SECTION VI 2019 - falatghareh.ir · SECTION VI ASME BPVC.VI-2019 2019ASME Boiler and ... VIII Rules...

Recommended Rules for the Care and Operat ion of Heat ing Boi lers

SECTION VI

ASME BPVC.VI-2019

2019 ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel CodeAn International Code

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Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME,” ASME

logos, or the ASME Single Certification Mark shall not be used on any item that is not constructed

in accordance with all of the applicable requirements of the Code or Standard. Use of ASME’s

name or logos or of the ASME Single Certification Mark requires formal ASME certification; if no

certification program is available, such ASME markings may not be used. (For Certification and

Accreditation Programs, see https://www.asme.org/shop/certification‐accreditation.)

Items produced by parties not formally possessing an ASME Certificate may not be described,

either explicitly or implicitly, as ASME certified or approved in any code forms or other document.


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VIRECOMMENDED RULES FORTHE CARE AND OPERATIONOF HEATING BOILERSASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committeeon Heating Boilers

AN INTERNATIONAL CODE

2019 ASME Boiler &Pressure Vessel Code2019 Edition July 1, 2019

Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA


Date of Issuance: July 1, 2019

This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria forAmerican National Standards and it is an American National Standard. The Standards Committee that approvedthe code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests havehad an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and com-ment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, andthe public-at-large.ASME does not “approve," "certify," “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any

items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liabilityfor infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard areexpressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of suchrights, is entirely their own responsibility.Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as

government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the es-

tablished ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.The endnotes and preamble in this document (if any) are part of this American National Standard.

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ASME Single Certification Mark

"ASME" and the above ASME symbols are registered trademarks of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronicretrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the

publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934Printed in the United States of America

Adopted by the Council of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914; latest edition 2019.

The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990

Copyright © 2019 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

All rights reserved


TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Statement of Policy on the Use of the ASME Single Certification Mark and Code Authorization inAdvertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statement of Policy on the Use of ASME Marking to Identify Manufactured Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of Changes in Record Number Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cross-Referencing and Stylistic Changes in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Article 2 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Article 3 Types of Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 ASME Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 Method of Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Article 4 Fuels and Fuel-Burning Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 Types of Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 Fuel-Burning Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Article 5 Boiler Room Facilities and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.2 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3 Ventilation and Combustion Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.4 Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.5 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.6 Electrical Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.7 Fuel Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.8 Chimney or Vent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.9 Piping — Water and Drain Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.10 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.11 Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.12 Posting of Certificates and/or Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.13 Record Keeping, Logs, Etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Article 6 Overpressure Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.1 Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.2 Pressure Relief Valve Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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6.3 Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.4 Pressure Relief Valve Discharge Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.5 Temperature and Pressure Safety Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.6 Valve Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.7 Try-Lever Test for Safety Valves (Steam Boilers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.8 Try-Lever Test for Safety Relief Valves (Water Boilers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Article 7 System Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.1 Steam Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.2 Hot Water Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Article 8 Controls and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.1 Low-Water Fuel Cutoffs and Water Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.2 Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.3 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.4 Steam Heating Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.5 Hot Water Heating Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Article 9 Operation and Maintenance of Steam Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.1 Starting a New Boiler and Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.2 Starting a Boiler After Layup (Single-Boiler Installation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.3 Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.4 Cutting in an Additional Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.5 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.6 Removal of Boiler From Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.7 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Article 10 Operation and Maintenance — Hot Water Boilers and Hot Water Heating Boilers . . . 4610.1 Starting a New Boiler and Heating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4610.2 Starting a Boiler After Layup (Single-Boiler Installation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4610.3 Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.4 Cutting in an Additional Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.5 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.6 Removal of Boiler From Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710.7 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Article 11 Inspections of Installed Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5111.1 Periodic Inspection of Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5111.2 Inspection of the Boiler by the Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Article 12 Boiler Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212.1 Precaution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212.2 Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212.3 Welding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212.4 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Article 13 Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5313.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5313.2 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5313.3 Water Treatment Specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5313.4 Local Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5313.5 Potential Boiler Water Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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13.6 Blowdown (Steam Boilers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5413.7 Chemical Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5413.8 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Article 14 Treatment of Laid-Up Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5514.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5514.2 Dry Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5514.3 Wet Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Mandatory AppendixI Periodic Testing and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Figures3.3.1.1.1-1 Horizontal Tube, Brick-Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3.1.1.2-1 Gas Flow Patterns of Scotch-Type Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3.1.1.3-1 Type C Firebox Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3.1.1.3-2 Three-Pass Firebox Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3.1.1.4-1 Vertical Firetube Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.2.1-1 Horizontal Sectional Cast Iron Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3.2.1-2 Vertical Sectional Cast Iron Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.9.1-1 Single Hot Water Heating Boiler — Acceptable Piping Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.9.1-2 Hot Water Heating Boilers in Battery — Acceptable Piping Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.9.1-3 Single Steam Boilers — Acceptable Piping Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.9.1-4 Steam Boilers in Battery — Pumped Return — Acceptable Piping Installation . . . . . . . . . . 205.9.1-5 Steam Boilers in Battery — Gravity Return — Acceptable Piping Installation . . . . . . . . . . 215.9.8-1 Modules Connected With Parallel Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.9.8-2 Modules Connected With Primary–Secondary Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.1.1-1 Official Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.1.2-1 Safety Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.1.3-1 Safety Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.4.1-1 Safety Relief Valve Discharge Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.1.1-1 Thermostatic Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.1.1-2 Float Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.1.1-3 Float and Thermostatic Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.1.1-4 Bucket Trap With Trap Closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.1.2.3-1 Typical Return Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338.1.1-1 Float-Type Low-Water Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.1.2-1 Probe-Type Low-Water Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-1-1 Exhibit A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57I-1-2 Exhibit B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Table5.9.5-1 Size of Bottom Blowoff Piping, Valves, and Cocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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ð19Þ LIST OF SECTIONSSECTIONSI Rules for Construction of Power Boilers

II Materials• Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications• Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications• Part C — Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals• Part D — Properties (Customary)• Part D — Properties (Metric)

III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components• Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2• Appendices• Division 1– Subsection NB — Class 1 Components– Subsection NC — Class 2 Components– Subsection ND — Class 3 Components– Subsection NE — Class MC Components– Subsection NF — Supports– Subsection NG — Core Support Structures

• Division 2 — Code for Concrete Containments• Division 3 — Containment Systems for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-LevelRadioactive Material

• Division 5 — High Temperature Reactors

IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers

V Nondestructive Examination

VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers

VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers

VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels• Division 1• Division 2 — Alternative Rules• Division 3 — Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels

IX Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications

X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components• Division 1 — Rules for Inspection and Testing of Components of Light-Water-Cooled Plants• Division 2 — Requirements for Reliability and Integrity Management (RIM) Programs for Nuclear Power

Plants

XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks

vi


INTERPRETATIONS

Interpretations are issued in real time in ASME’s Interpretations Database at http://go.asme.org/Interpretations. His-torical BPVC interpretations may also be found in the Database.

CODE CASES

The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code committees meet regularly to consider proposed additions and revisions to theCode and to formulate Cases to clarify the intent of existing requirements or provide, when the need is urgent, rules formaterials or constructions not covered by existing Code rules. Those Cases that have been adopted will appear in theappropriate 2019 Code Cases book: “Boilers and Pressure Vessels” or “Nuclear Components.” Each Code Cases bookis updated with seven Supplements. Supplements will be sent or made available automatically to the purchasers ofthe Code Cases books up to the publication of the 2021 Code. Code Case users can check the current status of any CodeCase at http://go.asme.org/BPVCCDatabase. Code Case users can also view an index of the complete list of Boiler andPressure Vessel Code Cases and Nuclear Code Cases at http://go.asme.org/BPVCC.

vii


ð19Þ FOREWORD*

In 1911, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers established the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee to for-mulate standard rules for the construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. In 2009, the Boiler and PressureVessel Committee was superseded by the following committees:(a) Committee on Power Boilers (I)(b) Committee on Materials (II)(c) Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III)(d) Committee on Heating Boilers (IV)(e) Committee on Nondestructive Examination (V)(f) Committee on Pressure Vessels (VIII)(g) Committee on Welding, Brazing, and Fusing (IX)(h) Committee on Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (X)(i) Committee on Nuclear Inservice Inspection (XI)(j) Committee on Transport Tanks (XII)(k) Technical Oversight Management Committee (TOMC)Where reference is made to “the Committee” in this Foreword, each of these committees is included individually and

collectively.The Committee’s function is to establish rules of safety relating only to pressure integrity, which govern the

construction** of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks, and nuclear components, and the inservice inspection of nu-clear components and transport tanks. The Committee also interprets these rules when questions arise regarding theirintent. The technical consistency of the Sections of the Code and coordination of standards development activities of theCommittees is supported and guided by the Technical Oversight Management Committee. This Code does not addressother safety issues relating to the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks, or nuclear components, orthe inservice inspection of nuclear components or transport tanks. Users of the Code should refer to the pertinent codes,standards, laws, regulations, or other relevant documents for safety issues other than those relating to pressure integ-rity. Except for Sections XI and XII, and with a few other exceptions, the rules do not, of practical necessity, reflect thelikelihood and consequences of deterioration in service related to specific service fluids or external operating environ-ments. In formulating the rules, the Committee considers the needs of users, manufacturers, and inspectors of pressurevessels. The objective of the rules is to afford reasonably certain protection of life and property, and to provide a marginfor deterioration in service to give a reasonably long, safe period of usefulness. Advancements in design and materialsand evidence of experience have been recognized.This Code contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for construction ac-

tivities and inservice inspection and testing activities. The Code does not address all aspects of these activities and thoseaspects that are not specifically addressed should not be considered prohibited. The Code is not a handbook and cannotreplace education, experience, and the use of engineering judgment. The phrase engineering judgment refers to technicaljudgments made by knowledgeable engineers experienced in the application of the Code. Engineering judgments mustbe consistent with Code philosophy, and such judgments must never be used to overrule mandatory requirements orspecific prohibitions of the Code.The Committee recognizes that tools and techniques used for design and analysis change as technology progresses

and expects engineers to use good judgment in the application of these tools. The designer is responsible for complyingwith Code rules and demonstrating compliance with Code equations when such equations are mandatory. The Codeneither requires nor prohibits the use of computers for the design or analysis of components constructed to the

*The information contained in this Foreword is not part of this American National Standard (ANS) and has not been processed in accordancewith ANSI's requirements for an ANS. Therefore, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a con-sensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the Code.

**Construction, as used in this Foreword, is an all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing,certification, and pressure relief.

viii--``,,```,`,`,``,`,`,,,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


requirements of the Code. However, designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cau-tioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and the application ofthese programs to their design.

The rules established by the Committee are not to be interpreted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any pro-prietary or specific design, or as limiting in any way the manufacturer’s freedom to choose any method of design or anyform of construction that conforms to the Code rules.

The Committee meets regularly to consider revisions of the rules, new rules as dictated by technological development,Code Cases, and requests for interpretations. Only the Committee has the authority to provide official interpretations ofthis Code. Requests for revisions, new rules, Code Cases, or interpretations shall be addressed to the Secretary in writingand shall give full particulars in order to receive consideration and action (see Submittal of Technical Inquiries to theBoiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees). Proposed revisions to the Code resulting from inquiries will be pre-sented to the Committee for appropriate action. The action of the Committee becomes effective only after confirmationby ballot of the Committee and approval by ASME. Proposed revisions to the Code approved by the Committee are sub-mitted to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and published at http://go.asme.org/BPVCPublicReview toinvite comments from all interested persons. After public review and final approval by ASME, revisions are published atregular intervals in Editions of the Code.

The Committee does not rule on whether a component shall or shall not be constructed to the provisions of the Code.The scope of each Section has been established to identify the components and parameters considered by the Committeein formulating the Code rules.

Questions or issues regarding compliance of a specific component with the Code rules are to be directed to the ASMECertificate Holder (Manufacturer). Inquiries concerning the interpretation of the Code are to be directed to the Commit-tee. ASME is to be notified should questions arise concerning improper use of the ASME Single Certification Mark.

When required by context in this Section, the singular shall be interpreted as the plural, and vice versa, and the fem-inine, masculine, or neuter gender shall be treated as such other gender as appropriate.

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ð19Þ

ð19Þ

STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF THE ASME SINGLECERTIFICATION MARK AND CODE AUTHORIZATION IN

ADVERTISING

ASME has established procedures to authorize qualified organizations to perform various activities in accordancewith the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It is the aim of the Society to provide recognitionof organizations so authorized. An organization holding authorization to perform various activities in accordance withthe requirements of the Code may state this capability in its advertising literature.Organizations that are authorized to use the ASME Single Certification Mark for marking items or constructions that

have been constructed and inspected in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code are issued Certifi-cates of Authorization. It is the aim of the Society to maintain the standing of the ASME Single Certification Mark for thebenefit of the users, the enforcement jurisdictions, and the holders of the ASME Single Certification Mark who complywith all requirements.Based on these objectives, the following policy has been established on the usage in advertising of facsimiles of the

ASME Single Certification Mark, Certificates of Authorization, and reference to Code construction. The American Societyof Mechanical Engineers does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, or activity and thereshall be no statements or implications that might so indicate. An organization holding the ASME Single Certification Markand/or a Certificate of Authorization may state in advertising literature that items, constructions, or activities “are built(produced or performed) or activities conducted in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and PressureVessel Code,” or “meet the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.”An ASME corporate logo shall notbe used by any organization other than ASME.The ASME Single Certification Mark shall be used only for stamping and nameplates as specifically provided in the

Code. However, facsimiles may be used for the purpose of fostering the use of such construction. Such usage may beby an association or a society, or by a holder of the ASME Single Certification Mark who may also use the facsimilein advertising to show that clearly specified items will carry the ASME Single Certification Mark.

STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF ASME MARKING TOIDENTIFY MANUFACTURED ITEMS

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rules for the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclearcomponents. This includes requirements for materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, and stamping. Itemsconstructed in accordance with all of the applicable rules of the Code are identified with the ASME Single CertificationMark described in the governing Section of the Code.Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME” or the ASME Single Certification

Mark shall not be used on any item that is not constructed in accordance with all of the applicable requirements of theCode.Items shall not be described on ASME Data Report Forms nor on similar forms referring to ASME that tend to imply

that all Code requirements have been met when, in fact, they have not been. Data Report Forms covering items not fullycomplying with ASME requirements should not refer to ASME or they should clearly identify all exceptions to the ASMErequirements.

x


ð19ÞSUBMITTAL OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES TO THE BOILER ANDPRESSURE VESSEL STANDARDS COMMITTEES

1 INTRODUCTION

(a) The following information provides guidance to Code users for submitting technical inquiries to the applicableBoiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Standards Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee). See the guidelineson approval of new materials under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in Section II, Part D for requirements forrequests that involve adding new materials to the Code. See the guidelines on approval of new welding and brazing ma-terials in Section II, Part C for requirements for requests that involve adding new welding and brazing materials (“con-sumables”) to the Code.

Technical inquiries can include requests for revisions or additions to the Code requirements, requests for Code Cases,or requests for Code Interpretations, as described below:

(1) Code Revisions. Code revisions are considered to accommodate technological developments, to address admin-istrative requirements, to incorporate Code Cases, or to clarify Code intent.

(2) Code Cases. Code Cases represent alternatives or additions to existing Code requirements. Code Cases are writ-ten as a Question and Reply, and are usually intended to be incorporated into the Code at a later date. When used, CodeCases prescribe mandatory requirements in the same sense as the text of the Code. However, users are cautioned thatnot all regulators, jurisdictions, or Owners automatically accept Code Cases. The most common applications for CodeCases are as follows:

(-a) to permit early implementation of an approved Code revision based on an urgent need(-b) to permit use of a new material for Code construction(-c) to gain experience with new materials or alternative requirements prior to incorporation directly into the

Code(3) Code Interpretations

(-a) Code Interpretations provide clarification of the meaning of existing requirements in the Code and are pre-sented in Inquiry and Reply format. Interpretations do not introduce new requirements.

(-b) If existing Code text does not fully convey the meaning that was intended, or conveys conflicting require-ments, and revision of the requirements is required to support the Interpretation, an Intent Interpretation will be issuedin parallel with a revision to the Code.

(b) Code requirements, Code Cases, and Code Interpretations established by the Committee are not to be consideredas approving, recommending, certifying, or endorsing any proprietary or specific design, or as limiting in any way thefreedom of manufacturers, constructors, or Owners to choose any method of design or any form of construction thatconforms to the Code requirements.

(c) Inquiries that do not comply with the following guidance or that do not provide sufficient information for the Com-mittee’s full understanding may result in the request being returned to the Inquirer with no action.

2 INQUIRY FORMAT

Submittals to the Committee should include the following information:(a) Purpose. Specify one of the following:(1) request for revision of present Code requirements(2) request for new or additional Code requirements(3) request for Code Case(4) request for Code Interpretation

(b) Background. The Inquirer should provide the information needed for the Committee’s understanding of the In-quiry, being sure to include reference to the applicable Code Section, Division, Edition, Addenda (if applicable), para-graphs, figures, and tables. Preferably, the Inquirer should provide a copy of, or relevant extracts from, the specificreferenced portions of the Code.

xi


(c) Presentations. The Inquirer may desire to attend or be asked to attend a meeting of the Committee to make a for-mal presentation or to answer questions from the Committee members with regard to the Inquiry. Attendance at a BPVStandards Committee meeting shall be at the expense of the Inquirer. The Inquirer’s attendance or lack of attendance ata meeting will not be used by the Committee as a basis for acceptance or rejection of the Inquiry by the Committee. How-ever, if the Inquirer’s request is unclear, attendance by the Inquirer or a representative may be necessary for the Com-mittee to understand the request sufficiently to be able to provide an Interpretation. If the Inquirer desires to make apresentation at a Committee meeting, the Inquirer should provide advance notice to the Committee Secretary, to ensuretime will be allotted for the presentation in the meeting agenda. The Inquirer should consider the need for additionalaudiovisual equipment that might not otherwise be provided by the Committee. With sufficient advance notice to theCommittee Secretary, such equipment may be made available.

3 CODE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS

Requests for Code revisions or additions should include the following information:(a) Requested Revisions or Additions. For requested revisions, the Inquirer should identify those requirements of the

Code that they believe should be revised, and should submit a copy of, or relevant extracts from, the appropriate require-ments as they appear in the Code, marked up with the requested revision. For requested additions to the Code, the In-quirer should provide the recommended wording and should clearly indicate where they believe the additions should belocated in the Code requirements.(b) Statement of Need. The Inquirer should provide a brief explanation of the need for the revision or addition.(c) Background Information. The Inquirer should provide background information to support the revision or addition,

including any data or changes in technology that form the basis for the request, that will allow the Committee to ade-quately evaluate the requested revision or addition. Sketches, tables, figures, and graphs should be submitted, as appro-priate. The Inquirer should identify any pertinent portions of the Code that would be affected by the revision or additionand any portions of the Code that reference the requested revised or added paragraphs.

4 CODE CASES

Requests for Code Cases should be accompanied by a statement of need and background information similar to thatdescribed in 3(b) and 3(c), respectively, for Code revisions or additions. The urgency of the Code Case (e.g., project un-derway or imminent, new procedure) should be described. In addition, it is important that the request is in connectionwith equipment that will bear the ASME Single Certification Mark, with the exception of Section XI applications. The pro-posed Code Case should identify the Code Section and Division, and should be written as a Question and a Reply, in thesame format as existing Code Cases. Requests for Code Cases should also indicate the applicable Code Editions and Ad-denda (if applicable) to which the requested Code Case applies.

5 CODE INTERPRETATIONS

(a) Requests for Code Interpretations should be accompanied by the following information:(1) Inquiry. The Inquirer should propose a condensed and precise Inquiry, omitting superfluous background infor-

mation and, when possible, composing the Inquiry in such a way that a “yes” or a “no” Reply, with brief limitations orconditions, if needed, can be provided by the Committee. The proposed question should be technically and editoriallycorrect.

(2) Reply. The Inquirer should propose a Reply that clearly and concisely answers the proposed Inquiry question.Preferably, the Reply should be “yes” or “no,” with brief limitations or conditions, if needed.

(3) Background Information. The Inquirer should provide any need or background information, such as described in3(b) and 3(c), respectively, for Code revisions or additions, that will assist the Committee in understanding the proposedInquiry and Reply.If the Inquirer believes a revision of the Code requirements would be helpful to support the Interpretation, the In-

quirer may propose such a revision for consideration by the Committee. In most cases, such a proposal is not necessary.(b) Requests for Code Interpretations should be limited to an Interpretation of a particular requirement in the Code or

in a Code Case. Except with regard to interpreting a specific Code requirement, the Committee is not permitted to con-sider consulting-type requests such as the following:

(1) a review of calculations, design drawings, welding qualifications, or descriptions of equipment or parts to de-termine compliance with Code requirements

xii


(2) a request for assistance in performing any Code-prescribed functions relating to, but not limited to, materialselection, designs, calculations, fabrication, inspection, pressure testing, or installation

(3) a request seeking the rationale for Code requirements

6 SUBMITTALS

(a) Submittal. Requests for Code Interpretation should preferably be submitted through the online Interpretation Sub-mittal Form. The form is accessible at http://go.asme.org/InterpretationRequest. Upon submittal of the form, the In-quirer will receive an automatic e-mail confirming receipt. If the Inquirer is unable to use the online form, theInquirer may mail the request to the following address:

SecretaryASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CommitteeTwo Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990

All other Inquiries should be mailed to the Secretary of the BPV Committee at the address above. Inquiries are unlikelyto receive a response if they are not written in clear, legible English. They must also include the name of the Inquirer andthe company they represent or are employed by, if applicable, and the Inquirer’s address, telephone number, fax num-ber, and e-mail address, if available.

