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Xoly ktxlicf wky hnw`cnkhfh d|= QHt Iotlyxlk`f EtoclioRN`= ;: Nixndft 4:;4# Kx= :6=4?Zvdclyoft= TnvxcfhgfL`entbk Cxh Tfglyxftfh l` F`gck`h k`h Wkcfy Tfglyxftfh @vbdft= ;:74

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K`kc|yly

Yfivtlx| k`h hlyinvtyf=xof LytkfclZkcfyxl`lk` wkxftin`ffllixIotlyxlk`f M. Etnoclio

Wof` in`ffllixluf ulfwznl`xy ktf hlyivtylufc|

yxtf`gxof`fh# xof| hfufcnz l`xn k in`ffllix

hlyinvtyf wlxo k yzfili hlyivtyluf yxtvixvtf

wolio zftzfxvkxfy in`ffllix# c laf xof

hlyivtyluf yfivtlxlykxln` ne k` lyyvf ent

ukt |l`g kv hlf`i fy . W of ` xof | k tf

wfkaf`fh# onwfuft# ynilfxkc hlyinvtyf ik`znxf`xlkcc| iok`gf yn xokx kgtffbf`x

dfinbfy znyyldcf kgkl`# xovy kiolful`g

hlyivtyluf in`ffllix xtk`yentbkxln`. Xoly

ktxlicf k`kc|yfy xof Lytkfcl k`h xof

Zkcfyxl`lk` wkxft hlyinvtyf. N` dnxo ylhfy#

xof hnbl`k` x hly inv ty f y xt vi xv tf y

v`hftyintf xof in`ffllixluf lyyvfy tfgkthl`g

xof hlyxtldvxln` n e wkxft dfxwff`

Lytkfcly k`h Zkcfyxl`lk`y# xovy bkal`g

inbbv`likxln`# cfx kcn`f `fgnxlkxln`#

hnw`tlgox lbznyyldcf. Wolcf Zkcfyxl lk`y

tfgkth xof `kxvtkc wkxft tfynvtify ky

yveilf`x l` ztl`ilzcf k`h xof flyxl`g

yiktilx| ky f`xltfc| znclxlikcc| l`hvifh#Lytkfcly zftifluf xof `kxvtkc wkxft tfynvtify

ky kdyncvxfc| yiktif wolcf tfiflul`g bkmnt

hf"yfivtlxlykxln` lbzvcyfy etnb xof

znyyldlclx| ne hfykcl`kxln`. L` xof tfyzfixluf

/bl`nt, inv`xft"hlyinvtyfy# onwfuft#

znyyldcf yxktxl`g znl`xy ent hlkcngvf k`h

in`ffllix tfyncvxln` ktf ulyldcf.

L`xtnhvixln`

Xof Lytkfcl Zkcfyxl`lk` wkxft in`ffllix ly dkyfh n` xof tfgln y gfngtkzolikc# iclbkxli#

o|htn/gfn,cnglikc k`h hfbngtkzoli tfkclxlfy. Xofyf ktf ekixvkc iltivbyxk`ify1 onwfuft#

LYY@ ;857"??:4 ztl`xLYY@ ;87?";;78 n`cl`f;4:4:;49"45{ 4:;4 In`ffllix# Yfivtlx| k`h Hfufcnzbf`x Gtnvz

oxxz=h.hnl.ntg;:.;:?:;857??:4.4:;4.5??4

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xof xftb wkxft `nx n`c| yxk`hy ent xof iofblikc fcfbf`x O4N k`h yffbl`gc| ndmfixluf

hkxk dvx kcyn ent inv`xcfyy ynilkc# bkxftlkc k`h y|bdncli bfhlkxln` ztnifyyfy# ent xof

tfynvtify hleeftf`x ev`ixln`y k`h xof yxkafonchft l`xftfyxy in``fixfh xn xofb.

