHANA 66.2
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
DEMOGRAPHYMillions of persons
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Año 1920 Año 1950 Año 2010
6% infected by AIDS
Lack of Infrastructure
Problems of governabilityTwo thirds of those living with HIVare in sub-Saharan Africa, most of
whom are women
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
ETHNICITY
Parliament: 245 seats44 seats for each clan
Dir, Hawiye, Darod y Digil
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
GOVERNABILITY
“Somalia never will become a viable State while capable security structures were not in place. Only in that way, the Transition Federal Government will be able to extent its authority and, eventually, prevent
the crime and so, the acts of piracy”
SP MOD Mrs. Chacón
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITYREGIONALIZATION
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
Haradheere
31 May 09
24 Nov 0905 Nov 09
87
5
nm
12 JUN 09
PIRACY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
From 1983:•1 million deaths•2-3 millions displaced/refugees
•1956 independence•Civil War: North versus South•600 ethnic groups•Racism against the black population
SUDAN
CHADAccording to the UN, Chad has been affected by a humanitarian crisis since at least 2001. As of 2008, the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the Sudan's Darfur region, over 55,000 from the Central African Republic, as well as over 170,000 internally displaced persona
On 4 March 2008, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for President Omar al-Bashiron charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC
“LEADERSHIP”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
FRENCH COLONIZATIONNIGER MOVEMENT for JUSTICEDEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE for
CHANGE ALQAEDA in the ISLAMIC MAGREB
(AQIM)
THE TUAREG PROBLEM
“bluemen and yellowcake
Resource exploration and development trigger concerns that
the Tuareg will suffer the consequences of these projects
without receiving any of the benefits
DEPLETION OF WATER AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
ARGELIA AREAS OF TERRORISM ACTIVITY MOST IMPORTANTS
Year 2009: 250 violent acts7% against civilians
AL QAEDA ORGANIZATION IN
THE ISLAMIC MAGREB
Abdelmadek Droukel
Salafiste Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC)
Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) was established by Security Council resolution 690
of 29 April 1991
“The consolidation of the status quo is not an acceptable outcome”
Extended mandate until 30 April 2011
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
Pte. João Bernardo Vieira2-3-2009
Gral. Tagmé1-3-2009
GUINEA-BISSAU SSR
AFs Reduction and new structureReduce 9 Policy bodies to 4Justice
SSR
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ARGELIA
LIBIAEGIPTO
MADEIRA
CANARIAS
MAR
NEGRO
MARRUECOS
TUNEZ
MAURITANIA
ISRAEL
“THE MEDITERRANEAN BREACH”
EU: 32.600 $
World: 10.500 $
Maghreb: 6.566 $
Africa: 4.134 $
42% population
– 88% GDP-
5 Countries over
the World average
PORTUGAL
21800SPAIN
33700
FRANCE
32800
ITALY
30300
TUNISIA
8000ALGERIA
7000
MOROCCO
4600
MAURITANIA
2100
GDP per CAPITA $ (CIA. Fact Book. Estimated 2009)
LIBYA
15200
GREECE
32100
EGYPT
6000
AFRICA’S FRAGILITY
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AFRICA’S FRAGILITYAfrica in the darkness
“We will not enjoy development without security, we will not enjoy security without development and we will not enjoy either without respect for human rights. Unless
all the causes are advanced, none will succeed”
(Kofi Annan. In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all. 21 March 2005)
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
Euro-Arabic Dialogue
Group 5+5
The Med Dialogue + ICI
Euro-Med Partnership
Union for the Med
The Alliance of Civilizations
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Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI)
“Reaching out to the broader Middle East”
NATO's ICI, launched at the Alliance's Summit in June 2004,
aims to contribute to long-term global and regional security. Six
countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council were initially invited
to participate. To date, four of these -- Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait
and the United Arab Emirates -- have joined. Saudi Arabia and
Oman have also shown an interest
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
NATO’s Mediterranean Dialogue was initiated in 1994. It currently involves seven non-NATO countries of the Mediterranean region: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia.
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
Administrative centre: Barcelona, Spain
Co-presidency:EgyptFrance
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
We cannot neglect the importance of security and military measures, on the
contrary, they are critical. But, ultimately, this is not a struggle that can
be won by military means alone. The struggle is one of ideas, of hearts and minds as well as of weapons. And we have to realize that the roots of the
alternative narrative which sees Islam pitted against the West, go deep.
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
Strategic Partnership “AFRICA-EU”
AFRICOM
Spanish “PLAN AFRICA”2009-2012
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“For Africans partners it means to taking the responsibility for the collective security system set up on the African continent, with full support of the Europeans. For the EU and its member states is an opportunity to move beyond the political support and join in a global strategy. This partnership is indeed a comprehensive commitment that joins development policies and the CFSP, including the CSDP”
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
The EU-Africa summit, held in December 2007 in Lisbon, cemented new Africa-EU strategic partnership, marking a qualitative leap in relations between the two continents
First ACTION PLAN specifies concrete proposals for 2008-
2010, structured along 8 Africa-EU strategic partnerships:
1. PEACE AND SECURITY
http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_fr.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EAS2007_action_plan_2008_2010_pt.pdf
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
ROTA, Spain - Lance Corporal Drew Van Hook, assigned to Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team (FAST), Company Europe, at Naval Station Rota, Spain, instructs a Moroccan maritime interdiction operations team on basic close quarter battle training, April 27, 2010, in preparation for Exercise Phoenix Express. The goals of the exercise are to increase participating countries' knowledge and experience with FAST unit core capabilities and highlight common safety and security concerns in the maritime environment such as illegal immigration, criminal activity, narcotics trafficking, and weapons trafficking. (U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 1st Class Paul Cage)
"Multilateral exercises like Phoenix Express are an important part of the U.S. Naval Forces Africa Maritime Supporting Plans and the International Military Partnering Lines of Operations"
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NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
• Strengthen democracy, respect for human
rights, peace and security
• Combating poverty and contributing to
Africa's development agenda
• Cooperation to adequately regulate
migratory flows
• Development of the EU strategy towards
Africa
• Economic trade and investment promotion
• Strengthening cultural cooperation
• Political projection and institutional
presence
Main Goals
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ieee.es
SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES
Captain (SPN) IGNACIO JOSÉ GARCÍA SÁNCHEZ
Lisbon Treaty and Future of the
European Security Policy
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (Prague. 06 MAY 2010)
SECURITY CHALLENGES OF AFRICA