(b) Response. The Secretary of the appropriate Committee will provide a written response, via letter or e-mail, as ap-propriate, to the Inquirer, upon completion of the requested action by the Committee. Inquirers may track the status oftheir Interpretation Request at http://go.asme.org/Interpretations.

xiii


ð19Þ PERSONNELASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees,

Subgroups, and Working GroupsJanuary 1, 2019

TECHNICAL OVERSIGHT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (TOMC)

T. P. Pastor, ChairS. C. Roberts, Vice ChairS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryR. W. BarnesR. J. BasileT. L. BedeauxD. L. BergerD. A. BowersJ. CameronA. ChaudouetD. B. DeMichaelR. P. DeublerP. D. EdwardsJ. G. FeldsteinN. A. FinneyJ. A. Hall

T. E. HansenG. W. HembreeJ. F. HenryR. S. Hill IIIW. M. LundyR. E. McLaughlinG. C. ParkM. D. RanaR. F. Reedy, Sr.F. J. Schaaf, Jr.G. ScribnerB. F. ShelleyW. J. SperkoD. SrnicR. W. SwayneJ. E. Batey, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Research and Development (TOMC)

R. W. Barnes, ChairS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryD. A. CanonicoJ. F. HenryR. S. Hill III

W. HoffelnerB. HrubalaT. P. PastorS. C. RobertsD. Andrei, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Strategic Initiatives (TOMC)

S. C. Roberts, ChairS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryR. W. BarnesT. L. BedeauxG. W. HembreeJ. F. HenryR. S. Hill III

B. Hrubala

M. H. Jawad

R. E. McLaughlin

G. C. Park

T. P. Pastor

R. F. Reedy, Sr.

Special Working Group on High Temperature Technology (TOMC)

D. Dewees, ChairF. W. BrustT. D. BurchellP. R. Donavin

B. F. HantzJ. F. HenryR. I. JetterP. Smith

HONORARY MEMBERS (MAIN COMMITTEE)

F. P. BartonT. M. CullenG. E. FeigelO. F. HeddenM. H. JawadA. J. Justin

W. G. KnechtJ. LeCoffT. G. McCartyG. C. MillmanR. A. MoenR. F. Reedy, Sr.

ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE

T. P. Pastor, ChairS. C. Roberts, Vice ChairS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryR. J. BasileD. A. BowersJ. CameronD. B. DeMichaelJ. A. Hall

G. W. Hembree

R. S. Hill III

R. E. McLaughlin

M. D. Rana

B. F. Shelley

R. R. Stevenson

R. W. Swayne

MARINE CONFERENCE GROUP

H. N. Patel, ChairS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryJ. G. Hungerbuhler, Jr.

G. NairN. ProkopukJ. D. Reynolds

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CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

C. B. Cantrell — Nebraska, ChairJ. T. Amato — Minnesota, ViceChair

D. A. Douin — Ohio, SecretaryM. J. Adams — Ontario, CanadaW. Anderson — MississippiR. Becker — ColoradoR. J. Brockman — MissouriR. J. Bunte — IowaJ. H. Burpee — MaineM. J. Byrum — AlabamaS. Chapman — TennesseeD. C. Cook — CaliforniaB. J. Crawford — GeorgiaE. L. Creaser — New Brunswick,Canada

J. J. Dacanay — HawaiiC. Dautrich — North CarolinaR. DeLury — Manitoba, CanadaD. Eastman — Newfoundland andLabrador, Canada

D. A. Ehler — Nova Scotia, CanadaJ. J. Esch — DelawareT. J. Granneman II — OklahomaE. G. Hilton — VirginiaC. Jackson — City of Detroit,Michigan

M. L. Jordan — KentuckyE. Kawa, Jr. — MassachusettsA. Khssassi — Quebec, CanadaJ. Klug — City of Milwaukee,Wisconsin

K. J. Kraft — MarylandK. S. Lane — AlaskaL. C. Leet — City of Seattle,Washington

J. LeSage, Jr. — LouisianaA. M. Lorimor — South DakotaM. Mailman — NorthwestTerritories, Canada

D. E. Mallory — New HampshireW. McGivney — City of New York,New York

A. K. Oda — WashingtonL. E. Parkey — IndianaM. Poehlmann — Alberta, CanadaJ. F. Porcella — West VirginiaC. F. Reyes — CaliforniaM. J. Ryan — City of Chicago,Illinois

D. A. Sandfoss — NevadaM. H. Sansone — New YorkA. S. Scholl — British Columbia,Canada

T. S. Seime — North DakotaC. S. Selinger — Saskatchewan,Canada

J. E. Sharier — OhioN. Smith — PennsylvaniaR. Spiker — North CarolinaD. J. Stenrose — MichiganR. J. Stimson II — KansasR. K. Sturm — UtahD. K. Sullivan — ArkansasR. Tomka — OregonS. R. Townsend — Prince EdwardIsland, Canada

R. D. Troutt — TexasM. C. Vogel — IllinoisT. J. Waldbillig — WisconsinD. M. Warburton — FloridaM. Washington — New Jersey

INTERNATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW GROUP

V. FelixY.-G. KimS. H. LeongW. LinO. F. Manafa

C. MinuY.-W. ParkA. R. R. NogalesP. Williamson

COMMITTEE ON POWER BOILERS (BPV I)

R. E. McLaughlin, ChairE. M. Ortman, Vice ChairU. D’Urso, Staff SecretaryD. I. AndersonJ. L. ArnoldD. L. BergerK. K. ColemanP. D. EdwardsJ. G. FeldsteinG. W. GalanesT. E. HansenJ. F. HenryJ. S. HunterG. B. KomoraF. MassiL. MoedingerP. A. MolvieY. OishiJ. T. PillowM. Slater

J. M. TanzoshD. E. TompkinsD. E. TuttleJ. VattappillyM. WadkinsonR. V. WielgoszinskiF. ZellerH. Michael, DelegateD. A. Canonico, Honorary MemberD. N. French, Honorary MemberJ. Hainsworth, Honorary MemberC. Jeerings, Honorary MemberW. L. Lowry, Honorary MemberJ. R. MacKay, Honorary MemberT. C. McGough, Honorary MemberB. W. Roberts, Honorary MemberR. D. Schueler, Jr., HonoraryMember

R. L. Williams, Honorary MemberL. W. Yoder, Honorary Member

Subgroup on Design (BPV I)

J. Vattappilly, ChairG. B. Komora, Vice ChairD. I. Anderson, SecretaryD. DeweesH. A. Fonzi, Jr.J. P. Glaspie

L. Krupp

P. A. Molvie

L. S. Tsai

M. Wadkinson

C. F. Jeerings, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (BPV I)

J. L. Arnold, ChairP. F. Gilston, Vice ChairP. Becker, SecretaryD. L. BergerS. FincherG. W. GalanesJ. HainsworthT. E. Hansen

P. Jennings

C. T. McDaris

R. E. McLaughlin

R. J. Newell

Y. Oishi

J. T. Pillow

R. V. Wielgoszinski

Subgroup on General Requirements and Piping (BPV I)

E. M. Ortman, ChairD. E. Tompkins, Vice ChairF. Massi, SecretaryP. BeckerD. L. BergerP. D. EdwardsT. E. HansenM. IshikawaM. Lemmons

R. E. McLaughlin

B. J. Mollitor

J. T. Pillow

D. E. Tuttle

M. Wadkinson

R. V. Wielgoszinski

C. F. Jeerings, Contributing Member

W. L. Lowry, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Locomotive Boilers (BPV I)

P. Boschan, ChairJ. R. Braun, Vice ChairS. M. Butler, SecretaryA. BieseckerC. CrossR. C. Franzen, Jr.G. W. GalanesD. W. Griner

S. D. Jackson

M. A. Janssen

S. A. Lee

L. Moedinger

G. M. Ray

R. B. Stone

M. W. Westland

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Subgroup on Materials (BPV I)

K. K. Coleman, ChairK. Hayes, Vice ChairM. Lewis, SecretaryS. H. BowesD. A. CanonicoG. W. GalanesP. F. GilstonJ. F. HenryJ. S. HunterE. Liebl

F. Masuyama

M. Ortolani

D. W. Rahoi

J. M. Tanzosh

J. Vattappilly

F. Zeller

M. Gold, Contributing Member

B. W. Roberts, ContributingMember

Subgroup on Solar Boilers (BPV I)

P. Jennings, ChairR. E. Hearne, SecretaryH. A. Fonzi, Jr.

J. S. HunterF. MassiE. M. Ortman

Task Group on Modernization (BPV I)

D. I. Anderson, ChairU. D’Urso, Staff SecretaryJ. L. ArnoldD. DeweesG. W. GalanesJ. P. GlaspieT. E. Hansen

J. F. Henry

R. E. McLaughlin

P. A. Molvie

E. M. Ortman

D. E. Tuttle

J. Vattappilly

Germany International Working Group (BPV I)

A. Spangenberg, ChairM. BremickerP. ChavdarovB. DaumeJ. FleischfresserR. HelmholdtR. KauerD. KoelblS. KrebsT. LudwigR. A. Meyers

H. Michael

F. Miunske

B. Müller

H. Schroeder

M. Sykora

J. Henrichsmeyer, ContributingMember

P. Paluszkiewicz, ContributingMember

R. Uebel, Contributing Member

India International Working Group (BPV I)

H. Dalal, ChairA. R. Patil, Vice ChairT. Dhanraj, SecretaryP. BrahmaM. R. KalahasthiS. A. KumarA. J. PatilS. Purkait

S. RadhakrishnanG. V. S. RaoM. G. RaoU. RevisankaranG. U. ShankerD. K. ShrivastavaK. SinghaS. Venkataramana

COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS (BPV II)

J. Cameron, ChairJ. F. Grubb, Vice ChairC. E. O’Brien, Staff SecretaryA. AppletonA. ChaudouetJ. R. FouldsD. W. GandyJ. A. HallJ. F. HenryK. M. HottleM. IshikawaF. MasuyamaK. E. OrieD. W. RahoiE. ShapiroM. J. SlaterR. C. SutherlinJ. M. TanzoshR. G. YoungF. ZellerO. Oldani, DelegateF. Abe, Contributing MemberH. D. Bushfield, ContributingMember

D. A. Canonico, ContributingMember

D. B. Denis, Contributing MemberJ. D. Fritz, Contributing MemberM. Gold, Contributing MemberW. Hoffelner, Contributing MemberM. Katcher, Contributing MemberR. K. Nanstad, ContributingMember

M. L. Nayyar, Contributing MemberD. T. Peters, Contributing MemberB. W. Roberts, ContributingMember

J. J. Sanchez-Hanton, ContributingMember

R. W. Swindeman, ContributingMember

E. Upitis, Contributing MemberT. M. Cullen, Honorary MemberW. D. Edsall, Honorary MemberG. C. Hsu, Honorary MemberR. A. Moen, Honorary MemberC. E. Spaeder, Jr., HonoraryMember

A. W. Zeuthen, Honorary Member

Executive Committee (BPV II)

J. Cameron, ChairC. E. O’Brien, Staff SecretaryA. AppletonA. ChaudouetM. GoldJ. F. GrubbJ. F. Henry

M. IshikawaD. L. KurleR. W. MikitkaE. ShapiroM. J. SlaterR. C. SutherlinR. W. Swindeman

Subgroup on External Pressure (BPV II)

D. L. Kurle, ChairS. Guzey, Vice ChairJ. A. A. Morrow, SecretaryL. F. CampbellH. ChenD. S. GriffinJ. F. Grubb

M. H. Jawad

S. Krishnamurthy

R. W. Mikitka

C. R. Thomas

M. Wadkinson

M. Katcher, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Ferrous Specifications (BPV II)

A. Appleton, ChairK. M. Hottle, Vice ChairC. Hyde, SecretaryH. ChenB. M. DingmanM. J. DosdourianO. ElkadimD. FialkowskiM. GoldT. GrahamJ. M. GrockiJ. F. Grubb

J. GundlachD. S. JanikowskiL. J. LavezziS. G. LeeW. C. MackA. S. MelilliK. E. OrieD. PoweleitJ. ShickE. UpitisR. ZawieruchaJ. D. Fritz, Contributing Member

xvi


Subgroup on International Material Specifications (BPV II)

M. Ishikawa, ChairA. R. Nywening, Vice ChairB. Mruk, SecretaryA. ChaudouetP. ChavdarovH. ChenA. F. GarbolevskyD. O. Henry

W. M. LundyE. UpitisF. ZellerO. Oldani, DelegateD. A. Canonico, ContributingMember

H. Lorenz, Contributing MemberT. F. Miskell, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Nonferrous Alloys (BPV II)

E. Shapiro, ChairS. Yem, Vice ChairJ. Robertson, SecretaryR. BeldykJ. CallandJ. M. DownsJ. F. GrubbD. MaitraJ. A. McMaster

D. W. Rahoi

W. Ren

R. C. Sutherlin

J. Weritz

R. Wright

D. B. Denis, Contributing Member


D. T. Peters, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Physical Properties (BPV II)

J. F. Grubb, ChairG. Aurioles, Sr.D. ChandiramaniP. ChavdarovH. EshraghiB. F. HantzR. D. JonesP. K. LamS. Neilsen

D. W. RahoiP. K. RaiE. ShapiroM. S. SheltonD. K. VermaS. YemH. D. Bushfield, ContributingMember

D. B. Denis, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Strength, Ferrous Alloys (BPV II)

M. J. Slater, ChairS. W. Knowles, Vice ChairD. A. CanonicoA. Di RienzoJ. R. FouldsJ. A. HallJ. F. HenryF. MasuyamaT. OnoM. Ortolani

D. W. RahoiM. S. SheltonJ. M. TanzoshR. G. YoungF. ZellerF. Abe, Contributing MemberM. Gold, Contributing MemberM. Nair, Contributing MemberB. W. Roberts, ContributingMember

Subgroup on Strength of Weldments (BPV II & BPV IX)

G. W. Galanes, ChairK. L. Hayes, Vice ChairS. H. BowesK. K. ColemanM. DenaultP. D. FlennerJ. R. FouldsD. W. GandyM. GhahremaniJ. F. HenryE. Liebl

W. F. Newell, Jr.

J. Penso

D. W. Rahoi

B. W. Roberts

W. J. Sperko

J. P. Swezy, Jr.

J. M. Tanzosh


J. J. Sanchez-Hanton, ContributingMember

Working Group on Materials Database (BPV II)

J. F. Henry, ChairC. E. O’Brien, Staff SecretaryF. AbeJ. R. FouldsM. J. SlaterR. C. SutherlinD. Andrei, Contributing MemberJ. L. Arnold, Contributing Member

J. Grimes, Contributing MemberW. Hoffelner, Contributing MemberD. T. Peters, Contributing MemberW. Ren, Contributing MemberB. W. Roberts, ContributingMember


Working Group on Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels (BPV II)

J. F. Henry, ChairM. Ortolani, Vice ChairJ. A. Siefert, SecretaryS. H. BowesD. A. CanonicoK. K. ColemanP. D. FlennerJ. R. FouldsG. W. GalanesM. LangF. MasuyamaT. MelfiW. F. Newell, Jr.

J. ParkerJ. J. Sanchez-HantonW. J. SperkoJ. M. TanzoshR. H. WorthingtonR. G. YoungF. ZellerF. Abe, Contributing MemberG. Cumino, Contributing MemberB. W. Roberts, ContributingMember


Working Group on Data Analysis (BPV II)

J. F. Grubb, ChairJ. R. FouldsJ. F. HenryF. MasuyamaM. OrtolaniW. RenM. SubanovicM. J. SwindemanF. Abe, Contributing Member


W. Hoffelner, Contributing Member



B. W. Roberts, ContributingMember


China International Working Group (BPV II)

A. T. Xu, SecretaryW. FangQ. C. FengS. HuoF. KongH. LiJ. LiS. LiZ. RongcanS. TanC. WangJ. WangQ.-J. WangX. Wang

F. YangG. YangH.-C. YangJ. YangR. YeL. YinD. ZhangH. ZhangX.-H. ZhangYingkai ZhangYong ZhangQ. ZhaoS. Zhao

xvii


COMMITTEE ON CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITYCOMPONENTS (BPV III)

R. S. Hill III, ChairR. B. Keating, Vice ChairJ. C. Minichiello, Vice ChairA. Byk, Staff SecretaryT. M. AdamsA. AppletonR. W. BarnesW. H. BorterC. W. BrunyT. D. BurchellR. P. DeublerP. R. DonavinA. C. EberhardtJ. V. GardinerJ. GrimmS. HunterR. M. JesseeR. I. JetterC. C. KimG. H. KooV. KostarevM. A. LockwoodK. A. ManolyD. E. Matthews

M. N. MitchellM. MorishitaD. K. MortonT. NagataJ. E. NestellE. L. PleinsR. F. Reedy, Sr.I. SaitoS. ShamG. J. SoloveyW. K. Sowder, Jr.W. J. SperkoJ. P. TuckerC. S. WithersH.-T. Wang, DelegateC. T. Smith, Contributing MemberM. Zhou, Contributing MemberE. B. Branch, Honorary MemberG. D. Cooper, Honorary MemberD. F. Landers, Honorary MemberR. A. Moen, Honorary MemberC. J. Pieper, Honorary MemberK. R. Wichman, Honorary Member

Executive Committee (BPV III)

R. S. Hill III, ChairA. Byk, Staff SecretaryT. M. AdamsC. W. BrunyP. R. DonavinJ. V. GardinerJ. Grimm

R. B. KeatingJ. C. MinichielloJ. A. MunshiJ. E. NestellS. ShamG. J. SoloveyW. K. Sowder, Jr.

Subcommittee on Design (BPV III)

P. R. Donavin, ChairT. M. Adams, Vice ChairR. L. BrattonC. W. BrunyR. P. DeublerM. A. GrayS. HorowitzR. I. JetterR. B. KeatingK. A. ManolyR. J. MastersonD. E. MatthewsS. McKillop

M. N. Mitchell

W. J. O’Donnell, Sr.S. Sham

J. P. Tucker

W. F. Weitze

T. Yamazaki

J. Yang

R. S. Hill III, Contributing Member

G. L. Hollinger, ContributingMember

M. H. Jawad, Contributing Member

K. Wright, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Component Design (SC-D) (BPV III)

T. M. Adams, ChairR. B. Keating, Vice ChairS. Pellet, SecretaryD. J. AmmermanG. A. AntakiS. AsadaJ. F. BallC. BasavarajuD. ChowdhuryR. P. DeublerP. HirschbergM. KassarO.-S. KimH. KobayashiK. A. ManolyR. J. MastersonD. E. Matthews

J. C. MinichielloD. K. MortonT. M. MustoT. NagataI. SaitoG. C. SlagisJ. R. StinsonG. Z. TokarskiJ. P. TuckerP. VockC. WilsonJ. YangC. W. Bruny, Contributing MemberA. A. Dermenjian, ContributingMember

K. R. Wichman, Honorary Member

Working Group on Core Support Structures (SG-CD) (BPV III)

J. Yang, ChairD. Keck, SecretaryL. C. HartlessJ. F. KielbT. LiszkaiH. S. Mehta

M. NakajimaM. D. SnyderR. VollmerT. M. WigerY. WongR. Z. Ziegler

Working Group on Design of Division 3 Containment Systems(SG-CD) (BPV III)

D. J. Ammerman, ChairG. BjorkmanV. BrozS. HorowitzS. KleinD. W. LewisJ. C. Minichiello

D. K. MortonX. ZhaiX. ZhangD. Dunn, AlternateI. D. McInnes, Contributing MemberH. P. Shrivastava, ContributingMember

Working Group on HDPE Design of Components (SG-CD) (BPV III)

T. M. Musto, ChairJ. Ossmann, SecretaryT. M. AdamsT. A. BaconM. BrandesS. ChoiJ. R. HebeisenP. KrishnaswamyK. A. Manoly

M. Martin

J. C. Minichiello

D. P. Munson

F. J. Schaaf, Jr.

R. Stakenborghs

J. Wright

M. T. Audrain, Alternate

D. Burwell, Contributing Member

xviii --``,,```,`,`,``,`,`,,,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


Working Group on Piping (SG-CD) (BPV III)

G. A. Antaki, ChairG. Z. Tokarski, SecretaryT. M. AdamsT. A. BaconC. BasavarajuJ. CatalanoF. ClaeysC. M. FaidyR. G. GiladaN. M. GrahamM. A. GrayR. J. GurdalR. W. HauptA. HiranoP. HirschbergM. Kassar

J. KawahataR. B. KeatingV. KostarevD. LiebT. B. LittletonJ. F. McCabeJ. C. MinichielloI.-K. NamG. C. SlagisN. C. SutherlandC.-I. WuY. Liu, Contributing MemberA. N. Nguyen, Contributing MemberM. S. Sills, Contributing MemberE. A. Wais, Contributing Member

Working Group on Pressure Relief (SG-CD) (BPV III)

J. F. Ball, ChairJ. W. DicksonS. JonesR. KrithivasanR. LackK. R. MayD. MillerT. Patel

K. Shores

I. H. Tseng

J. Yu

N. J. Hansing, Alternate

B. J. Yonsky, Alternate

S. T. French, Contributing Member

D. B. Ross, Contributing Member

Working Group on Pumps (SG-CD) (BPV III)

D. Chowdhury, ChairJ. V. Gregg, Jr., SecretaryX. DiM. D. EftychiouC. GabhartJ. KikushimaR. Klein

R. LadefianW. LienauK. J. NoelR. A. PatrickJ. SulleyA. G. WashburnY. Wong

Working Group on Supports (SG-CD) (BPV III)

J. R. Stinson, ChairU. S. Bandyopadhyay, SecretaryK. AvrithiT. H. BakerF. J. BirchR. P. DeublerN. M. GrahamR. J. Masterson

S. PelletI. SaitoC. StirzelG. Z. TokarskiA. TsirigotisL. VandershipP. WisemanJ. Huang, Alternate

Working Group on Valves (SG-CD) (BPV III)

P. Vock, ChairS. Jones, SecretaryM. C. BuckleyR. FarrellG. A. JollyJ. LambinT. LippucciC. A. Mizer

H. O’Brien

J. O’Callaghan

K. E. Reid II

J. Sulley

I. H. Tseng

J. P. Tucker

N. J. Hansing, Alternate

Working Group on Vessels (SG-CD) (BPV III)

D. E. Matthews, ChairS. Willoughby, SecretaryJ. ArthurC. BasavarajuM. KassarR. B. KeatingD. KeckJ. I. KimO.-S. KimT. MitsuhashiD. MurphyT. J. Schriefer

M. C. Scott

P. K. Shah

J. Shupert

C. Turylo

D. Vlaicu

C. Wilson

T. Yamazaki

R. Z. Ziegler

B. Basu, Contributing Member

A. Kalnins, Contributing Member

W. F. Weitze, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Design Methods (SC-D) (BPV III)

C. W. Bruny, ChairP. R. Donavin, Vice ChairS. McKillop, SecretaryK. AvrithiL. DaviesS. R. GosselinM. A. GrayJ. V. Gregg, Jr.H. T. Harrison IIIK. HsuD. Keck

J. I. Kim

M. N. Mitchell

W. J. O’Donnell, Sr.W. D. Reinhardt

P. Smith

S. D. Snow

R. Vollmer

W. F. Weitze

K. Wright

T. M. Adams, Contributing Member

Working Group on Design Methodology (SG-DM) (BPV III)

S. McKillop, ChairR. Vollmer, SecretaryK. AvrithiC. BasavarajuD. L. CaldwellC. M. FaidyR. FarrellH. T. Harrison IIIC. F. Heberling IIP. HirschbergM. KassarR. B. KeatingJ. I. KimH. Kobayashi

T. LiszkaiJ. F. McCabeS. RanganathW. D. ReinhardtP. K. ShahS. D. SnowS. WangW. F. WeitzeJ. WenT. M. WigerK. WrightJ. YangR. D. Blevins, Contributing MemberM. R. Breach, Contributing Member

Working Group on Environmental Effects (SG-DM) (BPV III)

L. Davies, ChairB. D. Frew, SecretaryP. J. DobsonJ. I. Kim

J. E. NestellM. OsterfossT. J. SchrieferI. H. Tseng

Working Group on Environmental Fatigue Evaluation Methods(SG-DM) (BPV III)

M. A. Gray, ChairW. F. Weitze, SecretaryT. M. AdamsS. AsadaK. AvrithiR. C. CipollaT. M. DamianiC. M. FaidyT. D. GilmanS. R. GosselinY. He

P. Hirschberg

H. S. Mehta

T. Metais

J.-S. Park

B. Pellereau

I. Saito

D. Vlaicu

K. Wang

K. Wright

R. Z. Ziegler

xix


Working Group on Fatigue Strength (SG-DM) (BPV III)

P. R. Donavin, ChairM. S. Shelton, SecretaryT. M. DamianiC. M. FaidyP. GillS. R. GosselinR. J. GurdalC. F. Heberling IIC. E. HinnantP. HirschbergK. Hsu

S. H. KleinsmithS. MajumdarS. N. MalikH. S. MehtaS. MohantyS. RanganathA. TsirigotisD. Dewees, Contributing MemberW. J. O'Donnell, Sr., ContributingMember

K. Wright, Contributing Member

Working Group on Graphite and Composite Design(SG-DM) (BPV III)

M. N. Mitchell, ChairT. D. Burchell, SecretaryA. AppletonS.-H. ChiW. J. GeringerS. T. GonczyM. G. Jenkins

Y. KatohJ. OssmannW. WindesA. YeshnikS. YuG. L. ZengN. McMurray, Alternate

Working Group on Probabilistic Methods in Design(SG-DM) (BPV III)

M. Golliet, ChairT. AsayamaK. AvrithiG. BrouetteJ. Hakii

D. O. HenryR. S. Hill IIIM. MorishitaP. J. O'ReganI. Saito

Special Working Group on Computational Modeling for ExplicitDynamics (SG-DM) (BPV III)

G. Bjorkman, ChairD. J. Ammerman, Vice ChairV. Broz, SecretaryM. R. BreachJ. M. JordanS. KuehnerD. Molitoris

W. D. ReinhardtP. Y.-K. ShihS. D. SnowC.-F. TsoM. C. YakshU. ZenckerA. Rigato, Alternate

Subgroup on Elevated Temperature Design (SC-D) (BPV III)

S. Sham, ChairT. AsayamaC. Becht IVF. W. BrustP. CarterM. E. CohenB. F. HantzM. H. JawadR. I. JetterK. KimuraG. H. KooT. Le

J. E. Nestell

R. Wright

A. B. Hull, Alternate

D. S. Griffin, Contributing Member

S. Majumdar, Contributing Member

D. L. Marriott, ContributingMember

W. J. O'Donnell, Sr., ContributingMember


Working Group on Allowable Stress Criteria (SG-ETD) (BPV III)

R. Wright, ChairM. J. Swindeman, SecretaryC. J. JohnsK. KimuraT. LeD. MaitraM. McMurtreyJ. E. Nestell

W. Ren

S. Sham

X. Wei

S. N. Malik, Alternate

J. R. Foulds, Contributing Member


Working Group on Analysis Methods (SG-ETD) (BPV III)