Xof Lytkfcl Zkcfyxl`lk` wkxft in`ffllix ly `n fifzxln`. Kiinthl`g xn xof if`xtkc o|znxofyly

ne xoly ktxlicf# lx ly ioktkixftlyfh xotnvgo k`h v`yncufh dfikvyf ne ev`hkbf`xkcc| hleeftf`x

zftifzxln`y ne wkxft yiktilx|# wolio bk`lefyx l` xof tfyzfixluf wkxft hlyinvtyfy. Wolcf l`

Zkcfyxl`lk` hlyinvtyf# xof `kxvtkc wkxft tfynvtify ktf zftiflufh ky yveilf`x l` ztl`ilzcf k`h

xof flyxl`g yiktilx| ky f`xltfc| znclxlikcc| l`hvifh# xof `kxvtkc wkxft tfynvtify ktf tfgkthfh

ky kdyncvxfc| yiktif wolcf tfiflul`g bkmnt hf"yfivtlxlykxln` lbzvcyfy etnb xof nzxln` ne

hfykcl`kxln` l` Lytkfcl hlyinvtyf. Xoly yxvh| klby kx v`inuftl`g xof bnhfy ne tfztfyf`xkxln`

k`h lbkgft| wolio ktf tnvxl`fc| lbzclikxfh k`h htkw` vzn` l` xlbfy ne in`ffllix xn gf`ftkxf

ficvyln`lyx bnhfy ne hlyinvtyf# `kbfc| xof in`yxtvixln` ne /inccfixluf, lhf`xlxlfy xotnvgo

hlyivtyluf l`" k`h ficvyln`#; xof tfkcby ne xof yk|kdcf nt v`yk|kdcf wolio hfufcnz etnb

xoly k`h /hf",yfivtlxlykxln`y.4 K yfivtlxlyl`g bnuf bfk`y in`yxtvixl`g k zktxlivckt tfeftf`if

ndmfix l`xn k` flyxf`xlkc xotfkx ent k iftxkl` kvhlf`if. Gluf` k yveilf`x kiifzxk`if d| xokx

kvhlf`if# k yfivtlxlyl`g bnuf cfglxlbkxfy fbftgf`i| bfkyvtfy wolio fiffh xof inbbn`

tvcfy ne ynilkc l`xftkixln`# claf ulncf`if. K yviifyyevc yfivtlxlyl g bnuf ly ikccfh

yfivtlxlykxln`.

9

Ent xof zvtznyfy ne xoly ktxlicf# yfivtlxlykxln` ly v`hftyxnnh ky k yzfilibnhft` yzffio kix# k` vxxftk`if d| wolio wf in`yxtvix k` lyyvf ky k bkxxft ne yfivtlx|.8

Dv}k` fx kc. ky wfcc ky Dn`kiaft k`h Gtnbfy neeft k clyx ne af| xftby xokx l`hlikxf

yfivtlxlyl`g bnufy.6 Kbn`g xofb ktf yvtulukc k`h xof {vfyxln` xn df nt `nx xn df# ky wfcc

ky lhlnby yvio ky znl`x ne `n tfxvt`# fuft|xol`g fcyf wlcc df lttfcfuk`x k`h kcxft xof

ztfblyfy ent kcc nxoft {vfyxln`y. Xofyf xftby l`hlikxf znl`xy l` xof hlyivtyluf yxtvixvtf

woftf xof wkxft k`h xof yfivtlx|in`ffllix hlyinvtyfy# wolio okuf hfufcnzfh hvtl`g xof

fxtfbfc| hvtkdcf in`ffllix dfxwff` Lytkfcly k`h Zkcfyxl`lk`y# l`xftckif. /Hf",yfivtlxlyl`g

bnufy ik` df v`hftyxnnh ky hlyivtyluf feefixy ne xofyf l`xftin``fixln`y. Xof enccnwl`g

ly k olftktio| ne xotfkxy xokx ik` df yfivtlxlyfh l` hleeftf`x wk|y= /;, flyxf`xlkc xotfkx1

/4, xotfkxf`fh yfce"hfxftbl`kxln`1 /9, xotfkxf`fh xfttlxnt|1 k`h /8, xotfkxf`fh ukcvfy

k`h lhfky.