P. Carter, ChairM. J. Swindeman, SecretaryM. E. CohenR. I. JetterT. LeM. C. Messner

S. ShamX. WeiA. Tsirigotis, AlternateS. Krishnamurthy, ContributingMember

Working Group on Creep-Fatigue and Negligible Creep (SG-ETD)(BPV III)

T. Asayama, ChairF. W. BrustP. CarterM. E. CohenR. I. JetterG. H. KooT. LeB.-L. Lyow

M. McMurtrey

M. C. Messner

H. Qian

S. Sham

Y. Wang

X. Wei

N. McMurray, Alternate

Working Group on Elevated Temperature Construction (SG-ETD)(BPV III)

A. Mann, ChairC. Nadarajah, SecretaryD. I. AndersonD. DeweesB. F. HantzM. H. JawadR. I. JetterS. KrishnamurthyT. Le

M. N. Mitchell

P. Prueter

M. J. Swindeman


J. P. Glaspie, Contributing Member

D. L. Marriott, ContributingMember

B. J. Mollitor, Contributing Member

Working Group on High Temperature Flaw Evaluation (SG-ETD)(BPV III)

F. W. Brust, ChairP. CarterS. KalyanamT. LeM. C. MessnerH. Qian

P. J. Rush

D.-J. Shim

X. Wei

S. X. Xu


Special Working Group on Inelastic Analysis Methods (SG-ETD)(BPV III)

M. C. Messner, ChairS. X. Xu, SecretaryR. W. BarnesJ. A. BlancoT. HassanG. H. Koo

B.-L. Lyow

S. Sham

M. J. Swindeman

X. Wei

G. L. Zeng

xx


Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV III)

J. V. Gardiner, ChairJ. Rogers, SecretaryV. ApostolescuA. AppletonS. BellJ. R. BerryG. BrouetteJ. W. HighlandsE. V. ImbroK. A. KavanaghY.-S. KimB. McGlone

E. C. Renaud

T. N. Rezk

D. J. Roszman

W. K. Sowder, Jr.

R. Spuhl

G. E. Szabatura

D. M. Vickery

C. S. Withers

J. DeKleine, Contributing Member

H. Michael, Contributing Member

C. T. Smith, Contributing Member

Working Group on Duties and Responsibilities (SG-GR) (BPV III)

S. Bell, ChairN. DeSantis, SecretaryJ. R. BerryP. J. CocoY. Diaz-CastilloJ. V. Gardiner

E. V. ImbroK. A. KavanaghD. J. RoszmanB. S. SandhuJ. L. WilliamsJ. DeKleine, Contributing Member

Working Group on Quality Assurance, Certification, and Stamping(SG-GR) (BPV III)

B. McGlone, ChairJ. Grimm, SecretaryV. ApostolescuA. AppletonG. BrouetteO. ElkadimS. M. GoodwinJ. HarrisJ. W. HighlandsK. A. KavanaghY.-S. KimD. T. Meisch

R. B. Patel

E. C. Renaud

T. N. Rezk

J. Rogers

W. K. Sowder, Jr.

R. Spuhl

J. F. Strunk

G. E. Szabatura

D. M. Vickery

C. S. Withers

C. A. Spletter, Contributing Member

Special Working Group on General Requirements Consolidation(SG-GR) (BPV III)

J. V. Gardiner, ChairC. T. Smith, Vice ChairS. BellM. B. CusickY. Diaz-CastilloJ. GrimmJ. M. LyonsB. McGloneR. B. PatelE. C. RenaudT. N. Rezk

J. Rogers

D. J. Roszman

B. S. Sandhu

G. J. Solovey

R. Spuhl

G. E. Szabatura

J. L. Williams

C. S. Withers

S. F. Harrison, Jr., ContributingMember

Working Group on General Requirements for Graphite and CeramicComposite Core Components and Assemblies (SG-GR) (BPV III)

A. Appleton, ChairW. J. Geringer, SecretaryJ. R. BerryT. D. BurchellM. N. Mitchell

E. C. RenaudW. WindesA. YeshnikN. McMurray, Alternate

Subgroup on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (BPV III)

J. Grimm, ChairB. D. Frew, Vice ChairS. Hunter, SecretaryW. H. BorterT. D. BurchellS. ChoP. J. CocoR. H. DavisG. B. GeorgievS. E. GingrichM. GollietL. S. HarbisonR. M. JesseeJ. Johnston, Jr.C. C. KimM. Lashley

T. MelfiI.-K. NamJ. OssmannJ. E. O’SullivanM. C. ScottW. J. SperkoJ. R. StinsonJ. F. StrunkW. WindesR. WrightS. YeeH. Michael, DelegateR. W. Barnes, Contributing MemberG. R. Cannell, Contributing MemberD. B. Denis, Contributing Member

Working Group on Graphite and Composite Materials (SG-MFE)(BPV III)

T. D. Burchell, ChairM. N. Mitchell, SecretaryA. AppletonR. L. BrattonS. R. CadellS.-H. ChiA. CovacS. W. DomsS. F. DuffyW. J. GeringerS. T. Gonzcy

M. G. JenkinsY. KatohJ. OssmannM. RoemmlerN. SalstromT. ShibataW. WindesA. YeshnikS. YuG. L. ZengN. McMurray, Alternate

Working Group on HDPE Materials (SG-MFE) (BPV III)

G. Brouette, ChairM. A. Martin, SecretaryW. H. BorterM. C. BuckleyM. GollietJ. HakiiJ. Johnston, Jr.P. Krishnaswamy

D. P. MunsonT. M. MustoS. PattersonS. SchuesslerR. StakenborghsM. TroughtonJ. WrightB. Hauger, Contributing Member

Joint ACI-ASME Committee on Concrete Components for NuclearService (BPV III)

J. A. Munshi, ChairJ. McLean, Vice ChairJ. Cassamassino, Staff SecretaryC. J. BangL. J. ColarussoA. C. EberhardtF. FarzamP. S. GhosalB. D. HovisT. C. InmanC. JonesO. JovallT. KangN.-H. LeeT. Muraki

N. OrbovicJ. F. StrunkG. ThomasT. TonyanS. WangJ. F. Artuso, Contributing MemberS. Bae, Contributing MemberJ.-B. Domage, Contributing MemberB. B. Scott, Contributing MemberM. R. Senecal, ContributingMember

Z. Shang, Contributing MemberM. Sircar, Contributing MemberC. T. Smith, Contributing Member

xxi


Working Group on Design (BPV III-2)

N.-H. Lee, ChairS. Wang, Vice ChairM. AllamS. BaeL. J. ColarussoA. C. EberhardtF. FarzamP. S. GhosalB. D. HovisT. C. InmanC. JonesO. JovallJ. A. Munshi

T. Muraki

G. Thomas

M. Diaz, Contributing Member

A. Istar, Contributing Member

S.-Y. Kim, Contributing Member

J. Kwon, Contributing Member

B. R. Laskewitz, ContributingMember

B. B. Scott, Contributing Member

Z. Shang, Contributing Member

M. Shin, Contributing Member

M. Sircar, Contributing Member

Working Group on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination(BPV III-2)

T. Tonyan, ChairA. Eberhardt, Vice ChairM. AllamC. J. BangB. BirchJ.-B. DomageP. S. GhosalC. Jones

T. Kang

N.-H. Lee

Z. Shang

J. F. Strunk

I. Zivanovic

J. F. Artuso, Contributing Member

B. B. Scott, Contributing Member

Special Working Group on Modernization (BPV III-2)

N. Orbovic, ChairJ. McLean, Vice ChairA. AdediranO. JovallN. Stoeva

S. WangI. ZivanovicJ.-B. Domage, Contributing MemberF. Lin, Contributing MemberM. A. Ugalde, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Containment Systems for Spent Nuclear Fuel andHigh-Level Radioactive Material (BPV III)

G. J. Solovey, ChairD. J. Ammerman, Vice ChairG. BjorkmanV. BrozS. HorowitzS. KleinD. W. LewisD. K. MortonE. L. Pleins

J. WellwoodX. J. ZhaiD. Dunn, AlternateW. H. Borter, Contributing MemberP. E. McConnell, ContributingMember

N. M. Simpson, ContributingMember

R. H. Smith, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Fusion Energy Devices (BPV III)

W. K. Sowder, Jr., ChairD. Andrei, Staff SecretaryD. J. Roszman, SecretaryM. BashirL. C. CadwalladerB. R. DoshiG. HoltmeierK. A. KavanaghK. KimI. KimihiroS. LeeG. Li

X. Li

P. Mokaria

T. R. Muldoon

M. Porton

F. J. Schaaf, Jr.

P. Smith

Y. Song

M. Trosen

C. Waldon

I. J. Zatz

R. W. Barnes, Contributing Member

Working Group on General Requirements (BPV III-4)

D. J. Roszman, Chair W. K. Sowder, Jr.

Working Group on In-Vessel Components (BPV III-4)

M. Bashir, ChairY. Carin

M. Kalsey

Working Group on Magnets (BPV III-4)

S. Lee, Chair K. Kim, Vice Chair

Working Group on Materials (BPV III-4)

M. Porton, Chair P. Mummery

Working Group on Vacuum Vessels (BPV III-4)

I. Kimihiro, ChairL. C. CadwalladerB. R. Doshi

Q. ShijunY. Song

Subgroup on High Temperature Reactors (BPV III)

J. E. Nestell, ChairN. BroomT. D. BurchellM. E. CohenR. I. JetterG. H. KooD. K. MortonS. Sham

W. Windes

A. Yeshnik

G. L. Zeng


X. Li, Contributing Member

M. Morishita, Contributing Member

L. Shi, Contributing Member

Working Group on High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors(BPV III-5)

J. E. Nestell, ChairN. BroomT. D. BurchellR. I. JetterY. W. KimT. Le

D. K. MortonS. ShamG. L. ZengS. N. Malik, AlternateX. Li, Contributing MemberL. Shi, Contributing Member

Working Group on High Temperature Liquid-Cooled Reactors(BPV III-5)

S. Sham, ChairM. ArcaroT. AsayamaR. W. BarnesP. CarterM. E. CohenA. B. HullR. I. Jetter

G. H. KooT. LeJ. E. NestellX. WeiC. Moyer, AlternateS. Majumdar, Contributing MemberM. Morishita, Contributing MemberG. Wu, Contributing Member

xxii


Argentina International Working Group (BPV III)

J. Fernández, ChairA. Politi, Vice ChairO. Martinez, Staff SecretaryA. Gomez, SecretaryA. AcroglianoW. AgreloG. O. AnteriM. AnticoliC. A. ArayaJ. P. BalbianiA. A. BetervideD. O. BordatoG. BourguigneM. L. CappellaA. ClausR. G. CoccoA. ColeffA. J. Dall’OstoL. M. De BarberisD. P. DelfinoD. N. Dell’ErbaF. G. DiezA. Dominguez

S. A. EcheverriaE. P. FresquetM. M. GamizoI. M. GuerreiroR. S. Hill IIII. A. KnorrM. F. LiendoL. R. MiñoJ. MonteR. L. MorardA. E. PastorE. PizzichiniJ. L. RacamatoH. C. SanziG. J. ScianG. G. SebastianM. E. SzarkoP. N. ToranoA. TurrinO. A. VerasteguiM. D. ViglianoP. YamamotoM. Zunino

China International Working Group (BPV III)

J. Yan, ChairW. Tang, Vice ChairY. He, SecretaryL. GuoY. JingD. KangY. LiB. LiangH. LinS. LiuW. LiuJ. MaK. MaoD. E. MatthewsW. Pei

G. SunZ. SunG. TangL. TingY. TuY. WangH. WuX. WuS. XueZ. YinG. ZhangW. ZhangW. ZhaoY. ZhongZ. Zhong

German International Working Group (BPV III)

J. Wendt, ChairD. Koelbl, Vice ChairR. Gersinska, SecretaryH.-R. BathP. R. DonavinR. DöringA. HuberR. E. HueggenbergC. HuttnerE. IacopettaM. H. KoeppenC. Kuschke

H.-W. Lange

T. Ludwig

X. Pitoiset

M. Reichert

G. Roos

J. Rudolph

H. Schau

L. Sybert

R. Trieglaff

F. Wille

S. Zickler

India International Working Group (BPV III)

R. N. Sen, ChairS. B. Parkash, Vice ChairA. D. Bagdare, SecretaryS. AithalH. DalalS. Kovalai

D. KulkarniR. KumarE. I. PleinsM. PonnusamyK. R. ShahB. K. Sreedhar

Korea International Working Group (BPV III)

G. H. Koo, ChairS. S. Hwang, Vice ChairO.-S. Kim, SecretaryH. S. ByunS. ChoG.-S. ChoiS. ChoiJ. Y. HongN.-S. HuhJ.-K. HwangC. JangI. I. JeongH. J. KimJ.-I. KimJ.-S. KimK. KimM.-W. KimS.-S. KimY.-B. KimY.-S. Kim

D. KwonB. LeeD. LeeSanghoon LeeSangil LeeS.-G. LeeH. LimI.-K. NamB. NohC.-K. OhC. ParkH. ParkJ.-S. ParkY. S. PyunT. ShinS. SongW. J. SperkoJ. S. YangO. Yoo

Special Working Group on Editing and Review (BPV III)

D. E. Matthews, ChairR. L. BrattonR. P. DeublerA. C. Eberhardt

S. HorowitzJ. C. MinichielloR. F. Reedy, Sr.C. Wilson

Special Working Group on HDPE Stakeholders (BPV III)

M. Brandes, ChairS. Patterson, SecretaryT. M. AdamsS. ChoiC. M. FaidyM. GollietR. M. JesseeJ. Johnston, Jr.M. LashleyK. A. Manoly

D. P. Munson

T. M. Musto

J. E. O’SullivanV. Rohatgi

F. J. Schaaf, Jr.

R. Stakenborghs

M. Troughton

J. Wright

D. Burwell, Contributing Member

Special Working Group on Honors and Awards (BPV III)

R. M. Jessee, ChairA. AppletonR. W. Barnes

D. E. MatthewsJ. C. Minichiello

Special Working Group on Industry Experience for New Plants(BPV III & BPV XI)

J. T. Lindberg, ChairJ. Ossmann, ChairM. C. Buckley, SecretaryA. CardilloT. L. ChanP. J. HennesseyD. O. HenryJ. HoncharikC. G. Kim

O.-S. KimK. MatsunagaD. E. MatthewsR. E. McLaughlinD. W. SanduskyT. TsurutaR. M. WilsonS. M. YeeA. Tsirigotis, Alternate

xxiii--``,,```,`,`,``,`,`,,,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


Special Working Group on International Meetings (BPV III)

D. E. Matthews, ChairA. Byk, Staff SecretaryR. W. BarnesT. D. BurchellR. L. CraneP. R. Donavin

R. S. Hill IIIM. N. MitchellE. L. PleinsR. F. Reedy, Sr.C. A. SannaW. J. Sperko

Special Working Group on New Plant Construction Issues (BPV III)

E. L. Pleins, ChairM. C. Scott, SecretaryA. CardilloP. J. CocoJ. HoncharikE. V. ImbroO.-S. KimM. Kris

J. C. MinichielloD. W. SanduskyR. R. StevensonM. L. WilsonH. XuJ. YanN. J. Hansing, AlternateA. Byk, Contributing Member

Special Working Group on Regulatory Interface (BPV III)

E. V. Imbro, ChairP. Malouines, SecretaryS. BellA. CardilloP. J. CocoJ. GrimmJ. Honcharik

K. MatsunagaD. E. MatthewsB. McGloneA. T. Roberts IIIR. R. StevensonM. L. WilsonN. J. Hansing, Alternate

COMMITTEE ON HEATING BOILERS (BPV IV)

J. A. Hall, ChairT. L. Bedeaux, Vice ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryB. CalderonJ. CallandJ. P. ChicoineJ. M. DownsJ. L. KleissJ. KlugP. A. Molvie

R. D. Troutt

M. Wadkinson

R. V. Wielgoszinski

H. Michael, Delegate

D. Picart, Delegate

B. J. Iske, Alternate

A. Heino, Contributing Member

S. V. Voorhees, ContributingMember

Subgroup on Care and Operation of Heating Boilers (BPV IV)

R. D. Troutt, ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryB. AheeT. L. BedeauxJ. CallandJ. M. Downs

J. A. Hall

J. L. Kleiss

P. A. Molvie

M. Wadkinson

C. Lasarte, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Cast Boilers (BPV IV)

J. P. Chicoine, ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryT. L. BedeauxJ. M. Downs

J. A. HallJ. L. KleissM. Mengon

Subgroup on Materials (BPV IV)

M. Wadkinson, ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryL. BadziagowskiT. L. Bedeaux

J. CallandJ. M. DownsJ. A. HallB. J. Iske

Subgroup on Water Heaters (BPV IV)

J. Calland, ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryB. AheeL. BadziagowskiJ. P. ChicoineC. Dinic

B. J. IskeJ. L. KleissP. A. MolvieM. A. TaylorT. E. TrantR. D. Troutt

Subgroup on Welded Boilers (BPV IV)

P. A. Molvie, ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryB. AheeL. BadziagowskiT. L. BedeauxB. CalderonJ. Calland

C. Dinic

J. L. Kleiss

M. Mengon

R. D. Troutt

M. Wadkinson

R. V. Wielgoszinski

COMMITTEE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION (BPV V)

G. W. Hembree, ChairN. A. Finney, Vice ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryJ. BennettP. L. BrownM. A. BurnsN. CarterC. EmslanderA. F. GarbolevskyJ. F. HalleyP. T. HayesS. A. JohnsonF. B. KovacsB. D. LaiteC. MayL. E. MullinsA. B. Nagel

T. L. PlasekF. J. SattlerP. B. ShawC. VorwaldG. M. Gatti, DelegateX. Guiping, DelegateS. J. Akrin, Contributing MemberJ. E. Batey, Contributing MemberA. S. Birks, Contributing MemberN. Y. Faransso, ContributingMember

R. W. Kruzic, Contributing MemberH. C. Graber, Honorary MemberO. F. Hedden, Honorary MemberJ. R. MacKay, Honorary MemberT. G. McCarty, Honorary Member

Executive Committee (BPV V)

N. A. Finney, ChairG. W. Hembree, Vice ChairC. R. Ramcharran, Staff SecretaryC. Emslander

S. A. JohnsonF. B. KovacsA. B. NagelC. Vorwald

Subgroup on General Requirements/Personnel Qualifications andInquiries (BPV V)

C. Emslander, ChairN. Carter, Vice ChairJ. BennettT. ClausingN. A. FinneyG. W. HembreeS. A. JohnsonF. B. KovacsK. KruegerC. May

D. I. Morris

A. B. Nagel

S. J. Akrin, Contributing Member

J. E. Batey, Contributing Member

A. S. Birks, Contributing Member

N. Y. Faransso, ContributingMember

J. P. Swezy, Jr., ContributingMember

xxiv


Subgroup on Surface Examination Methods (BPV V)

S. A. Johnson, ChairC. May, Vice ChairP. L. BrownN. CarterT. ClausingN. FarenbaughN. A. FinneyJ. F. HalleyK. HayesG. W. HembreeB. D. LaiteL. E. Mullins

A. B. NagelF. J. SattlerP. B. ShawM. WolfD. WoodwardG. M. Gatti, DelegateS. J. Akrin, Contributing MemberJ. E. Batey, Contributing MemberA. S. Birks, Contributing MemberN. Y. Faransso, ContributingMember

R. W. Kruzic, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Volumetric Methods (BPV V)

A. B. Nagel, ChairC. May, Vice ChairP. L. BrownJ. M. DavisN. A. FinneyA. F. GarbolevskyJ. F. HalleyR. W. HardyP. T. HayesG. W. HembreeS. A. JohnsonF. B. Kovacs

C. Magruder

L. E. Mullins

T. L. Plasek

F. J. Sattler

C. Vorwald

G. M. Gatti, Delegate





Special Working Group on Advanced Ultrasonic Testing Technique(BPV V)

L. E. Mullins, ChairK. Krueger, Vice ChairD. AdkinsD. BajulaN. A. FinneyJ. L. Garner

J. F. Haley

P. T. Hayes

M. Lozev

C. Magruder

M. Sens

Special Working Group on Full Matrix Capture (FMC) UltrasonicTesting (BPV V)

P. T. Hayes, ChairK. Hayes, Vice ChairD. AdkinsD. BajulaD. BraconnierJ. CattyB. ErneS. FalterN. A. FinneyJ. L. GarnerR. T. GrotenhuisJ. F. HalleyG. W. HembreeB. D. Laite

F. LapriseM. LozevC. MagruderF. MorrowL. E. MullinsA. B. NagelE. PeloquinD. RichardM. SensD. TompkinsJ. VinyardO. VolfC. Wassink

Special Working Group on the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Systems for Inspection (BPV V)

G. W. Hembree, ChairP. J. Coco, Vice ChairL. Pulgarin, Staff SecretaryA. BloyeT. CinsonJ. DiPalmaM. EllisS. FlashR. T. GrotenhuisK. HayesP. T. HayesR. JanowiakC. MayL. E. MullinsM. OrihuelaL. Petrosky

P. C. PrahlJ. SchroeterK. SchuppM. SensA. T. TaggartR. VaydaK. H. Kim, DelegateR. J. Winn, DelegateL. Zhang, DelegateQ. Chen, Contributing MemberA. Cook, Contributing MemberA. E. Krauser, Contributing MemberX. Wen, Contributing MemberF. Wu, Contributing MemberY. Yang, Contributing Member

Working Group on Acoustic Emissions (SG-VM) (BPV V)

N. Y. Faransso, ChairS. R. Doctor, Vice ChairJ. CattyV. F. Godinez-Azcuaga

R. K. MillerM. A. Gonzalez, AlternateJ. E. Batey, Contributing Member

Working Group on Radiography (SG-VM) (BPV V)

C. Vorwald, ChairF. B. Kovacs, Vice ChairJ. AndersonP. L. BrownC. EmslanderA. F. GarbolevskyR. W. HardyG. W. HembreeC. JohnsonS. A. JohnsonB. D. LaiteC. May

R. J. Mills

A. B. Nagel

T. L. Plasek

T. Vidimos

B. White

D. Woodward





Working Group on Ultrasonics (SG-VM) (BPV V)

N. A. Finney, ChairJ. F. Halley, Vice ChairD. AdkinsC. BrownJ. M. DavisC. EmslanderP. T. HayesS. A. JohnsonK. KruegerB. D. LaiteC. MagruderC. May

L. E. Mullins

A. B. Nagel

K. Page

F. J. Sattler

D. Tompkins

D. Van Allen

J. Vinyard

C. Vorwald



Working Group on GuidedWave Ultrasonic Testing (SG-VM) (BPV V)

N. Y. Faransso, ChairS. A. Johnson, Vice ChairD. AlleyneJ. F. HalleyG. M. Light

P. MudgeM. J. QuarryJ. VanvelsorJ. E. Batey, Contributing Member

xxv


Italy International Working Group (BPV V)

P. L. Dinelli, ChairA. Veroni, SecretaryT. AldoR. BertolottiF. BrescianiG. CamposN. CaputoM. ColomboF. Ferrarese

E. FerrariM. A. GrimoldiG. LuoniO. OldaniU. PapponettiP. PedersoliM. ZambonG. Gobbi, Contributing MemberG. Pontiggia, Contributing Member

COMMITTEE ON PRESSURE VESSELS (BPV VIII)

R. J. Basile, ChairS. C. Roberts, Vice ChairE. Lawson, Staff SecretaryS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryG. Aurioles, Sr.J. CameronA. ChaudouetD. B. DeMichaelJ. P. GlaspieJ. F. GrubbB. F. HantzL. E. Hayden, Jr.M. KowalczykD. L. KurleM. D. LowerR. MahadeenS. A. MarksR. W. MikitkaG. M. MitalB. R. MorelockT. P. PastorD. T. PetersM. J. PischkeM. D. RanaG. B. Rawls, Jr.

F. L. RichterC. D. RoderyJ. C. SowinskiD. SrnicD. B. StewartP. L. SturgillD. A. SwansonJ. P. Swezy, Jr.S. TeradaE. UpitisA. VietK. XuP. A. McGowan, DelegateH. Michael, DelegateK. Oyamada, DelegateM. E. Papponetti, DelegateX. Tang, DelegateW. S. Jacobs, Contributing MemberG. G. Karcher, ContributingMember

K. T. Lau, Contributing MemberU. R. Miller, Contributing MemberK. Mokhtarian, ContributingMember

K. K. Tam, Honorary Member

Executive Committee (BPV VIII)

S. C. Roberts, ChairS. J. Rossi, Staff SecretaryG. Aurioles, Sr.R. J. BasileM. KowalczykD. L. Kurle

M. D. LowerR. MahadeenS. A. MarksG. M. MitalD. A. SwansonA. Viet

Subgroup on Design (BPV VIII)

D. A. Swanson, ChairJ. C. Sowinski, Vice ChairM. Faulkner, SecretaryG. Aurioles, Sr.S. R. BabkaO. A. BarskyR. J. BasileM. R. BreachF. L. BrownD. ChandiramaniB. F. HantzC. E. HinnantC. S. HinsonM. H. JawadS. KrishnamurthyD. L. KurleM. D. LowerR. W. MikitkaB. MilletT. P. Pastor

M. D. RanaG. B. Rawls, Jr.S. C. RobertsC. D. RoderyT. G. SeippD. SrnicS. TeradaJ. VattappillyR. A. WhippleK. XuK. Oyamada, DelegateM. E. Papponetti, DelegateW. S. Jacobs, Contributing MemberP. K. Lam, Contributing MemberK. Mokhtarian, ContributingMember

S. C. Shah, Contributing MemberK. K. Tam, Contributing MemberE. Upitis, Contributing MemberZ. Wang, Contributing Member

Working Group on Design-By-Analysis (BPV VIII)

B. F. Hantz, ChairT. W. Norton, SecretaryD. A. ArnettR. G. BrownD. DeweesC. F. Heberling IIC. E. HinnantM. H. JawadS. KataokaS. KilambiK. D. Kirkpatrick

S. KrishnamurthyA. MannN. McKieG. A. MillerC. NadarajahP. PrueterM. D. RanaT. G. SeippM. A. ShahS. TeradaK. Saboda, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (BPV VIII)

S. A. Marks, ChairE. A. Whittle, Vice ChairT. Halligan, SecretaryB. R. Morelock, SecretaryN. CarterD. I. MorrisO. MuletM. J. PischkeM. J. RiceC. D. RoderyB. F. ShelleyP. L. Sturgill

J. P. Swezy, Jr.E. UpitisK. Oyamada, DelegateW. J. Bees, Contributing MemberL. F. Campbell, ContributingMember

W. S. Jacobs, Contributing MemberJ. Lee, Contributing MemberJ. Si, Contributing MemberR. Uebel, Contributing MemberX. Xue, Contributing MemberB. Yang, Contributing Member

Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV VIII)

M. D. Lower, ChairJ. P. Glaspie, Vice ChairF. L. Richter, SecretaryR. J. BasileT. P. BeirneD. T. DavisD. B. DeMichaelM. FaulknerF. HamtakL. E. Hayden, Jr.J. HoskinsonT. P. Pastor

D. K. Peetz

G. B. Rawls, Jr.

S. C. Roberts

J. C. Sowinski

P. Speranza

D. Srnic

D. B. Stewart

D. A. Swanson

R. Uebel

Z. Wang, Contributing Member

Y. Yang, Contributing Member

xxvi--``,,```,`,`,``,`,`,,,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


Task Group on Fired Heater Pressure Vessels (BPV VIII)

F. Hamtak, ChairJ. HoskinsonW. KimS. KirkT. P. Pastor

J. RustE. SmithD. SrnicJ. P. Swezy, Jr.

Task Group on Subsea Applications (BPV VIII)

K. Karpanan, ChairM. Sarzynski, Vice ChairL. P. AntalffyR. C. BielP. BunchJ. EllensA. J. GrohmannS. HarbertX. Kaculi

F. Kirkemo

C. Lan

N. McKie

S. K. Parimi

J. R. Sims

Y. Wada

R. Cordes, Contributing Member


Task Group on UG-20(f) (BPV VIII)

S. Krishnamurthy, ChairT. L. AndersonK. E. BagnoliR. P. DeublerB. F. Hantz

B. R. MacejkoJ. PensoM. PragerM. D. Rana

Task Group on U-2(g) (BPV VIII)

D. A. Swanson, ChairG. Aurioles, Sr.S. R. BabkaR. J. BasileD. K. ChandiramaniR. MahadeenT. W. Norton

T. P. PastorR. F. Reedy, Sr.S. C. RobertsD. SrnicJ. P. Swezy, Jr.R. UebelK. K. Tam, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Heat Transfer Equipment (BPV VIII)

G. Aurioles, Sr., ChairP. Matkovics, Vice ChairM. D. Clark, SecretaryD. AngstadtS. R. BabkaJ. H. BarbeeO. A. BarskyL. BowerT. BunyarattaphantuA. ChaudouetD. L. KurleR. MahadeenS. Mayeux

S. Neilsen

E. Smith

A. M. Voytko

R. P. Wiberg

I. G. Campbell, ContributingMember

G. G. Karcher, ContributingMember

T. W. Norton, Contributing Member

J. Pasek, Contributing Member

D. Srnic, Contributing Member

Z. Tong, Contributing Member

Working Group on Plate Heat Exchangers (BPV VIII)

P. Matkovics, ChairS. R. BabkaK. DevlinJ. F. GrubbV. GudgeF. Hamtak

R. MahadeenS. A. MarksD. I. MorrisM. J. PischkeD. SrnicS. Sullivan

Subgroup on High Pressure Vessels (BPV VIII)

G. M. Mital, ChairK. Subramanian, Vice ChairA. P. Maslowski, Staff SecretaryL. P. AntalffyR. C. BielP. N. ChakuL. FridlundR. T. HallmanJ. A. KappK. KarpananA. K. KhareS. C. MordreG. T. NelsonD. T. PetersE. A. RodriguezE. D. RollK. C. Simpson, Jr.J. R. SimsE. Smith

F. W. TatarS. TeradaC. TippleJ. L. TraudR. WinkY. XuR. Cordes, Contributing MemberR. D. Dixon, Contributing MemberR. M. Hoshman, ContributingMember

Y. Huang, Contributing MemberJ. Keltjens, Contributing MemberF. Kirkemo, Contributing MemberK.-J. Young, Contributing MemberD. J. Burns, Honorary MemberD. M. Fryer, Honorary MemberG. J. Mraz, Honorary MemberE. H. Perez, Honorary Member

Subgroup on Materials (BPV VIII)

M. Kowalczyk, ChairJ. Cameron, Vice ChairK. Xu, SecretaryP. ChavdarovA. Di RienzoJ. F. GrubbS. KilambiD. MaitraJ. PensoD. W. RahoiJ. RobertsonR. C. Sutherlin

E. Upitis

J. D. Fritz, Contributing Member


W. M. Lundy, Contributing Member

J. A. McMaster, ContributingMember

B. Pletcher, Contributing Member

R. Schiavi, Jr., Contributing Member

P. G. Wittenbach, ContributingMember

X. Wu, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Toughness (BPV VIII)

D. L. Kurle, ChairK. Xu, Vice ChairN. CarterT. HalliganW. S. JacobsS. KrishnamurthyK. E. OrieM. D. RanaF. L. Richter

K. SubramanianD. A. SwansonJ. P. Swezy, Jr.S. TeradaE. UpitisJ. VattappillyK. Oyamada, DelegateK. Mokhtarian, ContributingMember

Subgroup on Graphite Pressure Equipment (BPV VIII)

A. Viet, ChairC. W. Cary, Vice ChairG. C. BechererF. L. Brown

J. D. ClementsR. W. DickersonE. SoltowA. A. Stupica

xxvii


China International Working Group (BPV VIII)

X. Chen, ChairB. Shou, Vice ChairZ. Fan, SecretaryY. ChenZ. ChenJ. CuiR. DuanW. GuoB. HanJ. HuQ. HuH. HuiD. LuoY. Luo

C. MiaoX. QianL. SunB. WangC. WuF. XuF. XuanY. YangK. ZhangYanfeng ZhangYijun ZhangS. ZhaoJ. ZhengG. Zhu

Germany International Working Group (BPV VIII)

P. Chavdarov, ChairA. Spangenberg, Vice ChairH. P. Schmitz, SecretaryB. DaumeA. EmrichJ. FleischfresserR. HelmholdtR. KauerD. KoelblS. Krebs

T. Ludwig

R. A. Meyers

H. Michael

G. Naumann

S. Reich

M. Sykora

P. Paluszkiewicz, ContributingMember

R. Uebel, Contributing Member

India International Working Group (BPV VIII)

D. Chandiramani, ChairD. Kulkarni, Vice ChairA. D. Dalal, SecretaryP. ArulkumarB. BasuP. U. GandhiV. Jayabalan

P. C. PathakS. B. PatilV. V. P. KumarM. P. ShahP. G. ShahV. T. ValavanM. Sharma, Contributing Member

Italy International Working Group (BPV VIII)

A. Teli, ChairA. Veroni, SecretaryB. G. AlboraliP. AliprandiA. AvogadriR. BoattiA. CamanniM. ColomboP. ContiP. L. DinelliF. Finco

M. GuglielmettiA. F. MagriP. MantovaniM. MassobrioM. MillefantiL. MoracchioliP. PacorG. PontiggiaC. SangalettiS. SartiG. Gobbi, Contributing Member

Special Working Group on Bolted Flanged Joints (BPV VIII)

R. W. Mikitka, ChairG. Aurioles, Sr.D. Bankston, Jr.W. BrownH. ChenA. Mann

W. McDaniel

M. Osterfoss

J. R. Payne

G. B. Rawls, Jr.

R. Wacker

Task Group on Impulsively Loaded Vessels (BPV VIII)

A. M. Clayton, ChairG. A. AntakiD. D. BarkerJ. E. Didlake, Jr.T. A. DuffeyK. HayashiK. W. KingR. KitamuraR. A. LeishearP. O. LeslieF. Ohlson

E. A. Rodriguez

C. Romero

N. Rushton

J. H. Stofleth

Q. Dong, Contributing Member

H.-P. Schildberg, ContributingMember

J. E. Shepherd, ContributingMember

M. Yip, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Interpretations (BPV VIII)

R. Mahadeen, ChairE. Lawson, Staff SecretaryG. Aurioles, Sr.S. R. BabkaR. J. BasileJ. CameronN. CarterC. W. CaryD. B. DeMichaelR. D. DixonM. KowalczykD. L. KurleM. D. LowerA. MannP. Matkovics

G. M. MitalD. I. MorrisD. T. PetersS. C. RobertsC. D. RoderyT. G. SeippD. B. StewartP. L. SturgillD. A. SwansonJ. P. Swezy, Jr.J. VattappillyA. VietP. G. WittenbachK. XuT. P. Pastor, Contributing Member

COMMITTEE ON WELDING, BRAZING, AND FUSING (BPV IX)

D. A. Bowers, ChairM. J. Pischke, Vice ChairE. Lawson, Staff SecretaryM. BernasekM. A. BoringJ. G. FeldsteinP. D. FlennerS. E. GingrichK. L. HayesR. M. JesseeJ. S. LeeW. M. LundyT. MelfiW. F. Newell, Jr.D. K. PeetzJ. PillowE. G. ReicheltM. J. RiceM. B. Sims

W. J. SperkoP. L. SturgillJ. P. Swezy, Jr.E. W. WoelfelA. Roza, DelegateM. Consonni, Contributing MemberS. A. Jones, Contributing MemberA. S. Olivares, ContributingMember

S. Raghunathan, ContributingMember

M. J. Stanko, Contributing MemberP. L. Van Fosson, ContributingMember

R. K. Brown, Jr., Honorary MemberM. L. Carpenter, Honorary MemberB. R. Newmark, Honorary MemberS. D. Reynolds, Jr., HonoraryMember

Subgroup on Brazing (BPV IX)

M. J. Pischke, ChairE. W. BeckmanA. F. GarbolevskyS. A. Marks

N. MohrA. R. NyweningJ. P. Swezy, Jr.

xxviii


Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV IX)

P. L. Sturgill, ChairS. A. Marks, SecretaryE. W. BeckmanJ. P. BellD. A. BowersP. GilstonF. HamtakA. Howard

R. M. JesseeD. K. PeetzJ. PillowH. B. PorterJ. P. Swezy, Jr.E. W. WoelfelE. Molina, DelegateB. R. Newmark, Honorary Member

Subgroup on Materials (BPV IX)

M. Bernasek, ChairT. AndersonJ. L. ArnoldE. CutlipS. E. GingrichL. S. HarbisonR. M. JesseeT. MelfiS. D. NelsonM. J. Pischke

A. Roza

C. E. Sainz

W. J. Sperko

P. L. Sturgill

J. Warren

C. Zanfir

V. G. V. Giunto, Delegate

B. Krueger, Contributing Member

M. J. Stanko, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Plastic Fusing (BPV IX)

E. W. Woelfel, ChairD. BurwellK. L. HayesR. M. JesseeJ. Johnston, Jr.J. E. O’Sullivan

E. G. Reichelt

M. J. Rice

S. Schuessler

M. Troughton

J. Wright

Subgroup on Welding Qualifications (BPV IX)

M. J. Rice, ChairJ. S. Lee, Vice ChairK. L. Hayes, SecretaryM. BernasekM. A. BoringD. A. BowersR. B. CorbitP. D. FlennerL. S. HarbisonM. HeinrichsW. M. LundyT. MelfiW. F. Newell, Jr.B. R. Newton

S. RaghunathanE. G. ReicheltM. B. SimsW. J. SperkoS. A. SpragueP. L. SturgillJ. P. Swezy, Jr.T. C. WiesnerA. D. WilsonD. Chandiramani, ContributingMember

M. Consonni, Contributing MemberM. Dehghan, Contributing Member

Germany International Working Group (BPV IX)

P. Chavdarov, ChairA. Spangenberg, Vice ChairE. Lawson, Staff SecretaryP. Thiebo, SecretaryJ. DaldrupB. DaumeE. Floer

R. HelmholdtS. KrebsT. LudwigG. NaumannA. RozaK.-G. ToelleF. Wodke

Italy International Working Group (BPV IX)

A. Camanni, ChairA. Veroni, SecretaryP. AngeliniM. BernasekR. BoattiP. L. DinelliF. FerrareseE. LazzariM. Mandina

M. Massobrio

A. S. Monastra

L. Moracchioli

P. Pacor

G. Pontiggia

S. Verderame

A. Volpi

G. Gobbi, Contributing Member

COMMITTEE ON FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC PRESSURE VESSELS(BPV X)

B. Linnemann, ChairB. F. Shelley, Vice ChairP. D. Stumpf, Staff SecretaryA. L. BeckwithF. L. BrownJ. L. BustillosB. R. ColleyT. W. CowleyI. L. DinovoD. EisbergM. R. Gorman

B. HebbL. E. HuntD. L. KeelerD. H. McCauleyN. L. NewhouseG. RamirezJ. R. RichterD. O. Yancey, Jr.P. H. ZiehlD. H. Hodgkinson, ContributingMember

COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR INSERVICE INSPECTION (BPV XI)

R. W. Swayne, ChairS. D. Kulat, Vice ChairD. W. Lamond, Vice ChairK. Verderber, Staff SecretaryV. L. ArmentroutJ. F. BallW. H. BamfordM. L. BensonJ. M. BoughmanS. B. BrownT. L. ChanR. C. CipollaD. R. CordesD. D. DavisH. DoR. L. DyleE. V. Farrell, Jr.M. J. FerlisiP. D. FisherE. B. GerlachT. J. GriesbachJ. HakiiM. L. HallD. O. HenryD. R. LeeJ. T. LindbergG. A. LofthusH. Malikowski

G. NavratilS. A. NormanJ. E. O’SullivanN. A. PalmG. C. ParkA. T. Roberts IIID. A. ScarthF. J. Schaaf, Jr.J. C. Spanner, Jr.D. J. TillyD. E. WaskeyJ. G. WeicksH. D. Chung, DelegateC. Ye, DelegateW. C. Holston, AlternateR. O. McGill, AlternateT. Nuoffer, AlternateB. R. Newton, Contributing MemberC. D. Cowfer, Honorary MemberR. E. Gimple, Honorary MemberF. E. Gregor, Honorary MemberO. F. Hedden, Honorary MemberR. D. Kerr, Honorary MemberP. C. Riccardella, Honorary MemberR. A. West, Honorary MemberC. J. Wirtz, Honorary MemberR. A. Yonekawa, Honorary Member

Executive Committee (BPV XI)

S. D. Kulat, ChairR. W. Swayne, Vice ChairK. Verderber, Staff SecretaryW. H. BamfordM. L. BensonR. L. DyleM. J. FerlisiE. B. Gerlach

D. W. Lamond

J. T. Lindberg

G. Navratil

T. Nuoffer

G. C. Park

J. C. Spanner, Jr.

W. C. Holston, Alternate

xxix


Argentina International Working Group (BPV XI)

F. M. Schroeter, ChairM. F. Liendo, Vice ChairO. Martinez, Staff SecretaryD. A. CipollaA. ClausD. CostaD. P. DelfinoD. N. Dell’ErbaA. DominguezS. A. EcheverriaE. P. FresquetM. M. GamizoI. M. Guerreiro

F. LlorenteR. J. LopezM. MagliocchiL. R. MiñoJ. MonteM. D. PeredaA. PolitiC. G. RealG. J. ScianM. J. SolariP. N. ToranoP. Yamamoto

China International Working Group (BPV XI)

J. H. Liu, ChairY. Nie, Vice ChairC. Ye, Vice ChairM. W. Zhou, SecretaryJ. F. CaiH. ChenH. D. ChenY. ChengY. B. GuoY. HongqiD. R. HornY. HouD. M. KangS. X. LinY. Liu

W. N. PeiL. ShiweiY. X. SunG. X. TangQ. WangQ. W. WangZ. S. WangL. XingF. XuQ. YinK. ZhangY. ZhangY. ZheZ. M. Zhong

German International Working Group (BPV XI)

R. Döring, ChairR. Trieglaff, Vice ChairR. Piel, SecretaryH.-R. BathA. CasseS. DuganM. HagenbruchE. IacopettaH.-W. Lange

N. Legl

T. Ludwig

X. Pitoiset

M. Reichert

H. Schau

L. Sybertz

J. Wendt

S. Zickler

Special Working Group on Editing and Review (BPV XI)

R. W. Swayne, ChairM. Orihuela

K. R. RaoD. J. Tilly

Task Group on Inspectability (BPV XI)

J. T. Lindberg, ChairM. J. Ferlisi, SecretaryW. H. BamfordA. CardilloD. R. CordesP. GiontaD. O. HenryE. HenryJ. HoncharikJ. HowardR. Klein

C. Latiolais

D. Lieb

G. A. Lofthus

D. E. Matthews

P. J. O’ReganJ. Ossmann

S. A. Sabo

P. Sullivan

C. Thomas

J. Tucker

Task Group on ISI of Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage and TransportationContainment Systems (BPV XI)

K. Hunter, ChairM. Orihuela, SecretaryD. J. AmmermanW. H. BorterJ. BroussardS. BrownC. R. BryanT. CarraherD. DunnN. FalesR. C. FolleyG. GrantB. GuthermanS. HorowitzM. W. JosephM. KeeneM. Liu

K. MauskarR. M. MeyerB. L. MontgomeryT. NuofferR. M. PaceE. L. PleinsM. A. RichterB. SarnoR. SindelarJ. C. Spanner, Jr.M. StaleyJ. WellwoodX. J. ZhaiP.-S. Lam, AlternateG. White, AlternateJ. Wise, AlternateH. Smith, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Evaluation Standards (SG-ES) (BPV XI)

W. H. Bamford, ChairN. A. Palm, SecretaryM. BrumovskyH. D. ChungR. C. CipollaC. M. FaidyB. R. GantaT. J. GriesbachK. HasegawaK. HojoD. N. HopkinsD. R. LeeY. S. LiR. O. McGill

H. S. MehtaK. MiyazakiR. M. PaceJ. C. PoehlerS. RanganathD. A. ScarthD.-J. ShimG. L. StevensA. UdyawarT. V. VoG. M. WilkowskiS. X. XuM. L. Benson, Alternate

Task Group on Evaluation of Beyond Design Basis Events (SG-ES)(BPV XI)

R. M. Pace, ChairS. X. Xu, SecretaryG. A. AntakiP. R. DonavinR. G. GiladaT. J. GriesbachM. HayashiK. Hojo

S. A. Kleinsmith

H. S. Mehta

D. V. Sommerville

T. V. Vo

K. R. Wichman

G. M. Wilkowski

T. Weaver, Contributing Member

xxx


Working Group on Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (BPV XI)

R. C. Cipolla, ChairS. X. Xu, SecretaryW. H. BamfordM. L. BensonB. BezensekM. BrumovskyH. D. ChungT. E. DemersM. A. EricksonC. M. FaidyM. M. FarooqB. R. GantaR. G. GiladaF. D. HayesP. H. HoangK. HojoD. N. HopkinsY. KimV. LacroixD. R. Lee

Y. S. LiM. LiuH. S. MehtaG. A. A. MiessiK. MiyazakiS. NoronhaR. K. QashuS. RanganathP. J. RushD. A. ScarthW. L. ServerD.-J. ShimS. SmithM. UddinA. UdyawarT. V. VoB. WasilukK. R. WichmanG. M. Wilkowski

Working Group on Flaw Evaluation Reference Curves (BPV XI)

G. L. Stevens, ChairA. Udyawar, SecretaryW. H. BamfordM. L. BensonF. W. BrustR. C. CipollaM. M. FarooqA. E. FreedK. HasegawaD. N. HopkinsR. JanowiakK. Kashima

K. Koyama

D. R. Lee

H. S. Mehta

K. Miyazaki

B. Pellereau

S. Ranganath

D. A. Scarth

D.-J. Shim

S. Smith

T. V. Vo

S. X. Xu

Working Group on Operating Plant Criteria (SG-ES) (BPV XI)

N. A. Palm, ChairA. E. Freed, SecretaryK. R. BakerW. H. BamfordM. BrumovskyT. L. DicksonR. L. DyleM. A. EricksonT. J. GriesbachM. HayashiR. JanowiakS. A. KleinsmithH. Kobayashi

H. S. MehtaA. D. OdellR. M. PaceJ. C. PoehlerS. RanganathW. L. ServerC. A. TomesA. UdyawarT. V. VoD. P. WeaklandH. Q. XuT. Hardin, Alternate

Working Group on Pipe Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (BPV XI)

D. A. Scarth, ChairG. M. Wilkowski, SecretaryK. AzumaM. L. BensonM. BrumovskyF. W. BrustH. D. ChungR. C. CipollaN. G. CofieT. E. DemersC. M. FaidyM. M. FarooqB. R. GantaS. R. GosselinC. E. Guzman-LeongK. HasegawaP. H. HoangK. HojoD. N. HopkinsE. J. Houston

R. JanowiakS. KalyanamK. KashimaV. LacroixY. S. LiR. O. McGillH. S. MehtaG. A. A. MiessiK. MiyazakiS. H. PelletP. J. RushW. L. ServerD.-J. ShimS. SmithA. UdyawarT. V. VoB. WasilukS. X. XuA. Alleshwaram, Alternate

Task Group on Evaluation Procedures for Degraded Buried Pipe(WG-PFE) (BPV XI)

R. O. McGill, ChairS. X. Xu, SecretaryF. G. AbattG. A. AntakiR. C. CipollaR. G. GiladaK. HasegawaK. M. Hoffman

R. Janowiak

M. Kassar

M. Moenssens

D. P. Munson

R. M. Pace

P. J. Rush

D. A. Scarth

Subgroup on Nondestructive Examination (SG-NDE) (BPV XI)

J. C. Spanner, Jr., ChairD. R. Cordes, SecretaryM. BrileyC. BrownT. L. ChanS. E. CumblidgeK. J. HackerJ. Harrison

D. O. Henry

J. T. Lindberg

G. A. Lofthus

S. A. Sabo

F. J. Schaaf, Jr.

R. V. Swain

C. A. Nove, Alternate

Working Group on Personnel Qualification and Surface Visual andEddy Current Examination (SG-NDE) (BPV XI)

J. T. Lindberg, ChairC. Brown, SecretaryJ. E. AycockJ. BennettS. E. CumblidgeA. Diaz

N. FarenbaughD. O. HenryC. ShinskyJ. C. Spanner, Jr.T. ThulienJ. T. Timm

Working Group on Procedure Qualification and VolumetricExamination (SG-NDE) (BPV XI)

G. A. Lofthus, ChairJ. Harrison, SecretaryM. BrileyA. BushmireD. R. CordesS. R. DoctorK. J. HackerW. A. Jensen

D. A. Kull

C. A. Nove

S. A. Sabo

R. V. Swain

S. J. Todd

D. K. Zimmerman

B. Lin, Alternate

xxxi


Subgroup on Repair/Replacement Activities (SG-RRA) (BPV XI)