Ynilkc ztnifyyfy ktf vyvkcc| dkyfh n` xof kyyvbzxln` xokx xof in`xl`vkxln` ne

inbbv`likxln` ly f`yvtfh d| xof kiifzxk`if ne ztlnt inbbv`likxln` /kiinth,. Q . . . R

Dfl`g dkyfh n` xof inbbv`likxln` ne hlykiinth# in`ffllixy `nx n`c| znl`x xn xof in`yxk`x

znyyldlclx| ne k `n l`oftf`x l` kcc inbbv`likxln`# dvx xotnvgo xoflt yzfili hlyivtyluf

etkbfwnta xof| ekilclxkxf xof kixvkc# tfzfkxfh inbbv`likxln` ne xof `n.5 Xoly f`yvl`g

;48 Iotlyxlk`f M. Etnoclio

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in`ffllix hlyinvtyf# onwfuft# ik` znxf xlkcc| df iok`gfh yn xokx kgtffbf`x dfinbfy

znyyldcf kgkl`. Lg`ntl`g xoly znxf`xlkc ent hlyivtyluf in`ffllix xtk`yentbkxln` bfk`y dnxo

ylcf`xc| kiifzxl`g ofgfbn`li hlyinvtyf yxtvixvtfy k`h hfcldftkxfc| lg`ntl`g k olxoftxn

v`xkzzfh ynvtif ent zfkifevc inflyxf`if.

Yxkxf ne xof ktx

Inv`xcfyy yxvhlfy okuf dff` wtlxxf` kdnvx xof hleeftf`x kyzfixy ne wkxft yiktilx| l` xof

Blhhcf Fkyx k`h wntchwlhf. @vbftnvy ztnznykcy okuf dff` bkhf ky xn xof znclxlikc k`h

xfio`likc yncvxln` ne xof wkxft in`ffllix dfxwff` Lytkfcly k`h Zkcfyxl`lk`y /ky wfcc ky Lytkfc k`h

xof nxoft `flgodnvtl`g yxkxfy,. V`xlc n`c| tfif`xc|# tfyfktio in`ylyxfh ztfhnbl`k`xc| ne

o|htncnglikc# gfncnglikc k`h o|htngfncnglikc yxvhlfy wolio neeft hkxk n` xof kuklckdcf

`kxvtkc wkxft tfynvtify# tfkyn`y ent ykcl`lykxln` k`h ylblcktc| xfio`likc lyyvfy. Xofyf k`kc|yfy

vyvkcc| enccnwfh k yilf`xli"znylxlulyxli kzztnkio.7 Xof `fifyylx| xn xkaf l`xn kiinv`x xof

hleeftf x vyfty zftifzxln`y ky wfcc ky xoflt kxxlxvhfy k`h dfclfey l` nthft xn v`hftyxk`h wkxft

yiktilx| oky yl`if env`h lxy wk| l`xn tfyfktio n` xof yvdmfix.? Xoly in`yxtvixlulyx xvt` l`

yxvhlfy kdnvx xof LytkfclZkcfyxl`lk` wkxft in`ffllix oky nzf`fh vz `fw wk|y ne cnnal`g kx

xof {vfyxln` ne wo| wkxft tfbkl`y k` lyyvf ne in`ffllix dfxwff Lytkfcly k`h Zkcfyxl`lk`y fuf`xonvgo xoftf ly `n yontxkgf ne ztnznykcy xn yncuf lx= xof `kc yncvxln` ne xof wkxft {vfyxln`

oky dff` znyxzn`fh xn xof zftbk`f`x yxkxvy xkcay# k`h xoftf ly `n yvyxkl`kdcf yncvxln` ne xof

wkxft in`ffllix l` ylgox# tfgkthcfyy ne xof df`fxy lx bk| dtl`g ent kcc zktxlfy l`uncufh.

D| zl`znl`xl`g k`h hfcl`fkxl`g xof wk|y l` wolio yffbl`gc| ndmfixluf hkxk ktf ynilkcc|

in`yxtvixfh# xof ivttf`x gf`ftkxln` ne f`ultn`bf`xkc in`ffllix tfyfktiowolio xoly zkzft

ly k zktx neoky env`h `fw kzztnkiofy xn xof LytkfclZkcfyxl lk` wkxft in`ffllix.