E. B. Gerlach, ChairE. V. Farrell, Jr., SecretaryJ. F. BallM. BrandesS. B. BrownR. ClowP. D. FisherM. L. HallS. L. McCrackenA. B. Meichler

B. R. NewtonJ. E. O’SullivanG. C. ParkP. RaynaudR. R. StevensonR. W. SwayneD. J. TillyD. E. WaskeyJ. G. WeicksW. C. Holston, Alternate

Working Group on Welding and Special Repair Processes (SG-RRA)(BPV XI)

D. E. Waskey, ChairD. J. Tilly, SecretaryD. BarborakS. J. FindlanP. D. FisherR. C. FolleyM. L. HallW. C. HolstonC. C. Kim

M. Kris

S. E. Marlette

S. L. McCracken

D. B. Meredith

B. R. Newton

J. E. O’Sullivan

D. Segletes

J. G. Weicks

Task Group on Temper Bead Welding (BPV XI)

S. J. Findlan, ChairD. BarborakM. L. HallS. L. McCrackenD. B. MeredithN. MohrB. R. Newton

J. E. O’Sullivan

D. Segletes

J. Tatman

D. J. Tilly

D. E. Waskey

J. G. Weicks

Task Group on Weld Overlay (BPV XI)

S. L. McCracken, ChairS. J. FindlanM. L. HallS. HunterS. E. Marlette

D. B. MeredithP. RaynaudD. SegletesD. E. WaskeyJ. G. Weicks

Working Group on Non-Metals Repair/Replacement Activities(SG-RRA) (BPV XI)

J. E. O'Sullivan, ChairS. Schuessler, SecretaryM. BrandesJ. Johnston, Jr.M. LashleyM. P. Marohl

T. M. MustoS. PattersonA. PridmoreP. RaynaudF. J. Schaaf, Jr.R. Stakenborghs

Task Group on Repair by Carbon Fiber Composites(WGN-MRR) (BPV XI)

J. E. O'Sullivan, ChairS. F. ArnoldS. W. ChoiD. R. DecheneM. GollietL. S. GordonM. KuntzM. P. MarohlC. A. NoveR. P. Ojdrovic

A. PridmoreP. RaynaudS. RiosV. RoyJ. SealeyN. StoevaM. F. UddinJ. WenB. Davenport, AlternateC. W. Rowley, Alternate

Working Group on Design and Programs (SG-RRA) (BPV XI)

S. B. Brown, ChairA. B. Meichler, SecretaryO. BhattyR. ClowR. R. CroftE. V. Farrell, Jr.E. B. Gerlach

H. Malikowski

G. C. Park

M. A. Pyne

P. Raynaud

R. R. Stevenson

R. W. Swayne

Task Group on Risk-Informed Categorization and Treatment(BPV XI)

S. L. McCracken, ChairT. AnselmiH. DoM. J. FerlisiE. B. GerlachK. W. HallA. E. KeyserS. D. KulatD. W. Lamond

A. B. Meichler

G. Navratil

S. A. Norman

P. J. O’Regan

J. E. O’Sullivan

M. Ralstin

T. V. Vo

J. G. Weicks

Subgroup on Water-Cooled Systems (SG-WCS) (BPV XI)

G. Navratil, ChairJ. Nygaard, SecretaryJ. M. AgoldV. L. ArmentroutJ. M. BoughmanS. B. BrownS. T. ChesworthD. D. DavisH. Q. DoR. L. DyleM. J. Ferlisi

K. W. Hall

P. J. Hennessey

K. M. Hoffman

S. D. Kulat

D. W. Lamond

T. Nomura

T. Nuoffer

H. M. Stephens, Jr.

M. Weis

M. J. Homiack, Alternate

Task Group on High Strength Nickel Alloys Issues (SG-WCS) (BPV XI)

H. Malikowski, ChairW. H. BamfordK. DietrichP. R. DonavinR. L. DyleK. M. HoffmanC. Lohse

S. E. Marlette

B. L. Montgomery

G. C. Park

W. Sims

J. C. Spanner, Jr.

D. E. Waskey

Working Group on Containment (SG-WCS) (BPV XI)

H. M. Stephens, Jr., ChairS. G. Brown, SecretaryP. S. GhosalH. T. HillB. LehmanJ. A. Munshi

M. Sircar

P. C. Smith

F. Syed

R. Thames

S. Walden

xxxii --``,,```,`,`,``,`,`,,,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


Working Group on Inspection of Systems and Components(SG-WCS) (BPV XI)

M. J. Ferlisi, ChairM. Weis, SecretaryJ. M. AgoldR. W. BlydeK. CaverC. Cueto-FelguerosoH. Q. DoK. W. HallM. L. G. Heras

K. M. Hoffman

J. Howard

S. D. Kulat

E. Lantz

G. J. Navratil

T. Nomura

J. C. Nygaard

J. C. Younger

Working Group on Pressure Testing (SG-WCS) (BPV XI)

J. M. Boughman, ChairS. A. Norman, SecretaryT. AnselmiB. CaseyY.-K. ChungM. J. Homiack

A. E. KeyserD. W. LamondJ. K. McClanahanT. P. McClureB. L. MontgomeryC. Thomas

Task Group on Buried Components Inspection and Testing(WG-PT) (BPV XI)

D. W. Lamond, ChairJ. M. Boughman, SecretaryM. Moenssens, SecretaryT. AnselmiV. L. Armentrout

B. DavenportA. HiserJ. OssmannS. Rios

Working Group on Risk-Informed Activities (SG-WCS) (BPV XI)

M. A. Pyne, ChairS. T. Chesworth, SecretaryJ. M. AgoldC. Cueto-FelguerosoA. E. FreedJ. HakiiK. W. HallM. J. Homiack

S. D. KulatD. W. LamondE. LantzG. J. NavratilP. J. O’ReganN. A. PalmD. VetterJ. C. Younger

Working Group on General Requirements (BPV XI)

T. Nuoffer, ChairJ. Mayo, SecretaryJ. F. Ball

T. L. ChanP. J. HennesseyA. T. Roberts III

Subgroup on Reliability and Integrity Management Program(SG-RIM) (BPV XI)

F. J. Schaaf, Jr., ChairA. T. Roberts III, SecretaryT. AnselmiN. BroomS. R. DoctorJ. D. FletcherJ. T. FongT. GrahamJ. Grimm

B. Heald

D. M. Jones

D. R. Lee

B. Lin

R. K. Miller

R. W. Swayne

S. Takaya

R. Vayda

Working Group on MANDE (BPV XI)

H. M. Stephens, Jr., ChairS. R. DoctorN. A. FinneyJ. T. Fong

D. O. HenryL. E. MullinsM. Turnbow

JSME/ASME Joint Task Group for System-Based Code (SWG-RIM)(BPV XI)

T. Asayama, ChairS. R. DoctorK. DozakiM. HayashiD. M. JonesY. Kamishima

D. R. LeeH. MachidaA. T. Roberts IIIF. J. Schaaf, Jr.S. TakayaD. Watanabe

COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT TANKS (BPV XII)

N. J. Paulick, ChairM. D. Rana, Vice ChairJ. Oh, Staff SecretaryA. N. AntoniouP. ChilukuriW. L. GarfieldM. Pitts

T. A. Rogers

S. Staniszewski

A. P. Varghese

Y. Doron, Contributing Member

R. Meyers, Contributing Member

M. R. Ward, Contributing Member

Executive Committee (BPV XII)

M. D. Rana, ChairN. J. Paulick, Vice ChairJ. Oh, Staff Secretary

M. PittsS. StaniszewskiA. P. Varghese

Subgroup on Design and Materials (BPV XII)

A. P. Varghese, ChairR. C. Sallash, SecretaryD. K. ChandiramaniP. ChilukuriY. DoronR. D. HayworthS. L. McWilliamsN. J. PaulickM. D. RanaT. A. Rogers

M. Shah

S. Staniszewski

K. Xu

A. T. Duggleby, ContributingMember

G. G. Karcher, ContributingMember

M. R. Ward, Contributing Member

J. Zheng, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Fabrication, Inspection, and Continued Service(BPV XII)

M. Pitts, ChairP. ChilukuriY. DoronW. GarfieldR. D. HayworthO. MuletJ. RobertsT. A. Rogers

M. RudekR. C. SallashL. SelenskyS. StaniszewskiS. E. Benet, Contributing MemberG. McRae, Contributing MemberA. S. Olivares, ContributingMember

xxxiii


Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV XII)

S. Staniszewski, ChairA. N. AntoniouY. DoronJ. L. FreilerW. L. GarfieldO. MuletB. F. PittelM. PittsT. RummelR. C. Sallash

L. SelenskyP. Chilukuri, Contributing MemberT. J. Hitchcock, ContributingMember

G. McRae, Contributing MemberS. L. McWilliams, ContributingMember

T. A. Rogers, Contributing MemberD. G. Shelton, Contributing MemberM. R. Ward, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Nonmandatory Appendices (BPV XII)

N. J. Paulick, ChairS. Staniszewski, SecretaryP. ChilukuriM. PittsT. A. RogersD. G. Shelton

S. E. Benet, Contributing MemberD. D. Brusewitz, ContributingMember

Y. Doron, Contributing MemberT. J. Hitchcock, ContributingMember

COMMITTEE ON OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION (BPV XIII)

D. B. DeMichael, ChairJ. P. Glaspie, Vice ChairC. E. O’Brien, Staff SecretaryJ. F. BallJ. BurgessJ. W. DicksonA. DonaldsonS. F. Harrison, Jr.D. MillerB. K. NutterT. PatelM. PoehlmannD. E. TompkinsZ. WangJ. A. WestA. WilsonB. Calderon, AlternateH. Aguilar, Contributing Member

R. W. Barnes, Contributing MemberR. D. Danzy, Contributing MemberM. Elias, Contributing MemberD. Felix, Contributing MemberA. Frigerio, Contributing MemberA. Hassan, Contributing MemberP. K. Lam, Contributing MemberJ. M. Levy, Contributing MemberM. Mengon, Contributing MemberJ. Mize, Contributing MemberM. Mullavey, Contributing MemberS. K. Parimi, Contributing MemberJ. Phillips, Contributing MemberR. Raman, Contributing MemberM. Reddy, Contributing MemberK. Shores, Contributing MemberD. E. Tezzo, Contributing Member

Executive Committee (BPV XIII)

J. P. Glaspie, ChairC. E. O’Brien, Staff SecretaryJ. F. BallD. B. DeMichael

A. DonaldsonD. MillerB. K. NutterJ. A. West

Subgroup on Design and Materials (BPV XIII)

D. Miller, ChairC. E. BeairA. BieseckerW. E. ChapinJ. L. FreilerB. JoergensenV. KalyanasundaramB. J. MollitorB. MrukT. PatelA. C. Ramirez

G. Ramirez

J. A. West

A. Williams

D. J. Azukas, Contributing Member

R. D. Danzy, Contributing Member

A. Hassan, Contributing Member

R. Miyata, Contributing Member

M. Mullavey, Contributing Member

S. K. Parimi, Contributing Member

K. Shores, Contributing Member

Subgroup on General Requirements (BPV XIII)

A. Donaldson, ChairD. J. AzukasJ. F. BallM. Z. BrownJ. BurgessD. B. DeMichaelM. EliasT. M. FabianiS. T. FrenchJ. GillhamJ. P. GlaspieR. Klimas, Jr.Z. E. KumanaP. K. LamJ. M. LevyK. R. MayJ. MizeL. MoedingerM. MullaveyJ. PhillipsB. F. Pittel

M. PoehlmannK. ShoresD. E. TezzoD. E. TompkinsJ. F. WhiteB. Calderon, Contributing MemberP. Chavdarov, ContributingMember

J. L. Freiler, Contributing MemberG. D. Goodson, ContributingMember

C. Haldiman, Contributing MemberB. Joergensen, ContributingMember

C. Lasarte, Contributing MemberM. Mengon, Contributing MemberD. E. Miller, Contributing MemberR. Miyata, Contributing MemberB. Mruk, Contributing MemberR. Raman, Contributing MemberM. Reddy, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Nuclear (BPV XIII)

J. F. Ball, ChairJ. W. DicksonS. JonesR. KrithivasanK. R. MayD. MillerT. Patel

K. ShoresI. H. TsengJ. YuN. J. Hansing, AlternateB. J. Yonsky, AlternateS. T. French, Contributing MemberD. B. Ross, Contributing Member

Subgroup on Testing (BPV XIII)

B. K. Nutter, ChairT. P. BeirneB. CalderonV. ChicolaJ. W. DicksonB. EngmanR. J. GarnettR. HoukD. T. KelleyR. LackM. MengonC. SharpeJ. R. ThomasZ. WangA. Wilson

S. Alessandro, ContributingMember

J. Britt, Contributing Member

W. E. Chapin, Contributing Member

J. Cockerham, ContributingMember

R. Miyata, Contributing Member

J. Mize, Contributing Member

M. Mullavey, Contributing Member

R. Raman, Contributing Member

A. C. Ramirez, ContributingMember

G. Ramirez, Contributing Member

K. Shores, Contributing Member

xxxiv


COMMITTEE ON BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CONFORMITYASSESSMENT (CBPVCA)

R. V. Wielgoszinski, ChairG. Scribner, Vice ChairG. Moino, Staff SecretaryP. Murray, Staff SecretaryJ. P. ChicoineD. C. CookP. D. EdwardsT. E. HansenB. L. KrasiunP. F. MartinL. E. McDonaldD. MillerI. PowellD. E. TuttleR. UebelE. A. WhittleP. Williams

T. P. Beirne, AlternateM. Blankinship, AlternateJ. W. Dickson, AlternateJ. M. Downs, AlternateB. J. Hackett, AlternateW. Hibdon, AlternateY.-S. Kim, AlternateB. Morelock, AlternateM. Poehlmann, AlternateR. Rockwood, AlternateL. Skarin, AlternateR. D. Troutt, AlternateB. C. Turczynski, AlternateS. V. Voorhees, AlternateD. Cheetham, Contributing MemberA. J. Spencer, Honorary Member

COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR CERTIFICATION (CNC)

R. R. Stevenson, ChairJ. DeKleine, Vice ChairL. Powers, Staff SecretaryS. AndrewsG. GobbiS. M. GoodwinJ. W. HighlandsK. A. HuberK. A. KavanaghJ. C. KraneM. A. LockwoodL. M. PlanteT. E. QuakaG. SzabaturaC. TuryloD. M. VickeryE. A. WhittleC. S. WithersJ. Ball, Alternate

P. J. Coco, AlternateN. DeSantis, AlternateC. Dinic, AlternateP. D. Edwards, AlternateD. P. Gobbi, AlternateK. M. Hottle, AlternateP. Krane, AlternateM. Martin, AlternateD. Nenstiel, AlternateM. Paris, AlternateE. L. Pleins, AlternateP. F. Prescott, AlternateA. Torosyan, AlternateS. V. Voorhees, AlternateM. Wilson, AlternateS. Yang, AlternateS. F. Harrison, Jr., ContributingMember

xxxv


SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Errata to the BPV Code may be posted on the ASME website to provide corrections to incorrectly published items, or tocorrect typographical or grammatical errors in the BPV Code. Such Errata shall be used on the date posted.

Information regarding Special Notices and Errata is published by ASME at http://go.asme.org/BPVCerrata.

Changes given below are identified on the pages by a margin note, (19), placed next to the affected area.

TheRecordNumbers are explained inmoredetail in “List of Changes inRecordNumberOrder” following this SummaryofChanges.

Page Location Change (Record Number)vi List of Sections Updatedviii Foreword Penultimate paragraph revisedx Statement of Policy on

the Use of the ASMESingle CertificationMark and CodeAuthorization inAdvertising

Revised

x Statement of Policy onthe Use of ASMEMarking to IdentifyManufactured Items

Revised

xi Submittal of TechnicalInquiries to the Boilerand Pressure VesselStandards Committees

In para. 4, third sentence revised

xiv Personnel Updated18 Figure 5.9.1-2 Revised (16-2741)19 Figure 5.9.1-3 Revised (16-2741)20 Figure 5.9.1-4 Revised (16-2741)21 Figure 5.9.1-5 Revised (16-2741)23 5.9.8.1 Last sentence deleted (18-323)27 6.3.1 Last sentence revised (16-2740)31 7.1.4 Revised (16-2742)32 7.2.3 Title revised (16-2742)37 8.4.1.1 Revised (18-324)57 Figure I-1-1 Editorially revised59 Figure I-1-2 Editorially revised

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LIST OF CHANGES IN RECORD NUMBER ORDER

Record Number Change16-2740 Updated language of 6.3.1 to accommodate female relief valve connections.16-2741 Revised Figures 5.9.1-2, 5.9.1-3, 5.9.1-4, and 5.9.1-5.16-2742 Deleted water heaters from 7.1.4; added “or Potable Water Heater” to title of 7.2.3.18-323 Deleted last sentence of 5.9.8.1(a).18-324 Deleted "or vapor-system" from 8.4.1.1.

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CROSS-REFERENCING AND STYLISTIC CHANGES IN THE BOILERAND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

There have been structural and stylistic changes to BPVC, starting with the 2011 Addenda, that should be noted to aidnavigating the contents. The following is an overview of the changes:

Subparagraph Breakdowns/Nested Lists Hierarchy

• First-level breakdowns are designated as (a), (b), (c), etc., as in the past.• Second-level breakdowns are designated as (1), (2), (3), etc., as in the past.• Third-level breakdowns are now designated as (-a), (-b), (-c), etc.• Fourth-level breakdowns are now designated as (-1), (-2), (-3), etc.• Fifth-level breakdowns are now designated as (+a), (+b), (+c), etc.• Sixth-level breakdowns are now designated as (+1), (+2), etc.

Footnotes

With the exception of those included in the front matter (roman-numbered pages), all footnotes are treated as end-notes. The endnotes are referenced in numeric order and appear at the end of each BPVC section/subsection.

Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees

Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees has been moved to the frontmatter. This information now appears in all Boiler Code Sections (except for Code Case books).

Cross-References

It is our intention to establish cross-reference link functionality in the current edition and moving forward. To facil-itate this, cross-reference style has changed. Cross-references within a subsection or subarticle will not include the des-ignator/identifier of that subsection/subarticle. Examples follow:

• (Sub-)Paragraph Cross-References. The cross-references to subparagraph breakdowns will follow the hierarchy ofthe designators under which the breakdown appears.– If subparagraph (-a) appears in X.1(c)(1) and is referenced in X.1(c)(1), it will be referenced as (-a).– If subparagraph (-a) appears in X.1(c)(1) but is referenced in X.1(c)(2), it will be referenced as (1)(-a).– If subparagraph (-a) appears in X.1(c)(1) but is referenced in X.1(e)(1), it will be referenced as (c)(1)(-a).– If subparagraph (-a) appears in X.1(c)(1) but is referenced in X.2(c)(2), it will be referenced as X.1(c)(1)(-a).

• Equation Cross-References. The cross-references to equations will follow the same logic. For example, if eq. (1) ap-pears in X.1(a)(1) but is referenced in X.1(b), it will be referenced as eq. (a)(1)(1). If eq. (1) appears in X.1(a)(1) butis referenced in a different subsection/subarticle/paragraph, it will be referenced as eq. X.1(a)(1)(1).

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ARTICLE 1INTRODUCTION

The purpose of these recommended guidelines is topromote safety in the use of steam heating, hot waterheating, and hot water supply boilers that are directlyfired with oil, gas, electricity, coal, or other solid andliquid fuels. These guidelines are intended for use bythose directly responsible for operating and maintainingheating and hot water supply boilers. These guidelinesapply only to boilers subject to the service restrictionsof Section IV, HG-101 of the ASME Boiler and PressureVessel Code, as follows:(a) steam boilers for operation at pressures not

exceeding 15 psi (100 kPa)(b) hot water heating and hot water supply boilers for

operation at pressures not exceeding 160 psi (1 100 kPa)and/or temperatures not exceeding 250°F (120°C)These guidelines apply to the boiler proper and to pipe

connections up to and including the valve or valves asrequired by the Code. Guidelines are also provided foroperation of auxiliary equipment and appliances thataffect the safe and reliable operation of heating boilers.

The use of the word “shall” in these Guidelines reflectsthemandatory nature of the Section IV requirements. Thereader should consult the latest edition of Section IV forthe current requirements.Formulating a set of guidelines that is applicable to all

sites and types of installations is difficult; therefore, itmaybe advisable to depart from these guidelines in specificcases. Manufacturer’s operating instructions shouldalways be adhered to, as should any local jurisdictionalrequirements. Other industry-accepted codes and stan-dards , such as the Na t i ona l F i r e Pro tec t i onAssociation’s (NFPA) codes covering prevention offurnace explosions, are recommended for additionalguidance.These guidelines are not intended to be used in lieu of

any required inspections and operations mandated byjurisdictions, the National Board Inspection Code, orinsurance companies.

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ARTICLE 2GLOSSARY

acid: any chemical compound with a pH less than 7containinghydrogen thatdissociates toproducehydrogenionswhendissolved inwaterand is capableofneutralizinghydroxides or bases to produce salts.acidity: the state of being acid; the degree or quantity ofacid present.air: a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases that,with varying amounts of water vapor, form the atmo-sphere of the earth.air–fuelmixture: the ratio of theweight of air to theweightof fuel in a mixture of air and fuel.air moisture: the water vapor suspended in the air.alkali: any chemical compound of a basic nature thatdissociates to produce hydroxyl ions when dissolved inwater and is capable of neutralizing acids to produce salts.alkalinity: the state of being alkaline; the degree or quan-tity of alkali present in a solution, often expressed in termsof pH. In water analysis, it represents the carbonates,bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally the borates,silicates, and phosphates present as determined by titra-tion with a standard acid and generally expressed ascalcium carbonate in parts per million.atmospheric pressure: the barometric reading of pressureexerted by the atmosphere, which at sea level is 14.7 psi(101 kPa) or 29.9 in. Hg (101 kPa).Authorized Inspection Agency (Inservice): either(a) a jurisdictional authority as defined in the National

Board Constitution, or(b) an entity that is accredited by theNational Board as

satisfying the requirements of NB-369, Qualifications andDuties for Authorized Inspection Agencies (AIA)Performing Inservice Inspection Activities; NB-371,Accreditation of Owner-User Inspection Organizations(OUIO); or NB-390, Qualifications and Duties forFederal Inspection Agencies (FIA) Performing InserviceInspection ActivitiesAuthorized Inspection Agency (New Construction): an or-ganization that is accredited by ASME in accordance withASMEQAI-1, Qualifications forAuthorized Inspection, andmeets the requirements of the National Board of Boilerand Pressure Vessel Inspectors.

Authorized Inspector: an Inspector who holds a validNational Board New Construction Commission with theappropriate endorsement and who is designated assuch by an Authorized Inspection Agency.baffle: a plate or wall for deflecting gases or liquids.barometric pressure: atmospheric pressure as measuredby a barometer, usually expressed in inches (millimeters)of mercury.blowdown: a process for removing unwanted solid parti-culates and sludge from the boiler water. This process canbe either manual or continuous. Valves are opened to usethe boiler pressure to blow the particulates out of theboiler.blower: a fan used to move air under pressure.blowoff: a pipe connection provided with valves throughwhich the water in the boiler may be blown out underpressure.boiler: a fired pressure vessel in which water or someother fluid is heated or steam is generated.boiler, firetube: a boiler with tubes that are surrounded bywater and steam and through which the products ofcombustion pass.boiler, hot water heating: a boiler designed to heat waterfor circulation through an external space-heating system.boiler, hot water supply: a boiler used to heat water forpurposes other than space heating.boiler,watertube:aboiler inwhich the tubes containwaterand steam with the heat being applied to the outsidesurface.boiler layup: any extendedperiod of time duringwhich theboiler is not expected to operate and suitable precautionsare made to protect it against corrosion, scaling, pitting,etc., on the water and fire sides.breeching: a duct for the transport of the products ofcombustion between the boiler and the stack.buckstay: a structural member placed against a furnace orboiler wall to restrain the motion of the wall.burner: adevice for the introductionof fuel and air into thecombustion zone at the desired velocities, turbulence, andconcentration to establish and maintain proper ignitionand combustion of the fuel.

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carbon: the element that is the principal combustibleconstituent of all fuels.coal: solid hydrocarbon fuel formed by ancient decompo-sition of woody substance under conditions of heat andpressure.coke: fuel consisting largely of the fixed carbon and ash incoal obtained by the destructive distillation of bituminouscoal.colloid: a substancemicroscopically dispersed throughoutanother substance but incapable of passing through asemipermeable membrane.combustion: the rapidchemical reactionofoxygenwith thecombustible elements of a fuel resulting in the productionof heat.complete combustion: the complete oxidation of all thecombustible constituents of a fuel.condensate: water formed as a result of a phase changefrom gas to liquid.control: a device designed to regulate the fuel, exhaust, air,water, or electrical supplies to a powered device. Itmay bemanual, semiautomatic, or automatic.convection: the transmission of heat by the circulation of aliquid or a gas. It may be natural or forced.damper loss: the reduction in the static pressure of a gasflowing across a damper.delayed combustion: continuation of combustion beyondthe furnace.differential temperature: the temperature differentialbetween two spaces; for example, the difference intemperature between the inlet and outlet of the boiler.distillation: vaporization of a substance with subsequentrecovery of the vapor by condensation.draft: a pressure difference that causes gases or air to flowthrough a chimney, vent, or boiler; also, ameasurement ofnegative pressure in a vent used to indicate potential forflue gas flow.drain: a valved connection at a lowpoint for the removal ofwater.drum: a cylindrical shell closed at both ends and designedto withstand internal pressure.duct: an enclosed passage for air or gas flow.electric ignition: ignition of a pilot ormain flameby the useof an electric arc or glow plug.excess air: air supplied for combustion in excess of thattheoretically required for complete combustion.expander:a tool used to create apermanent seal betweenatube and a tubesheet or header by expanding the tube so itis compressed against the other surface.extended surface: metallic heat-absorbing surfaceprotruding beyond the tube wall.

fan: a machine consisting of a rotor and housing formoving air or gases.fan, forced-draft: a type of pressurized fan producing apositive pressure within a system or equipment.fan, induced-draft: a fan exhausting hot gases from heat-absorbing equipment.feed pipe: a pipe through which water is conducted into aboiler.fin: a projection from a surface subject to heat.fin tube: a tube with one or more fins.firetube: a tube in a boiler havingwater on the outside andcarrying the products of combustion on the inside.fixed carbon: the solid combustible residue remainingafter coal, coke, or bituminous materials are heatedand the volatile matter expelled. The fixed carboncontent is determined by subtracting from 100% thepercentages of moisture, volatile matter, and ash in asample.flame: a luminous body of burning gas or vapor.flash point: the lowest temperature at which a volatilematerial can vaporize to form a combustible mixturein air.float switch:a float-operatedswitch thatmakesandbreaksan electric circuit in accordance with a change in a prede-termined water level.flow switch:adevice thatmonitors the flowof air, steam,orliquid.flue: a passage for products of combustion.flue gas: the gaseous products of combustion.furnace: the part of a boiler in which combustion of fueltakes place or in which primary furnace gases areconveyed.gauge cock: a valve used to isolate a boiler from ameasuring device such as a pressure gauge or gauge glass.gauge glass: the transparent part of a water gaugeassembly connected directly or through a watercolumn to the boiler to indicate the water level in theboiler.gauge pressure: the pressure above atmospheric pressure.gas analysis: the determination of the percentages ofvarious constituents of a gaseous mixture.grate: the surface on which fuel is supported and burned,and through which air is passed for combustion.grate bars: those parts of the fuel-supporting surfacearranged to admit air for combustion.handhole: an opening in a pressure part for access, toosmall for a person to enter.header:piping that connects two ormore boilers together.

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heat balance: an accounting of the distribution from onemedium to another.heating surface: the surface that is exposed to the heatingmedium for absorption and transfer of heat to the heatedmedium as determined according to Section IV, HG-403.hydrocarbon: a chemical compound of hydrogen andcarbon.hydrostatic test: a strength and water-tightness test of aclosed pressure vessel by water pressure.impingement: the striking of moving matter, such as theflow of steam, water, gas, or solids, against anothersurface.inhibitor: a compound that slows down or stops an unde-sired chemical reaction such as corrosion or oxidation.insulation: a material of low thermal conductivity used toreduce heat losses.integral blower: a blower built as an integral part of adevice to supply air thereto.intermittent firing: amethod of firing bywhich fuel and airare introduced into and burned in a furnace for a shortperiod, after which the flow is stopped. The cycle is thenrepeated.jurisdiction: a governmental entity with the power, right,or authority to interpret and enforce law, rules, or ordi-nances pertaining to boilers, pressure vessels, or otherretaining items; it includes National Board member juris-dictions, defined as “jurisdictional authorities.”jurisdictional authority: a member of the National Board,as defined in the National Board Constitution.lagging: a covering, usually of insulating material, on pipeor ducts.load: the system demand for output of steam or hot water,in pounds (kilograms) per hour or British thermal unitsper hour (watts).low-water fuel cutoff: a device that shuts down the fuelsupply when the water level in the boiler drops belowits safe operating level (the safe operating level is deter-mined by the boiler Manufacturer).makeupwater:water introduced into the boiler to replacethat lost or removed from the system.manhole: the opening in a pressure vessel of sufficient sizeto permit a person to enter.manifold: a pipe or header for collecting a fluid from, ordistributing a fluid to, a number of pipes or tubes.maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP): themaximum gauge pressure determined by employingthe allowable stress values and design rules providedin Section IV.mechanical draft: a differential pressure created bymechanical means.

modulation of burner: varying the burner firing rate tomatch the load demand.neutralize: to counteract aciditywith an alkali or alkalinitywith an acid.National Board: the National Board of Boiler and PressureVessel Inspectors.NationalBoardCommissioned Inspector:an individualwhoholds a valid and current National Board Commission.operating pressure: the actual gauge pressure at the boileroutlet.operating temperature: the actual temperature at theboiler outlet.oxidation: the interaction between oxygen molecules andother substances.packaged boiler: a boiler equipped and shipped completewith fuel-burning equipment, mechanical draft equip-ment, automatic controls, and accessories.parts permillion (ppm): the number of parts of a diluent inone million parts of the sample examined, which is typi-cally air or water. In water, 1mg/L is equivalent to 1 ppm.pass: a confined passageway, containing heating surface,through which a gas flows in essentially one direction.pH: a scale used to measure the degree of acidity or al-kalinity of a solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7are said to be acidic, and those with a pH greater than7 are said to be alkaline. Water is very close to a pH of 7.pilot flame: the flame, usually fueled by gas or light oil, thatignites the main flame.pneumatic control: any control that uses compressedair asthe actuating means.polyphosphate: a formof phosphate that sequesters ratherthan precipitates hard water salts.pour point: the temperature at which fluid begins to flow.precipitation: the formation and settling out of solid parti-cles in a solution.pressure drop: the difference in pressure between twopoints.pressure relief valve: a device designed to relieve pressurewhen the set pressure is reached.pressure vessel: a closed vessel or container designed toconfine a fluid at a pressure above atmospheric pressure.primary air: air introduced with the fuel at the burners.receiver: the tank portion of a condensate or vacuumreturn pump where condensate accumulates.relay: an electrical device that opens or closes a circuit asits internal coil is energized or de-energized.safety relief valve: an automatic pressure-relieving deviceactuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve andcharacterized by rapid opening or pop action, or by

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opening in proportion to the increase in pressure over theset pressure, depending on application.safety valve: an automatic pressure-relieving device actu-ated by the static pressure upstreamof the valve and char-acterized by full-opening pop action. It is used for gas orvapor service.saturated air: air that contains the maximum amount ofwater vapor that it can hold at its temperature andpressure.seal weld: a weld used primarily to prevent leakage.seam: the joint between two plates joined together.secondary air: air for combustion supplied to the furnaceto supplement the primary air.setting: the construction surrounding the boiler and/orthe tubes consisting of refractory, insulation, casing,lagging, or some combination of these.smoke boxes: a chamber in a boiler where the smoke, etc.,from the furnace is collected before going out at thechimney.spontaneous combustion: ignition of combustible materialwithout apparent cause.stay: a tensile stress member to hold material or othermembers rigidly in position.steam gauge: a gauge for indicating the pressure of steam.stoichiometric combustion: the complete oxidation of allthe combustible constituents of a fuel at zero excess air.stop valve: a valve that is used to isolate a boiler from theother parts of the system.stud: a projecting pin serving as a support or means ofattachment.thermal efficiency: the ratio of the heat absorbed by thewater and steam in a boiler to the available heat in the fuelfired, expressed as a percent.titration: a method for determining volumetrically theconcentration of a desired substance in solution byadding a standard solution of known volume and strength

until the chemical reaction is completed as shown by achange in color of suitable indicator.total air: the total quantity of air supplied to the fuel andproducts of combustion.trap: a device installed in piping that is designed toprohibit the passage of steam but allow the passage ofcondensate and gases.tube hole: a hole in a drum, header, or tubesheet to accom-modate a tube.tubesheet: a plate containing the tube holes.vent: an opening in a vessel or other enclosed space for theremoval of gas or other vapors.viscosity: the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.water column: a vertical tubular member connected at itstopandbottomto the steamandwater space, respectively,of a boiler, to which the water gauge, gauge cocks, andhigh- and low-water-level alarms may be connected.water gauge: the gauge glass and its fittings forattachment.water heater: a vessel in which potable water is heated bythe combustion of fuel, by electricity, or by any othersource, and withdrawn for external use.water heater, lined: a water heater with a corrosion-resis-tant lining designed to heat potable water.water heater, unlined: a water heater made from corro-sion-resistant materials designed to heat potable water.water level: the elevation of the surface of the water in aboiler.zeolite: originally a group of natural minerals capable ofremoving calcium and magnesium ions from water andreplacing them with sodium. The term has been broa-dened to include synthetic resins that similarly softenwater by ion exchange.

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ARTICLE 3TYPES OF BOILERS

3.1 CLASSIFICATION

Section VI classifies heating boilers by the ASMECertification, method of manufacture, category, methodof heat input, and other design characteristics.

3.2 ASME CERTIFICATION MARK

Section IV provides requirements for using theCertification Mark with H or HLW designator.

3.2.1 Boilers Stamped With the Certification MarkWith H Designator

Boilers stamped with the Certification Mark with Hdesignator may be steam heating boilers, hot waterheating boilers, or hot water supply boilers.

3.2.1.1 Steam heating boilers may be used in open orclosed systems in accordance with Manufacturer’sinstructions and jurisdictional requirements and shalloperate at 15 psi (100 kPa) or less.

3.2.1.2Hotwater heating boilers are intended for use inclosed-loopsystemswith limitedpotential for corrosionofthe boiler. Hot water heating boilers are limited to opera-tion at 160 psi (1 100 kPa) or less andwater temperaturesnot exceeding 250°F (120°C) at or near the boiler outlet.

3.2.1.3 Hot water supply boilers may be used forpurposes other than space heating. They may be installedin open- or closed-loop systems. Hot water supply boilersare limited to operation at 160 psi (1 100 kPa) or less andwater temperatures not exceeding 250°F (120°C) at ornear the boiler outlet.

3.2.2 Potable Water Heaters Stamped With theCertificationMarkWith H orHLWDesignator

Potable water heaters stamped with the CertificationMark with H or HLW designator may be used in open-loop systems and shall be constructed from corrosion-resistant materials or with a corrosion-resistant lining.Water heaters are limited to operation at 160 psi(1 100 kPa) or less andwater temperatures not exceeding210°F (99°C) at or near the water outlet.

3.3 METHOD OF MANUFACTURE

3.3.1 Fabricated Boilers

Fabricated boilers may be steel, stainless steel, copper,and less commonly, other metals or alloys. Some boilersuse polymer or compositematerials in the boiler pressurevessel and are generally classified as fabricated boilerswithin Section VI.

3.3.1.1 FiretubeBoilers. In firetubeboilers, thegasesofcombustion pass through the tubes and the water circu-lates around them.

3.3.1.1.1 Horizontal Return Tube (HRT). In an HRT,the boiler is often in a refractory or brick setting and theproducts of combustion flow under the boiler and returnthrough the firetubes. The furnace may also be con-structed of steel. See Figure 3.3.1.1.1-1.

3.3.1.1.2 Scotch-Type Boilers. The scotch boilersused in modern heating systems are similar to those o-riginallydesigned for shipboard installationandaresome-times called scotch marine boilers. The furnace is acylinder completely surrounded by water. Most scotchboilers are of the dry-back or partial wet-back designand are arranged for multiple gas passes. See Figure3.3.1.1.2-1.

3.3.1.1.3 Firebox Boilers. Firebox boilers have thefirebox integral with the boiler, such as in the oil fieldor locomotive type, and may be single or multiplepass. The furnace of this type of boiler is usually enclosedin a water-cooled upper sheet, called a crown sheet.Various tube and shell configurations, characterizingdifferent Manufacturers’ designs, complete the boilers.See Figures 3.3.1.1.3-1 and 3.3.1.1.3-2.

3.3.1.1.4 Vertical Firetube Boilers. In vertical fire-tube boilers, the products of combustion pass up ordown through the tubes that are surrounded by water.See Figure 3.3.1.1.4-1.

3.3.1.2 Watertube Boilers

3.3.1.2.1 In watertube boilers, the water passesthrough the tube and the combustion gases passaround them. Refer to the Manufacturer’s instructionsfor minimum water flow rate requirements.

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3.3.1.2.2 Watertube boilers are made in a variety ofconfigurations with respect to tube and drum arrange-ment. Tubes are made from a variety of materials,including steel, stainless steel, copper, and copper fin tube.(a) Tray-TypeBoilers.Tray-type boilers typically have a

castmanifold thatdistributeswater flowthroughabankofstraight tubes. Most of these boilers are constructed offinned tubes.(b) Coil-Type Boilers. Coil-type boilers may be fabri-

cated from a single tube or multiple tubes wrappedinto a cylinder or any other coiled shape.(c) Bent-Tube Boilers. Bent-tube boilers are typically

constructed with multiple steel tubes connected tomanifolds.

3.3.2 Cast Boilers3.3.2.1 Cast boilers aremost commonly iron butmay be

constructed of aluminum or other metals. Cast boilers aremade in two general types: sectional and one-piece(monoblock). The sections of a sectional boiler can bestacked either vertically or horizontally and are heldtogether with tie rods, with the waterways sealed bypush nipples or elastomer seals, and in rare cases,screwed nipples. See Figures 3.3.2.1-1 and 3.3.2.1-2.

3.3.2.2Manufacturer’s instructions should be followedwhen adjusting nipples or tie rods. Either inadequate orexcess tensionon tie rodsmaybedetrimental to theboiler.

3.3.3 Vacuum Boilers

Vacuum boilers are factory-sealed steam boilers thatare operated below atmospheric pressure.

3.4 CATEGORY

Boiler category is determined according to ANSIZ21.13/CSA 4.9 and relates to the potential for condensa-tion of the products of combustion in the venting and heatexchanger and the potential for positive pressure in theventing. Venting is discussed in Article 5.

3.4.1 Noncondensing Boilers

Noncondensing boilers are Category I or Category IIIboilers. These boilers do not require any special construc-tion or provisions for condensate.

3.4.2 Condensing Boilers3.4.2.1 Condensing boilers can be constructed in a

variety of designs but typically have the vent connectionnear the bottom of the boiler and include a drain forcondensate. Condensing boilers are high-efficiencyboilers that may cool the products of combustionbelow the dew point, resulting in condensation insidethe heat exchanger and vent stack. The condensatethat forms is corrosive and requires corrosion-resistantventing and neutralization of condensate.

3.4.2.2 Condensing boilers may also be referred to asCategory II or Category IVboilers. Aboiler categorized as acondensing boiler is not necessarily designed for conden-sing operation. Consult the Manufacturer’s installationand operation instructions for optimal operating condi-tions for the boiler.

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Figure 3.3.1.1.1-1 Horizontal Tube, Brick-Set

Figure 3.3.1.1.2-1 Gas Flow Patterns of Scotch-Type Boilers

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Figure 3.3.1.1.3-1 Type C Firebox Boiler

Figure 3.3.1.1.3-2 Three-Pass Firebox Boiler

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Figure 3.3.1.1.4-1 Vertical Firetube Boiler Figure 3.3.2.1-1 Horizontal Sectional Cast Iron Boiler

Figure 3.3.2.1-2 Vertical Sectional Cast Iron Boiler

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ARTICLE 4FUELS AND FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT

4.1 TYPES OF FUELS

Fuels for boilers are available in gaseous, liquid, or solidform, and some boilers use electricity as their heat source.Care must be taken to ensure that the boiler, burner, andancillaryequipmentaredesigned for the fuel tobeutilized.

4.1.1 Gaseous Fuels

4.1.1.1 Natural Gas. Natural gas used for fuel has awide range of heating values. Methane is the principlecomponent of natural gas, but ethane, propane, andbutane may also be present, along with trace amountsof other hydrocarbons. The heating value of the gasdepends on the percent of each hydrocarbon presentin the mixture, but it typically varies from a low of950 Btu/ft3 (35.4 MJ/m3) to a high of 1,150 Btu/ft3(42.9 MJ/m3).

4.1.1.2 Manufactured Gas. Manufactured gas shouldnot be confused with natural gas since manufacturedgas, or artificial gas as it is sometimes called, is producedfrom coal, coal-and-oil mixtures, or petroleum. Theheating value of manufactured gas ranges from a lowof 350 Btu/ft3 (13.0 MJ/m3) to a high of 600 Btu/ft3(22.4 MJ/m3).

4.1.1.3 Digester Gas. Digester gas, or biogas as it issometimes called, is produced by the breakdown oforganic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a renewableenergy source and is composed primarily of methane andcarbon dioxide with trace amounts of hydrogen andnitrogen. The heating value, which depends mostlyupon the methane concentration (typically 40% to70% by volume), varies from 600 Btu/ft3 (22.4 MJ/m3)to 900 Btu/ft3 (33.6 MJ/m3). The properties of the gasmay vary by site. It is important to realize that the gasmay be corrosive from either moisture content or thepresence of sulfur.

4.1.2 Liquid Fuels

4.1.2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Commonlyknown as propane, liquefied petroleum gas is stored intanks at high pressure to keep it in a liquid state.Storage may be either above- or belowground, usingstorage and handling procedures in accordance withthe requirements of NFPA 58 and local regulations.When the pressure on the liquefied fuel is reduced to

that required for the burner, the fuel changes from itsliquid state to a gas. Propane or butane gas has aheating value of 2,300 Btu/ft3 (85.7MJ/m3) to 3,300Btu/ft3 (122.9 MJ/m3). Because of significant heatingvalue differences between liquefied petroleum gas andother gases, the fuel-burning equipmentmust bemodifiedwhen changing from the liquefied fuel to another gas, orvice versa. Since propane is colorless and heavier than air,precaution is recommendedwhenworking with propane.

4.1.2.2 Fuel Oils. Fuel oils are graded in accordancewith specifications of the American Society for Testingand Materials. Oils are classified by their viscosities.Other characteristics of fuel oils that determine theirgrade, classification, and suitability for given uses areflash point, pour point, water and sediment content,sulfur content, ash, and distillation characteristics. Fueloils are prepared for combustion in most low-pressureboiler burners by atomization (spraying). The followingare commonly used types of atomization:(a) high-pressure mechanical atomization(b) low-pressure mechanical atomization(c) centrifugal atomization (rotary cup)(d) compressed air atomization(e) steam atomization

4.1.2.2.1 Oil Grade Types

(a) GradeNumber1.GradeNumber1 is a light-viscositydistillate oil intended for vaporizingpot-typeburners. Theheating value is approximately 135,000 Btu/gal (37 600MJ/m3).(b) Grade Number 2. Grade Number 2 is a distillate oil

used for general purpose heating. The heating value isapproximately 138,000 Btu/gal (38 500 MJ/m3). Thisis the most common grade of oil burned in Section IVboilers.(c) Grade Number 4. Grade Number 4 is an oil heavier

than Number 2 but not heavy enough to requirepreheating facilities. Because the oil is no longer availableinmany locations as a straight-rundistillate, but is amixofNumber2andheavieroils, itmaybenecessary innorthernclimates to provide tank heaters or small recirculatingpreheaters to ensure delivery of the blended fuel tothe burner. If the fuel is not blended properly, theNumber 2 oil and the heavier oil may separate in time.Many dealers blend the two grades of oil in the tanktruck while delivering to the location. This may result

ASME BPVC.VI-2019

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in physical separationof the twogrades if they stand in thetank for any length of time. The heating value is approxi-mately 147,000 Btu/gal (41 000 MJ/m3).(d) Grade Number 5.GradeNumber 5 has been divided

into hot Number 5 and cold Number 5. The “hot” graderequires preheating and the “cold” may be burned as isfrom the tank, but because of the increased demand fordistillate products, the residual oils may be lower inquality and may require preheating for good results.Sometimes Grade Number 5 is a mix of Number 2 andNumber 6. The usual heating value is approximately152,000 Btu/gal (42 400 MJ/m3).(e) Grade Number 6. Grade Number 6 is a residual-type

oil for use in burners equipped with recirculating prehea-ters. Number 6 fuel oil is sometimes referred to as BunkerC. The typical heating value is approximately 153,000Btu/gal (42 600 MJ/m3).

4.1.2.2.2 Preheating Requirements. The correcttemperature range must be used for each grade ofpreheated oil. Preheating at too low of a temperaturewill negatively affect atomization and may cause poorcombustion, smoke, and high fuel consumption.Preheating at too high of a temperature can cause theoil to coke in the burner. The oil delivered to theburner must be preheated to the temperature recom-mended by the burner manufacturer for the grade offuel used.

4.1.2.2.3 Biodiesel. Biodiesel is a biodegradable,nontoxic, clean-burning fuel that can be made fromany fat or vegetable oil, including recycled cooking oil.

4.1.3 Solid Fuels

4.1.3.1 Coal. Coal comes in various grades with a widerange of heating values. Coals are ranked according totheir content, in percent by weight, of volatile matter,fixed carbon, ash, and moisture. While coal rankingcannot be totally defined by any one of these items, typi-cally coals with high levels of fixed carbon tend to havehigher heating values than those with lower fixed-carbonpercentages, andhigh levelsofmoisture tend to reduce theheating value.

4.1.3.1.1 Anthracite Coal. Anthracite coal is dense,stonelike in structure, and shiny black in color.Because of its hardness, it can be handled with littlebreakage. When ignited, it burns freely with a short, rel-atively smokeless flameanddoesnot coke. It hasvery littlevolatile matter and is commonly referred to as hard coal.Semianthracite is not as hard as anthracite and is higher involatile matter. It is dark gray in color and of granularstructure. Semianthracite swells considerably in sizewhen burning, but it does not coke. The heating valueof anthracite and semianthracite coals, as received, is12,000Btu/lb (29.7MJ/kg) to 13,000Btu/lb (30.2MJ/kg).

4.1.3.1.2 Bituminous Coal. This classification coversa wide range of coals, from the high grades found in theeastern part of theUnited States to the lower grades foundin the western regions. Bituminous coal, commonly calledsoft coal, is the most extensively used of all coals. Thevarious types of soft coal differ in composition, properties,and burning characteristics. Some are firm in structureand present no handling problem, while others tend tobreak when handled. Bituminous coal ignites rathereasily and burns readily, usually with a long flame.Medium-volatile and high-volatile coals coke in the fireand smoke when improperly burned. The “as received”heating value of bituminous coals varies from approxi-mately 10,500 Btu/lb (24.2 MJ/kg) to 14,500 Btu/lb(33.7 MJ/kg).

4.1.3.1.3 SubbituminousCoal. Subbituminous coal isnoncoking and is black in color, similar to bituminous coal.This type of coal is high in volatile matter and igniteseasily; it also has a tendency toward spontaneous combus-tion when drying. Subbituminous coal has a low sulfurcontent, often less than 1%, and its heating valueranges from 8,300 Btu/lb (19.3 MJ/kg) to 11,500Btu/lb (26.7 MJ/kg).

4.1.3.1.4 Lignite. Lignite is sometimes referred to asbrown coal and is primarily found in the western UnitedStates. This type of coal has a relatively low heating value,typically between 4,300 Btu/lb (10.0 MJ/kg) and 8,600Btu/lb (20 MJ/kg). The heating value depends uponthe moisture content, which can reach as high as 66%,and ash content, which can vary from 6% to 19%. Therelatively high moisture content makes it susceptibleto spontaneous combustion, which can cause problemsin storage and transportation. The use of lignite isusually feasible only where other types of coal are notavailable and large deposits are relatively close to thepoint of use.