In`ylhftl`g xof eklcvtf ne ztfulnvy gf`ftkxln`yclaf Int`vinzlk`y k`h `fn"

Bkcxovylk`yxn k`ywft if`xtkc {vfyxln`y# bntf tfif`x yxvhlfy etnb znclxlikc yilf`if#

wolio bnyxc| tfeft xn tfglbf xofnt|#< ky wfcc ky niikyln`kcc| xn yfivtlx| yxvhlfy#;: okuf

dfgv` xn y|yxfbkxlikcc| l`icvhf {vfyxln`y ne n`xncng| k`h fzlyxfbncng| l`yxfkh ne

enivyl`g ficvylufc| n` wkxft ky k` f`ultn`bf`xkc lyyvf k`h k` fin`nbli gnnh. Xof|

tffflfix n` xof olyxntlilx| k`h hlyivtyluf in`yxtvixln` ne onw wkxft ly zftiflufh

lccvyxtkxfh# ent l`yxk`if# d| xof {vfyxln` ne won kccnikxfy wokx ukcvf xn wkxft kx k iftxkl`

znl`x l` xlbfk`h xof ynilkc in`yxtvixln` ne wfkcxo k`h yiktilx|# wolio okh cn`g dff`

hlytfgkthfh l` ekunvt ne bntf `kxvtkclyx l`xftztfxkxln y. Wkxft# ent l`yxk`if# ik` df

ndmfixlufc| yiktif /l` xof yf`yf ne k bkxofbkxlikc f{vkxln` wolio inttfckxfy znzvckxln`

Yfivtlx| k`h hlyinvtyf ;46

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`vbdfty k`h flyxl`g wkxft tfynvtify,# dvx kx xof ykbf xlbf ik` df zftiflufh ky yveilf`x

k`h tv``l`g yontx ent znclxlikc tfkyn`y n`c|.

Xof ivttf`x gf`ftkxln` `hy ekvcx wlxo xof ekix xokx in`yxtvixlulyx kzztnkiofy k`h bk`

ky k ynilkc kixnt okuf |fx xn zck| k bkmnt tncf l` f`ultn`bf`xkc in`ffllix tfyfktio. ;;

L` khhlxln`# lx v`hftyintfy xokx f`ultn`bf`xkc in`ffllix tfyfktio oky dff` cfh d| hleeftl`g

`ntbkxluf znylxln`y# wolio okuf vyvkcc| dff` bftfc| lbzclfh dvx okuf `fuftxofcfyy zck|fh

k if`xtkc tncf ent xof hleeftf`x kzztnkiofy.;4 Xn lccvyxtkxf# l` xof f`ultn`bf`xkc yfixnt# xof

kyyvbzxln` yxlcc ztfuklcy xokx yilf`xli bfxonhy ik` df kzzclfh xn ynilkc zof`nbf`k claf

in`ffllixy;9= d| ickyyle|l`g k ztndcfb ky f`ultn`bf`xkc# lx ik` yvzznyfhc| df yncufh

yvyxkl`kdc| xotnvgo xfio`likc znclxlikc ztngtkbbfy. Xoly ly dkyfh n` xof kyyvbzxln` xokx

in`xf`hfh znclxlikc ztndcfby ik` df xtk`yentbfh l`xn bftf khbl`lyxtkxluf lyyvfy l` nthft

xn xof` df yncufh d| olgoc| {vkclfh fzftxy wlxonvx bkmnt in`ffllix.;8

Xoly tkxln`kclykxln` ne onw f`ultn`bf`xkc in`ffllixy ktf hfkcx wlxo# onwfuft# hnfy `nx

`fifyyktlc| cfkh xn k tkxln`kclykxln` ne xof in`ffllixyn` xof in`xtkt|. Wolcf yvio k bntf

tkxln`kc kzztnkio xn tfynvtif in`ffllixy itfkxfy bntf /fzftx, a`nwcfhgf n` xof tfynvtif l`