4.1.3.1.5 PulverizedCoal.Pulverized coal is coal thathasbeen crushedanddried. Like liquids andgaseous fuels,it can be transported through pipes. Due to its extremelyvolatile nature, extreme care should be exercised whenhandling this fuel. High- and medium-volatile bituminouscoals are commonly pulverized, and the degree of finenessis dependent upon the type of coal being pulverized. Thedensity of pulverized coal varies from 35 lb/ft3 (561kg/m3) to 55 lb/ft3 (881 kg/m3), and the heating valuevaries from 11,000 Btu/lb (25.6 MJ/kg) to 12,900 Btu/lb(30 MJ/kg).

4.1.3.2 Wood. Wood has been used for centuries forfuel and continues to be used today where firewood isabundant and transportation costs are relatively low.Wood is typically sold by the cord, which is a woodpile 8 ft × 4 ft × 4 ft. The moisture content of thewood greatly influences the heat content, which canvary from 6,400 Btu/lb (14.9 MJ/kg) to 8,000 Btu/lb

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(18.6MJ/kg).Handling costs forboth thewoodand theashit produces can make the use of wood for energy genera-tion more costly than the use of other fuels.

4.1.4 Electricity

Although electricity is in itself not a fuel, it is used as asource of heat for heating boilers. The two generalmethods of application are electrodes and immerseddirect-resistance elements. When electrodes are used,the boiler water serves as the heating element by offeringresistance to the passage of current between theimmersed electrodes. Direct-resistance elements createheat by the resistance offered to the passage of electriccurrent through the immersed element.

4.2 FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT

4.2.1 Gas-Burning Equipment

Gas-burning equipment can be an atmospheric orpower burner (natural draft or forced-draft) or a combi-nation burner.

4.2.1.1 Atmospheric Burners. Atmospheric burnersdepend upon natural draft for combustion air. Thereare several types of atmospheric burners, most ofwhich fall into the general classifications of single- ormultiport type.

4.2.1.2 Power Burners. Power burners depend on ablower to supply combustion air and include the followingtypes:(a) Natural Draft Burners. Natural draft burners

operate with a furnace pressure slightly less than atmo-spheric.Theproperdraft condition ismaintainedbyeithernatural draft or an induced-draft fan.(b) Forced-Draft Burners. Forced-draft burners are

designed to operate with a furnace pressure higherthan atmospheric. These burners are equipped with suffi-cient blower capacity to force products of combustionthrough the boiler without the help of natural orinduced draft.

4.2.1.3 Combination Fuel Burners. Combination fuelburners are designed to burn more than one fuel, witheither manual or automatic switchover from one fuelto another.

4.2.2 Liquid-Burning Equipment

An oil burner mechanically mixes fuel oil and air forcombustion under controlled conditions. Ignition isaccomplished by an electric spark, electric resistancewire, gas pilot flame, or oil pilot flame.

4.2.2.1 Pressure-Atomizing Burners (Gun Type).Pressure-atomizing burners (gun type) are divided intotwo classes: high-pressure and low-pressure mechanicalatomization.(a) The high-pressure mechanical-atomizing type is

characterized by an air tube, usually horizontal, with apressurized oil supply centrally located in the tube andarranged so that a spray of atomized oil is introducedat approximately 100 psig (700 kPa) and mixed in thecombustion chamber with the airstream emergingfrom the air tube. The oil is supplied to the burner bya fuel delivery unit that serves as a pressure-flow-regu-lating device as well as a pumping device. Where electricignition is employed, a high-voltage transformer is used tosupply approximately 10,000 V to create an ignition arcacross apair of electrodes locatedabove thenozzle.Wheregas ignition is employed on a larger burner, a gas pilot isused. The firing rate is governed by the size of the nozzleused. Multiple nozzles are used on some of the largerburners, and variable flow nozzles are used on others.A low-fire start on a modulating burner that employs avariable flow nozzle is accomplished by supplying theoil at a reduced pressure. A low-fire start on amultiple-nozzle burner is accomplished by permittingoil flow to only one or two of the nozzles.(b) The low-pressureatomizingburnerdiffers fromthe

high-pressure type mainly by havingmeans for supplyinga mixture of oil and primary air to the burner nozzle. Theair meeting the mixture in the furnace is “secondary air”that provides for complete combustion. The air pressurebefore mixing and the pressure of the air-oil mixture varywith differentmakes of burners but are in the low range of1 psig to 15 psig (7 kPa to 100 kPa) for air and 2 psig to7 psig (14 kPa to 48 kPa) for the mixture. Capacity of theburners is varied by making pump stroke or orificechanges on the oil pumps.

4.2.2.2 Steam-Atomizing Burners. Steam-atomizingburners use steam to atomize heavy-grade fuel oil.Steam is usually supplied by the boiler being operated.

4.2.2.3 Air-Atomizing Burners. In this type of burner,the compressed air or steam is used as the atomizingmedium. An air compressor is usually provided as partof the burner, although the air may be supplied fromanother source.

4.2.2.4 Horizontal Rotary Cup Burner. The horizontalrotary cup burner uses the principle of centrifugal atomi-zation. The oil is prepared for combustion by centrifugalforce,which spins it off a cup rotating at high speed into anairstream, causing the oil to break up into a spray. Thistype can be used with all grades of fuel oil. Modulatedfiring can be provided on these burners.

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4.2.3 Solid-Fuel-Burning Equipment

Generally, stokers are usedwhen burning coal orwood.Stokers provide a mechanical means for feeding the fueland supplying combustion air. They are built in several

types, themost commonofwhichareunderfeed, spreader,andchaingrate. Pulverizedcoal is transported inamannersimilar to thatused fora liquidand isburned in suspensionas it is sprayed into the combustion chamber.

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ARTICLE 5BOILER ROOM FACILITIES AND INSTALLATION

5.1 GENERAL

5.1.1 Scope

This Article covers the recommended procedures forthe safe, economical operation and maintenance of auto-matically fired boilers.

5.1.2 Intention

It is not intended that this Article serve as operatinginstructions for any specific heating plant. Due to thewide variety of types and makes of equipment used,this Article should be supplemented with equipmentmanufacturers’ instructions concerning maintenanceand care and specific written operating instructions foreach system.

5.1.3 Installation

Heating boilers should be installed in accordance withthe rules and regulations of the local jurisdiction, most ofwhich have adopted nationally recognized standards thatmust be followed. However, in the absence of local juris-dictional rules, the followingnational standards and codesmay be used for the installation of heating boilers:

ANSI Z21.13/CSA 4.9, Gas-Fired Low Pressure Steam andHot Water Boilers

Publisher: The American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036(www.ansi.org)

ASME B31.9, Building Service PipingASME CSD-1 , Controls and Safety Devices forAutomatically Fired Boilers

Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016-5990(www.asme.org)

NBBI NB-23, National Board Inspection Code (NBIC), Part1, Installation

Publisher: National Board of Boiler and Pressure VesselInspectors (NBBI), 1055 Crupper Avenue, Columbus,OH 43229 (www.nationalboard.org)

NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-BurningEquipment

NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code

NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards CodePublisher: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169 (www.nfpa.org)

UL 834, Heating, Water Supply, and Power Boilers —Electric

Publisher: Underwriter Laboratories, Inc. (UL), 333Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096; OrderAddress : Comm 2000 , 151 Eastern Avenue ,Bensenville, IL 60106 (www.ul.com)

5.1.4 New Boilers— Acceptance and Examination

5.1.4.1 Examination for Contractual Acceptance.Before any new heating plant (or boiler) is acceptedfor operation, a final (or acceptance) review should becompleted by the owner or their representative, andall items of exception corrected by the installationcontractor. The review should confirm that all equipmentcalled for is furnished and installed in accordancewith theplans and the Manufacturer’s instructions and specifica-tions, and should include a test of all controls by a personfamiliar with the control system.

5.1.4.2 Operational Examination. Before a boiler isput into operation for the first time, it should be examinedas required by law. Subsequent examinations should alsobemade as required by local law. The insurance companyinsuring the boilermay be able to provide guidance on theapplicable law.

5.2 LIGHTING

The boiler room should be well lit to allow safe opera-tion of all equipment, entry, and exit. Proper lighting willallow the operator to visually examine all instrumentationand safety controls, and to check for any abnormal condi-tion. The boiler room should have an emergency lightsource in case of power failure.

5.3 VENTILATION AND COMBUSTION AIR

5.3.1 Combustion Air

The boiler room must have an adequate air supply topermit clean, safe combustion tominimize soot formationandmaintain aminimum of 19.5% oxygen in the air of theboiler room. The combustion and ventilation air may be

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http://www.ansi.org

http://www.asme.org

http://www.nationalboard.org

http://www.nfpa.org

http://www.ul.com

supplied by either an unobstructed air opening or powerventilation fans.

5.3.2 Air Openings

Unobstructed air openings should be sized on the basisof 1 in.2 (650mm2) free area per 2,000 Btu/hr (0.586 kW)maximum fuel input of the combined burners located inthe boiler room or as specified by the National FireProtection Association (NFPA) standards for oil- andgas-burning installation for the particular job conditions.The boiler room air supply openingsmust be kept clear atall times. The National Board Inspection Code and theManufacturer’s instruction should also be referencedfor additional guidance.

5.4 CLEARANCES

Heating boilers should be located so as to provideadequate space for proper operation, maintenance, andexamination of equipment and appurtenances.Clearances should be provided in accordance with theManufacturer’s instructions, subject to acceptance bythe jurisdiction.

5.5 FIRE PROTECTION

Fire protection apparatus and fire prevention proce-dures for boiler room areas should conform to the recom-mendat ions o f NFPA and loca l jur i sd ic t iona lrequirements.

5.6 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

5.6.1 Wiring

All wiring for controls, heat-generating apparatus, andother appurtenances necessary for the operation of theboiler(s) must be installed in accordance with provisionsof national or international standards and complywith theapplicable local electrical codes.

5.6.2 Switches or Circuit Breakers

A manually operated remote heating plant shutdownswitch or circuit breaker should be located just outsidethe boiler room door and marked for easy identification.Considerationshouldalsobegiven to the typeand locationof the switch to safeguard against tampering. If the boilerroomdoor is on the building exterior, the switch should belocated just inside the door. If there ismore than one doorto the boiler room, there should be a switch located at eachdoor.

5.6.2.1 For oil burners where the fan is on a commonshaft with the oil pump, the complete burner and controlsshould be shut off.

5.6.2.2 For power burners with detached auxiliaries,only the fuel input supply to the boiler need be shut off.

5.7 FUEL SUPPLY

Fuel systems, whether firing gas, oil, coal, or other sub-stances, should be installed in accordance with jurisdic-tional and environmental requirements, Manufacturer’sinstructions, and/or industry standards, as applicable.

5.8 CHIMNEY OR VENT

5.8.1 Installation

Chimneys or vents should be installed in accordancewith jurisdictional requirements, Manufacturer’s recom-mendations, and/or industry standards, as applicable. Allpossible draft conditions (based onmodulation and quan-tity of boilers) should be considered when designing/installing the exhaust vent. It is important to locateexhaust vents in such a way that they do not becomeblocked by snow, ice, or other natural or man-madeobstructions. The vent material used must be in compli-ance with the Manufacturer’s instructions.

5.8.2 Handling of Condensate

Condensing boilers are listed as either Category II(negative pressure, condensing) or Category IV (positivepressure, condensing) appliances, and venting materialshould be listed and labeled to the appropriate UL spec-ification. Follow the boiler Manufacturer’s recommenda-tions for provisions for trapping and draining condensate.Care must be taken to ensure that the condensate drainpiping is not exposed to temperatures where water/condensate will freeze in the lines. Condensate mayrequire pH neutralization. Consult local authorities forjurisdictional requirements.

5.9 PIPING— WATER AND DRAIN CONNECTIONS

5.9.1 General

Figures 5.9.1-1 through 5.9.1-5 show recommendedpiping arrangements. Guidance for the design of pipingsystems may be found in ASME B31.9.

5.9.2 Provisions for Expansion and Contraction

The following provisions should bemade for the expan-sion and contraction of steam and hot water mainsconnected to boilers:(a) Pipe connections should be substantially anchored

at suitable points.(b) Swing or expansion joints should be used so there

will be no undue stress transmitted to the boiler(s).

5.9.3 Steam Boiler Return Pipe Connections5.9.3.1 The return pipe connections of each boiler

supplying a gravity-return steam-heating system shallbe so arranged as to form a loop similar to that shown

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Figure 5.9.1-1 Single Hot Water Heating Boiler — Acceptable Piping Installation

GENERALNOTE: Plumbing codesmay require the installation of a reduced-pressure principle backflow preventer on a boiler when themakeupwater source is from a potable water supply.

NOTE: (1) Recommended control. See 8.5.1. Acceptable shutoff valves or cocks in the connecting piping may be installed for convenience ofcontrol testing and/or service.

in Figures 5.9.1-3 and 5.9.1-5 so that the water in eachboiler cannot be forced out below the safe water level.

5.9.3.2 For hand-fired boilers with a normal grate line,the recommendedpipesizesdetailedas “A” inFigure5.9.1-3 are as follows:(a) NPS11∕2 (DN40) for 4 ft2 (0.4m2) or smaller firebox

area at the normal grate line(b) NPS 21∕2 (DN 65) for areas larger than 4 ft2 (0.4 m2)

up to 15 ft2 (1.4 m2)(c) NPS 4 (DN 100) for 15 ft2 (1.4 m2) or larger

5.9.3.3For automatically firedboilers thatdonothaveanormal grate line, the recommended pipe sizes detailed as“A” in Figure 5.9.1-3 are

(a) NPS 11∕2 (DN 40) for boilers with a minimum safetyvalve relieving capacity of 250 lb/hr (113 kg/h) or less(b) NPS 21∕2 (DN 65) for boilers with a minimum safety

valve relieving capacity of 251 lb/hr (114 kg/hr) to 2,000lb/hr (900 kg/h), inclusive(c) NPS 4 (DN 100) for boilers with a minimum safety

valve relieving capacity greater than 2,000 lb/hr (900kg/h)

5.9.3.4Provision shall bemade for cleaning the interiorof the returnpipingator close to theboiler.Washoutopen-ings may be used for return pipe connections and thewashout plug placed in a tee or a cross so that theplug is directly opposite and as close as possible to theopening in the boiler.

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Figure 5.9.1-2ð19Þ Hot Water Heating Boilers in Battery — Acceptable Piping Installation

GENERALNOTE: Plumbing codesmay require the installation of a reduced-pressure principle backflow preventer on a boiler when themakeupwater source is from a potable water supply.

NOTES:(1) Recommended control. See 8.5.1. Acceptable shutoff valves or cocks in the connecting piping may be installed for convenience of control

testing and/or service.(2) The common return header stop valves may be located on either side of the check valves.

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Figu

re5.9.1-3

ð19Þ

Sing

leSteam

Boile

rs—

AcceptablePiping

Installation

GENERAL

NOTES:

(a)Plum

bing

codesmay

requiretheinstallationofareduced-pressureprinciplebackflowpreventeron

aboilerwhenthemakeupwatersource

isfrom

apotablewatersupply.

(b)Return

loop

connectionwas

designed

toeliminatethenecessity

ofcheckvalveson

gravity

return

system

s,butinsomelocalitiesacheckvalveisalegalrequirement.

(c)Whenpumpdischargepiping

exceeds25

ft(7.6m),installswingcheckvalves

atpumpdischarge.

(d)Ifpumpdischargeislooped

abovenormalboilerwaterline,installa

spring-loaded

checkvalveatreturn

headerandatpumpdischarge.

(e)Wheresupplypressuresareadequate,m

akeupwatermay

beintroduced

directlytoaboilerthroughan

independentconnection.

NOTE:

(1)Recommendedfor1-in.(25-mm)andlargersafetyvalvedischarge.

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Figu

re5.9.1-4

ð19Þ

Steam

Boile

rsin

Battery—

PumpedRe

turn—

AcceptablePiping

Installation

GENERAL

NOTES:

(a)Returnconnectionsshow

nforamultiple-boilerinstallationmaynotalwaysensurethatthesystem

willoperateproperly.To

maintainproperwaterlevelsinmultiple-boilerinstallations,itmay

benecessarytoinstallsupplem

entary

controlsor

suitabledevices.

(b)Plum

bing

codesmay



isfrom


NOTE:


ASME BPVC.VI-2019

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Figu

re5.9.1-5

ð19Þ

Steam

Boile

rsin

Battery—

Gravity

Return—

AcceptablePiping

Installation

GENERAL

NOTES:

(a)Returnconnectionsshow

nforamultiple-boilerinstallationmaynotalwaysensurethatthesystem

willoperateproperly.To

maintainproperwaterlevelsinmultiple-boilerinstallations,itmay

benecessarytoinstallsupplem

entary

controlsor

suitabledevices.

(b)Plum

bing

codesmay



isfrom


NOTE:


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5.9.4 Feedwater and Makeup Water Connections

5.9.4.1 Water Connections. Proper and convenientwater-fill connections should be installed, and provisionsshould bemade to prevent boiler water from backfeedinginto the service water supply. Provision should also bemade in every boiler room for a convenient watersupply that can be used to flush out the boiler andclean the boiler room floor. Water piping should beinstalled such that the boiler is not supporting thepiping. Refer to the Manufacturer’s instructions for infor-mation regarding required water flow rates and supplypressure so that piping is sized accordingly.

5.9.4.2 Steam Boilers. Feedwater or water treatmentshall be introduced into a boiler through the return pipingsystem or through an independent connection. The waterflow from the independent connection shall not dischargedirectly against parts of the boiler exposed to directradiant heat from the fire. Feedwater or water treatmentshall not be introduced through openings or connectionsprovided for inspection or cleaning of the safety valve,blowoff, water column, water gauge glass, or pressuregauge. The pipe shall be provided with a check valveor a backflow preventer containing a check valve nearthe boiler and a stop valve or cock between the checkvalve and the boiler or between the check valve andthe return piping system.

5.9.4.3 HotWaterBoilers.Makeupwatermaybe intro-duced into a boiler through the piping system or throughan independent connection. Thewater flow from the inde-pendent connection shall not discharge directly againstparts of the boiler exposed to direct radiant heat fromthe fire. Makeup water shall not be introduced throughopenings or connections provided exclusively for inspec-tion or cleaning of the safety relief valve, pressure gauge,or temperature gauge. The makeup water pipe shall beprovided with a check valve or a backflow preventercontaining a check valve near the boiler and a stopvalve or cock between the check valve and the boileror between the check valve and the return piping system.

5.9.4.4 Valve Ratings. The minimum pressure ratingof all check valves, stop valves, cocks, or backflow preven-terswith check valve(s) shall be not less than the pressurerating stamped on the boiler, and the temperature ratingof such check valves, cocks, or backflow preventers,including all internal components, shall be not lessthan 250°F (120°C).

5.9.4.5 Backflow Preventer. Some jurisdictions mayrequire installation of a backflow preventer in the feed-water connection.

5.9.5 Bottom Blowoff Valve

Each steam boiler shall have a bottom blowoff connec-tion fitted with a valve or cock connected to the lowestwater space practicable with a minimum size as shown inTable 5.9.5-1. The discharge piping shall be full size to thepoint of discharge. Boilers having a capacity of 25 gal(91 L) or less are exempt from these requirements,except that they must have a NPS 3 ∕4 (DN 20)minimum drain valve.

5.9.6 Drains

Each steam or hot water boiler may have one or moredrain connections piped to a floor drain.

5.9.6.1 Drain Connections. Proper and convenientdrain connections should be provided for drainingboilers. Unobstructed floor drains, properly located inthe boiler room, facilitate proper cleaning of the boilerroom. Floor drains that are used infrequently shouldhave water poured into them periodically to preventthe entrance of sewer gases and odors. If there is a possi-bility of freezing, an antifreeze mixture should be used inthe drain traps.

5.9.6.2 Drain Valve. Each steam or hot water boilershall have one or more drain connections fitted withvalves or cocks connecting to the lowest water-containingspaces. Theminimum size of the drain piping shall be NPS3∕4 (DN 20). The discharge piping shall be full size to thepoint of discharge.When the blowoff connection is locatedat the lowest water-containing space, a separate drainconnection is not required. The minimum pressurerating of valves and cocks used for blowoff or drainpurposes shall be not less than the pressure ratingstamped on the boiler but in no case shall it be lessthan 30 psi (200 kPa). The temperature rating of suchvalves and cocks shall be not less than 250°F (120°C).Many jurisdictions have requirements stipulating themaximum temperature and quality of the water goingto the drain, which should be considered when installingthe equipment.

5.9.6.3 Condensing Boilers. Follow the boilerManufacturer’s instructions for provisions for trappingand draining condensate. Be aware that the condensatecan be acidic and may require neutralization or otherspecial handling. Materials compatible with the conden-sate must be used. Consult local authorities for jurisdic-tional requirements.

5.9.7 Stop Valves5.9.7.1 Installation

(a) For single steam boilers, stop valves shall beinstalled in the supply pipe and return pipe connectionsto permit testing the safety valvewithout pressurizing thesystem.

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(b) For single hot water heating boilers, stop valvesshould be located at an accessible point in the supplyand return pipe connections, as near the boiler nozzleas is convenient and practical, to permit the drainingof the boiler without draining the system and topermit testing of the safety relief valve without pressur-izing the system.(c) Formultiple boiler installations, stop valves should

be installed in each supply and return of two or moreboilers connected to a common system to permit drainingof individual boilers without draining the entire system.

5.9.7.2 Valve Specifications

5.9.7.2.1 All valves or cocks may be ferrous ornonferrous.

5.9.7.2.2 The minimum pressure rating of all valvesor cocks shall be not less than the pressure rating stampedon the boiler, and the temperature rating of such valves orcocks, including all internal components, shall be not lessthan 250°F (120°C).

5.9.7.2.3 Valves may be threaded, flanged, orcompression type, or have ends suitable for welding orbrazing.

5.9.7.2.4 All valves or cocks with stems or spindlesshall have adjustablepressure-typepackingglandsor self-adjusting seals suitable for the intended service.All plug-type cocks shall be equipped with a guard or

gland suitable for the intended service. All 1∕4-turn-valveoperating mechanisms shall have a tee or lever handlearranged to be parallel to the pipe in which it islocated when the cock is open.

5.9.7.2.5 All valves or cocks shall have tight closurewhen under boiler hydrostatic test pressure.

5.9.8 Modular Boilers

A modular boiler is an assembly of small boilersdesigned to take the place of a single large boiler. Thesmall boilers are called modules and are intended tobe installed as a unit, without any intervening stopvalves between the modules, with a single inlet and asingle outlet. Modules may be under one jacket or maybe individually jacketed. It is important that theManufacturer’s installation instructions be followed toensure proper assembly, correct control location, andproper flow through each module.Figures 5.9.8-1 and 5.9.8-2 show the two piping

a r rangement s tha t a re spec i f i ed by var i ousManufacturers.

5.9.8.1 ð19ÞIndividual Modules

(a) The individual modules shall comply with all therequirements of Section IV, Part HG.(b) Each module of a modular steam heating boiler

shall be equipped with(1) steam gauge(2) water gauge glass(3) operating limit control(4) low-water cutoff(5) safety valve(6) bottom blowoff valve(7) drain valve

(c) Each module of a hot water heating boiler shall beequipped with

(1) pressure/altitude gauge(2) thermometer(3) operating temperature control(4) safety relief valve(5) drain valve

5.9.8.2 Assembled Modular Boilers

(a) The individual modules shall be manifoldedtogether at the job site without any intervening valves.The header or manifold piping is field piping and isexempt from Section IV requirements.(b) The assembled modular steam heating boiler shall

also be equipped with(1) feedwater connection(2) return pipe connection(3) safety limit control

(c) The assembled modular hot water heating boilershall also be equipped with

(1) makeup water connection(2) provision for thermal expansion(3) stop valves(4) high-temperature limit control(5) low-water fuel cutoff

Table 5.9.5-1 Size of Bottom Blowoff Piping,Valves, and Cocks

Minimum Required SafetyValve Capacity,

lb (kg) of Steam/hr[Note (1)]

Blowoff Piping, Valves, and CocksMin. Size, NPS (DN)

Up to 500 (226) 3∕4 (20)501 to 1,250 (227 to 567) 1 (25)1,251 to 2,500 (568 to 1 134) 11∕4 (32)2,501 to 6,000 (1 135 to2 721)

11∕2 (40)

6,001 (2 722) and larger 2 (50)

NOTE: (1) To determine the discharge capacity of safety relief valvesin termsofBtu, the relieving capacity in lb of steam/hr ismultipliedby1,000.