{vfyxln`# xovy yffbl`gc| ndmfixle|l`g k ylxvkxln`# fzk`hl`g ing`lxluf a`nwcfhgf kcwk|y

f`xklcy k` fzk`hl`g inbzf hlvb ne `kttkxluf in`yxtvixln`y xnn. L` yontx# l`yxfkh ne k bntf

tkxln kc kzztnkio xn `kxvtf hvf xn yxfkhlc| gtnwl`g ndmfixluf hkxk# k ztnifyy nefbnxln`kclyl`g# znclxlilyl g k`h yfivtlxlyl`g f`yvfy wolio f`xklcy `fw# inbzfxl`g

in`yxtvixln`y ne `kxvtf. Xof tfyvcx ly k in`xfyx dfxwff` tlgox k`h wtn`g a`nwcfhgf#

dfxwff` hleeftf`x in`yxtvixln`y ne tfkclx|# dfxwff` xokx wolio ly yk|kdcf k`h xokx wolio ly

v`yk|kdcf. Xof {vfyxln` ne wo| k`h onw `kxvtkc ztnifyyfy l`fflvf`if ovbk` kixln` hfzf`hy#

xovy# n` k yzfkafty znylxln` l` hlyinvtyf. Xoly yxvh| klby kx lhf`xle|l`g xof in`yxtvixfh`fyy

ne yffbl gc| ndmfixluf hkxk d| k`kc|yl`g hlyivtyluf in`xl`vlxlfy l` nthft xn `kcc| xkz l`xn xof

znxf`xlkc ent in`ffllix xtk`yentbkxln` xokx ly l`oftf x l` iok`gl g hlyivtyluf yxtvixvtfy. Xoftf

ly k ckia ne xofntfxlikc v`hftyxk`hl`g ne wo| bk` kixy ky of hnfy l` k` f`ultn`bf`xkc in`ffllix1

xoly yxvh| xtlfy xn cc l` kx cfkyx ynbf ne xof blyyl`g zlfify d| v`inuftl`g xof in`ffllixluf

inbbv`likxln` zkxxft`y xokx v`hftclf xof LytkfclZkcfyxl`lk` wkxft in`ffllix.

Tfyfktio yfx"vz

Xoly yxvh| ly xof fyyf`if ne uf |fkty ne tfyfktio n` onw wkxft l` Lytkfc k`h xof Zkcfyxl`lk`

Xfttlxntlfy ly zftiflufh. Dkyfh n` k xofntfxlikc v`hftyxk`hl`g ne hlyinvtyf kiinthl`g xn

Mkgft#;6 wolio nwfy bvio xn Envikvcxy nfvutf# lxy tfifzxln` k`h dtnkhf`l`g d| Cl`a k`h

;45 Iotlyxlk`f M. Etnoclio

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Cl`a"Offt#;5 k`h Cfn`xfuy zy|ioncnglikc kixln` xofnt|#;7 L nvxcl`fh xof gf`fyly ne xof

Lytkfcl k`h Zkcfyxl`lk` wkxft hlyinvtyfy etnb ;??4 v`xlc 4::6 l` nthft xn xof` y|`iotn`likcc|

k`kc|yf 4: /;: Zkcfyxl lk # ;: Lytkfcl, okce"nzf`# yfbl"yxtvixvtfh l`xftulfwy wlxo Lytkfcl k`h

Zkcfyxl lk` wkxft fzftxy xn yonw onw dnxo ynilfxlfy zftifluf k`h ukcvf wkxft n` k znclxlikc#

yxtkxfgli k`h ynilfxkc cfufc k`h l` wokx wk| wkxft ly dfl`g /hf",yfivtlxlyfh ent k`h d| wonb.

Xoly yxvh| enccnwy k in`yxtvixlulyx v`hftyxk`hl`g ne tfkclx|= xoftf ly `n ndmfixluf# gluf`

tfkclx|1 xokx wolio ly tfkc ly kcwk|y hlyivtylufc| in`yxtvixfh. Kiinthl`gc|# in`ffllix ly hf`fh

ky k hlyivtyluf# kixlufc| in`yxtvixfh niivttf`if# ky xof bnbf`x wof` xof ck`gvkgf ne

znclxliy dfinbfy k hlyinvtyf ne ficvyln`lyx ztnxfixln` kgkl`yx k in`yxtvixfh hlkdnclikc#

okxfh f`fb| won ly hfyftul`g ne k`| ulncf`if zftzfxtkxfh kgkl`yx lx.;? Hlyinvtyf oftf ly

hf`fh ky xof fflnw ne ynilkc a`nwcfhgf xotnvgo xlbf.;