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5.10 SAFETY

Safety is very important to boiler operation and itshould be foremost in theminds of thosewhoare assignedto operate and maintain heating systems. Only properlytrainedandqualifiedpersonnel shouldworkonoroperatemechanical equipment; adequate supervision should beprovided.

5.11 HOUSEKEEPING

Generally, a neat boiler room indicates awell-run plant.The boiler room should be kept free of all material andequipment not necessary to the operation of the heatingsystem. Good housekeeping should be encouraged, andprocedures should include routine examinations to main-tain the desired level of cleanliness.

5.12 POSTING OF CERTIFICATES AND/ORLICENSES

Some states and municipalities require licensing orcertification of personnel who operate or maintainheating equipment. Also, some authorities requireposting of inspection certificates in the boiler room.The supervisor in charge of a given installation shouldensure such requirements are met.

5.13 RECORD KEEPING, LOGS, ETC.

5.13.1 Drawings, Diagrams, InstructionBooks, Etc.

All drawings, wiring diagrams, schematic arrange-ments, Manufacturers’ descriptive literature and spareparts lists, and written operating instructions shouldbe kept permanently in the boiler room or other suitablelocation so theywill be available to thosewhooperate andmaintain the boiler. Where space permits, drawings anddiagrams should be framed or sealed in plastic and hungadjacent to the related equipment. Other material shouldbe assembled and enclosed in a suitable binder. When

Figure 5.9.8-1 Modules Connected With Parallel Piping

Main pump

Figure 5.9.8-2 Modules Connected With Primary–Secondary Piping

Main pump Module pumps

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changes or additions are made, the data and drawingsshould be revised accordingly.

5.13.2 Logbook

A permanent logbook should be provided in each boilerroom to record maintenance work, inspections, examina-tions, certain tests, and other pertinent data. Brief detailsof repairs or other work done on a boiler plant (includingtime started, time completed, and signature of person incharge) should be recorded. Performance and results oftests, inspections, or other routines required by codes or

laws, insurance company inspection reports, and initialacceptance test data should be recorded.

5.13.3 Maintenance Schedules and Records

Asuggested chart-type log for scheduling and recordingwork performed on maintenance, testing, and examina-tion during a 1-yr period is shown in MandatoryAppendix I, Figures I-1-1 and I-1-2. The routine worknormally performed on heating boilers is listed. Aseach portion of the work is completed, the personperforming the work should date and initial the log inthe appropriate space.

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ARTICLE 6OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION

6.1 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

6.1.1 General

Pressure relief valves areused to relieve excessivepres-sure generated within a boiler. The pressure relief valve(or valves) is the final line of protection against overpres-sure in the boiler. They discharge a volume of steam andhot water when relieving (see 6.4). This is the single mostimportant safety device on any boiler. These valves shallbear theCertificationMark, as illustrated inFigure 6.1.1-1,withHVorVdesignator to signify compliancewith SectionIV, HG-402.

6.1.2 Safety Valves

A safety valve is an automatic pressure-relieving deviceactuated by the pressure generated within the boiler andcharacterized by full-opening pop action. It is used forsteam service. Valves are of the spring-loaded pop typeand are factory set and sealed. See Figure 6.1.2-1.

6.1.3 Safety Relief Valves

A safety relief valve is an automatic pressure-relievingdevice actuated by the pressure generated within theboiler. It is used primarily on water boilers. Valves ofthis type are spring loaded without full-opening popaction and have a factory-set, nonadjustable pressuresetting. See Figure 6.1.3-1.

6.1.4 Temperature and Pressure Safety ReliefValves

A temperature and pressure safety relief valve is asafety relief valve, as described in 6.1.3, that also incor-porates a thermal-sensing relief element that is actuatedby the upstream water temperature.

6.2 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE REQUIREMENTS

6.2.1 Safety Valve Requirements for SteamBoilers6.2.1.1 Each steam boiler shall have one or more offi-

cially rated safety valves, identified with the CertificationMark with HV or V designator, of the spring pop typeadjusted and sealed to discharge at a pressure not toexceed 15 psi (100 kPa).

6.2.1.2 No safety valve for a steam boiler shall besmaller than NPS 1∕2 (DN 15).No safety valve shall be larger thanNPS 4 (DN 100). The

inlet opening shall have an inside diameter equal to orgreater than the seat diameter.

6.2.1.3 The minimum relieving capacity of a valve orvalves shall be governed by the capacity marking onthe boiler called for in Section IV, HG-530.

6.2.1.4Theminimumvalve capacity in pounds per hour(kilograms per hour) shall be determined by dividing themaximum output in British thermal units per hour (kilo-watts) at the boiler nozzle, obtained by the firing of anyfuel for which the unit is installed, by 1,000 (0.646).

6.2.1.5 The safety valve capacity for each steam boilershall be such that with the fuel-burning equipmentinstalled and operated atmaximum capacity, the pressurecannot rise more than 5 psi (35 kPa) above the maximumallowable working pressure.

6.2.1.6 When operating conditions are changed, oradditional boiler heating surface is installed, the valve ca-pacity shall be increased, if necessary, to meet the newconditions and to be in accordance with 6.2.1.5. The addi-tional valves required, on account of changed conditions,may be installed on the outlet piping, provided there is nointervening valve.

6.2.2 Safety Relief Valve Requirements for HotWater Boilers

6.2.2.1 Each hot water heating or supply boiler shallhave at least one officially rated safety relief valve thatis of the automatic reseating type, identified with theCertification Mark with HV or V designator, and set torelieve at or below themaximum allowableworking pres-sure of the boiler.

Figure 6.1.1-1 Official Certification Mark

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6.2.2.2 Hot water heating or supply boilers limited to awater temperature not in excess of 210°F (99°C) mayhave, in lieu of the valve(s) specified in 6.2.2.1, one ormore officially rated temperature and pressure safetyrelief valves that is of the automatic reseating type, iden-tified with the Certification Mark with HV designator, andset to relieve at or below themaximumallowableworkingpressure of the boiler.

6.2.2.3When more than one safety relief valve is usedon either hot water heating or hot water supply boilers,the additional valves shall be officially rated andmay havea set pressure within a range not to exceed 6 psi (40 kPa)above the maximum allowable working pressure of theboiler up to and including 60 psi (400 kPa), and 5%for those boilers having a maximum allowable workingpressure exceeding 60 psi (400 kPa).

6.2.2.4 No safety relief valve shall be smaller thanNPS 3∕4 (DN 20) nor larger than NPS 41∕2 (DN 115)except that boilers having a heat input not greater

than 15,000 Btu/hr (4.4 kW) may be equipped with arated safety relief valve of NPS 1∕2 (DN 15).

6.2.2.5 The required relieving capacity in Britishthermal units per hour of the safety relief valve shallbe not less than the maximum allowable input for awater heater or the minimum relieving capacity inpounds per hour (kilograms per hour) on the nameplateof the boiler. If the marking on the safety relief valve is inpounds per hour (kilograms per hour), determine theBritish thermal units per hour by multiplying by 1,000(0.646). The relieving capacity for electric waterheaters and electric water boilers shall be 3,500Btu/hr (1.0 kW) per kilowatt of input.

6.3 MOUNTING

6.3.1 ð19ÞGeneral

Pressure relief valves shall be located in the top or sideof theboiler. The topor sideof theboilermeans thehighestpracticable part of the boiler proper, but in no case shallthe safety valve be located on the boiler below the normaloperating level, and in no case shall the safety relief valvebe located below the lowest permissible water level.Pressure relief valves shall be connected directly to atapped or flanged opening in the boiler, to a fittingconnected to the boiler by a short nipple, to a Y-base,or to a valveless header connecting steam or wateroutlets on the same boiler. Coil- or header-type boilersshall have the pressure relief valve located on thesteam or hot water outlet end. Pressure relief valves

Figure 6.1.2-1 Safety Valve Figure 6.1.3-1 Safety Relief Valve

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shall be installed with their spindles vertical. The openingor connection between the boiler and any pressure reliefvalve shall have at least anarea equal to thenominal insidearea of a Schedule 80 pipe (as defined by ASME B36.10M)of the same nominal pipe size as the inlet of the valve.

6.3.2 Requirements for Common Connections forTwo or More Valves

6.3.2.1When a boiler is fitted with two or more safetyvalves on one connection, this connection shall have across-sectional area not less than the combined areasof inlet connections of all the safety valves with whichit connects.

6.3.2.2When a Y-base is used, the inlet area shall be notless than the combined outlet areas.When the size of the boiler requires a safety valve or

safety relief valve larger than NPS 41∕2 (DN 115), two ormore valves having the required combined capacity shallbe used. When two or more valves are used on a boiler,they may be single, directly attached, or mounted on a Y-base.

6.3.3 Threaded Connections

A threaded connection may be used for attaching avalve.

6.3.4 Prohibited Mountings

Pressure relief valves shall not be connected to aninternal pipe in the boiler.

6.3.5 Shutoff Valves

Use of shutoff valves is prohibited. No shutoff of anydescription shall be placed between the pressure reliefvalve and the boiler, or on discharge pipes betweensuch valves and the atmosphere.

6.4 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE DISCHARGE PIPING

6.4.1 Discharge Piping

A discharge pipe shall be used. Its internal cross-sectional area shall be not less than the full area of thevalve outlet or of the total of the valve outlets dischargingthereinto and shall be as short and straight as possible andsoarrangedas toavoidunduestress on thevalveor valves.A union may be installed in the discharge piping close tothe valve outlet (see Figure 6.4.1-1). When an elbow isplaced on a safety or safety relief valve discharge pipe,it shall be located close to the valve outlet downstreamof the union.

6.4.2 Piping Arrangement

The discharge from pressure relief valves shall be soarrangedas tominimize thedangerof scalding attendants.The pressure relief valve discharge shall be piped awayfrom the boiler to a safe point of discharge, and there shallbe provisions made for properly draining the piping (seeFigure 6.4.1-1). The size and arrangement of dischargepiping shall be independent of other discharge pipingand such that any pressure that may exist or developwill not reduce the relieving capacity of the relievingdevices below that required to protect the boiler.

6.5 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE SAFETYRELIEF VALVES

Hot water heating or supply boilers limited to a watertemperature of 210°F (99°C) may have one or more offi-cially rated temperature and pressure safety relief valvesinstalled.The requirementsof6.1 through6.4shall bemet,except as follows:(a) A Y-type fitting shall not be used.(b) If additional valves are used, they shall be tempera-

ture and pressure safety relief valves.(c) When the temperature and pressure safety relief

valve is mounted directly on the boiler with no morethan 4 in. (100 mm) maximum interconnecting piping,the valve may be installed in the horizontal positionwith the outlet pointed down.

6.6 VALVE REPLACEMENT

Safety valves and safety relief valves requiring repairsshall be replaced with a new valve or repaired by themanufacturer.

6.7 TRY-LEVER TEST FOR SAFETY VALVES(STEAM BOILERS)

(a) Prior to Test. As precautionary measures, all per-sonnel concerned with conducting a safety valve testshould be briefed on the location of all shutdown controlsto be used in the event of an emergency, and there shouldbe at least two people present during the test. Care shouldbe taken to protect those present from escaping steam.(b) Frequency of Test.A try-lever test of the safety valve

should be performed every 30 days that the boiler is inoperation or after any period of inactivity.(c) ProcedureStep 1. With the boiler under a minimum of 5 psi

(35 kPa) pressure, lift the try lever on the safety valveto the wide-open position and allow steam to bedischarged for 5 sec to 10 sec.

Step 2. Release the try lever and allow the spring tosnap the disk to the closed position.

(a) If the valve simmers, operate the try lever twoor three times to allow the disk to seat properly.

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Figure 6.4.1-1 Safety Relief Valve Discharge Pipe

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(b) If the valve continues to simmer, it must bereplaced or repaired by an authorized representativeof the safety valve manufacturer.

Step 3. Examine the valve for evidence of scale orencrustation within the body. Do not disassemble thevalve or attempt to adjust the spring setting.

Step 4. Enter the date of this test into the boilerlogbook.It is advisable to have a chain attached to the try lever of

the valve to facilitate this test and allow it to be conductedin a safe manner from the floor.

6.8 TRY-LEVERTESTFORSAFETYRELIEFVALVES(WATER BOILERS)

(a) Frequency of Test.A try-lever test of the safety reliefvalve should be conducted every 30 days during theheating season, after any prolonged period of inactivity,and prior to the annual safety relief valve test.(b) ProcedureStep 1. Check the safety relief valve discharge piping

to determine that it is properly installed and supported.

Step 2. Check and log the system operating pressureand temperature.

Step 3. Lift the try lever on the safety relief valve tothe full-open position and hold it for at least 5 sec or untilclean water is discharged.

Step 4. Release the try lever and allow the spring tosnap to the closed position.

(a) If the valve leaks, operate the try lever two orthree times to clear the seat of any foreign matterpreventing proper seating. As safety relief valves arenormally piped to the floor or near a floor drain, itmay take some time to determine if the valve has shutcompletely.

(b) If the safety relief valve continues to leak, itmust be replaced before the boiler is returned tooperation.

Step 5. Check that system operating pressure andtemperature have returned to normal.

Step 6. Check again to ensure the safety relief valvehas closed completely and is not leaking.

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ARTICLE 7SYSTEM ACCESSORIES

7.1 STEAM BOILERS

7.1.1 Steam Trap

A steam trap is a device put on steam lines and on theoutlet of heating units to permit the exit of air and conden-sate but to prevent the passage of steam. The types ofsteam traps in commonuse are thermostatic, float, combi-nation float and thermostatic, and bucket. See Figures7.1.1-1 through 7.1.1-4.

7.1.2 Condensate Return Pump Loops7.1.2.1 Condensate return pumps are used on either

one- or two-pipe steam systems to return condensateto the boiler where this cannot be done by gravity.They are generally used in conjunction with a reservoir(condensate return tank) and a float-operated switch forstarting the pump motor.

7.1.2.2 Where two boilers are connected together andserved from one condensate return pump, a vacuumbreaker may be required on the idle boiler to preventthe formation of a vacuum that will affect the functioningof the feed valve.

7.1.2.3 The return pipe connections of each boilersupplying a gravity return of a steam heating systemshould be so arranged as to form a loop similar to thatshown in Figure 7.1.2.3-1 so that the water in eachboiler cannot be forced below the safe water level. Theloop is required in gravity systems and may be includedin pump return systems.

7.1.2.4Pumped feedwater returns,whenconnected to areturn loop, should be connected directly to the lowerboiler connection of the loop because under some circum-stances a connection to the return loop near the boilerwaterline may cause objectionable noise or waterhammer.

7.1.3 Vacuum Return Pump

The vacuum return pump is used in larger steamsystems to create a partial vacuum in the return linesof the heating system and thus assist in the return ofthe condensate, elimination of air, and equal distributionof steam.

7.1.4 ð19ÞEconomizer (Steam Boiler)

An economizer is a heat exchanger in which feedwaterto be supplied to a boiler is heated by flue gases exiting theboiler. When such an economizer is supplied with aSection IV boiler, it falls within the scope of Section IVrules. The economizer may be constructed in accordancewith rules of either Section IV or Section VIII, Division 1.

7.2 HOT WATER BOILERS

7.2.1 Air Eliminators

Air eliminators are sometimes installed on hot waterboilers to eliminate air from the system as it is releasedfrom the water within the boiler.

Figure 7.1.1-1 Thermostatic Trap

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7.2.2 Circulators (Circulating Pumps)

Circulators are basically centrifugal pumpunits used onhot water heating systems to force the flow of waterthrough the system.

7.2.3ð19Þ Economizer (Hot Water Boiler or PotableWater Heater)

An economizer is a heat exchanger in which returnwater to be supplied to a boiler or water heater isheated by flue gases exiting the boiler or water heater.When such an economizer is supplied with an ASMESection IV boiler or water heater, it falls within thescope of Section IV rules. The economizer may be con-structed in accordance with the rules of either SectionIV or Section VIII, Division 1.

7.2.4 Expansion Tank

Expansion tanks are used on hotwater systems to allowfor the expansion of the water when it is heated. A gascushion in the tankallows for theexpansionor contraction

of thewater as it is heated or cooled. All hot water heatingsystems incorporating hot water tanks or fluid reliefcolumns shall be so installed as to prevent freezing.

7.2.4.1 Systems With Open Expansion Tank. If thesystem is equipped with an open expansion tank, anindoor overflow from the upper portion of the expansiontank shall be provided in addition to an open vent. Theindoor overflow should be carried within the buildingto a suitable plumbing fixture or the basement.

7.2.4.2 Closed-Type Systems. If the system is of theclosed type, an airtight tank or other suitable gascushion shall be installed that will be consistent withthe volume and capacity of the system, and it shall besuitably designed for a hydrostatic test pressure of 21∕2times the allowable working pressure of the system.Expansion tanks for systems designed to operateabove 30 psi (200 kPa) shall be constructed in accordancewith Section VIII, Division 1. Provisions shall be made fordraining the tankwithout emptying the system, except forpre-pressurized tanks.

7.2.4.3 Minimum Capacity of Closed-Type Tank. Theminimum capacity of the closed-type expansion tank maybe determined from the following equation:

Figure 7.1.1-2 Float Trap

Figure 7.1.1-3 Float and Thermostatic Trap

Figure 7.1.1-4 Bucket Trap With Trap Closed

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(U.S. Customary Units)

=( ) ( )

VT V

P P P P

(0.00041 0.0466)t

s

a f a o

(SI Units)

=( ) ( )

VT V

P P P P

(0.000738 0.03348)t

s

a f a o

wherePa = atmospheric pressurePf = fill pressurePo = maximum operating pressure

T = average operating temperatureVs = volume of system, not including tanksVt = minimum volume of tanks

7.2.5 Storage Tanks for HotWater Supply Systems

If a system is to utilize a storage tank that exceeds anominal water-containing capacity of 120 gal (454 L),the tank shall be constructed in accordance with therules of Section IV, Part HLW; Section VIII, Division 1;or Section X. For tanks constructed to Section X, themaximum allowable temperature marked on the tankshall equal or exceed the maximum water temperaturemarked on the boiler.

Figure 7.1.2.3-1 Typical Return Loop

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ARTICLE 8CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION

8.1 LOW-WATER FUEL CUTOFFS AND WATERFEEDERS

Low-water fuel cutoffs are designed to provide protec-tion against hazardous low-water conditions in heatingboilers. Records indicate that many boiler failuresresult from low-water conditions. Low-water fuelcutoffs may be divided into two general types, floatand probe.

8.1.1 Float-Type Low-Water Fuel Cutoffs

Float-type low-water fuel cutoffsmaybe in combinationwith a water feeder or constructed as a separate unit. Thecombination feeder–cutoff units are generally used onsteam boilers while the cutoff units are sometimesinstalled as the sole cutoff on hot water boilers or as asecond cutoff on steam boilers. A feeder–cutoff combina-tion adds water as needed to maintain a minimum waterlevel and stops the firing device if the water level falls tothe lowest permissible level. Both operations are accom-plished by the movement of the float that is linked to the

water valve or pumpcontrol andburner cutoff switch. Theunits that serve as fuel cutoffs only are basically the sameas the combinationunit butwithout thewater feedervalve(see Figure 8.1.1-1). A water feeder installation normallyacts as an operating device to maintain a predeterminedsafe water level in the boiler.

8.1.2 Electric-Probe-Type Low-Water Fuel Cutoffs

Electric-probe-type low-water fuel cutoffs may becontained in a water column mounted externally onthe boiler or may be mounted on the boiler shell.Some consist of two electrodes (probes) that undernormal conditions are immersed in the boiler waterwith a small current being conducted from one electrodeto the other to energize a relay. Others use one probe, andthe boiler shell, in effect, becomes the other probe. If thewater level drops sufficiently to uncover the probes, thecurrent flow stops and the relay operates to shut off theburner. See Figure 8.1.2-1.

Figure 8.1.1-1 Float-Type Low-Water Cutoff

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Figure 8.1.2-1 Probe-Type Low-Water Cutoff

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8.2 PRESSURE GAUGE

8.2.1 General

Each steam boiler shall have a steam gauge or acompound steam gauge connected to its steam space,water column, or steam connection. Each hot waterheating or hot water supply boiler should have a pressuregauge connected to it or to its flow connection in such amanner that the point of connection cannot be shut offfrom the boiler.

8.2.2 Mounting

On a steam boiler, a siphon tube (pigtail) is required toprotect the gauge from steam. A cock should be provided,placed on the pipe near the gauge, to facilitate servicing ofthegauge. Pipingor tubing forpressuregauge connectionsshall be of nonferrous metal when smaller than NPS 1(DN 25). The handle of the cock shall be parallel to thepipe in which it is located when the cock is open.

8.2.3 Types of Pressure Gauges

Pressuregaugesmaybeeithermechanical or electronic.(a) Mechanical Gauges (Analog). The scale on a water

boiler pressure gauge should be graduated tonot less than11∕2 times nor more than 31∕2 times the pressure at whichthe safety relief valve is set. The scale on the dial of a steamboiler pressure gauge should be graduated tonot less than30 psi (200 kPa) nor more than 60 psi (414 kPa).(b) Electronic Gauges. Electronic gauges should(1) be powered from the boiler power supply, have a

backup power supply, and have a display that remains onat all times

(2) have a full-scale range of 11∕2 times the safetyrelief valve pressure setting

(3) be accurate to within ±2% of full scale(4) have a transducer compatible with both liquids

and gases and be temperature compensated(5) have an operating temperature range of 32°F to

250°F (0°C to 120°C) unless otherwise required by theapplication

8.2.4 Calibration

The gauge used on a boiler should be calibrated at leastonceper year. This canbeaccomplishedbycomparing it toa master-calibrated gauge or using a deadweight tester. Ifthe gauge is damaged or cannot be calibrated to provideconsistent readings, it should be discarded and replacedwith a new gauge.

8.3 CONTROLS

8.3.1 General

Automatically fired boilersmay be equippedwith oper-ating, limit, safety, and programming controls thatmay beelectrically or pneumatically operated. The functions ofthese controls are described in 8.3.4 through 8.3.7.

8.3.2 Spare Parts

Spare parts for controls, including electronic compo-nents that require time for procurement, should be main-tained in stock supply.

8.3.3 Power for Electrically Operated Controls

All controls should be poweredwith apotential of 150Vor lower with one side grounded. A separate equipmentground conductor should be brought to the control panelframewith ground continuity ensured to the fuel valve. Alloperating coils of control devices should be connected tothe neutral side of the control circuit, and all control limitswitches or contacts should be in the ungrounded (hot)side of the control circuit. If an isolating transformer isused, it should be bonded to the control panel frame.The equipment ground is not required when the isolatingtransformer is used. Do not fuse control transformersabove their rated current value because these devicesare current limiting and an oversize fuse may not blowunder short-circuit conditions.

8.3.4 Operating Controls

The operating controls shall(a) start, stop, and modulate the burner (if desired) in

response to the system’s demand, keeping steampressureor hot water temperature at or below the limit controlsetting(b) maintain proper water level in steam boilers(c) maintain proper water pressure in hot water

heating boilers

8.3.5 Limit Controls

The limit controls shall stop the burner(a) when the steam pressure exceeds 15 psi (100 kPa)

for steam boilers(b) when the water temperature exceeds 250°F

(120°C) for hot water boilers(c) when the water level drops below the minimum

permissible level(d) when required in the event of unusual conditions

such as(1) high stack temperature(2) high or low gas-fuel pressure(3) high or low fuel-oil temperature

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8.3.6 Safety Controls

The safety controls shall(a) stop fuel flow in case of ignition failure(b) stop fuel flow in case of main flame interruption(c) stop fuel flow in case of mechanical draft failure(d) stop fuel flow in case of circuit failure(e) stop fuel flow and cause lockout in case of high or

low gas pressure, when the boiler is so equipped

8.3.7 Programming Controls

Programming controls, when used, provide propersequencing of the operating, limit, and safety controlsto ensure that all conditions necessary for properburner operation are satisfied. Included in a programmedcontrol are prepurge and postpurge cycles to removeaccumulated gases.

8.4 STEAM HEATING BOILERS

8.4.1 Low-Water Fuel Cutoffs

8.4.1.1ð19Þ Requirements for the type and number of low-water fuel cutoffs are dictated by local codes, NBIC, ASMECSD-1, and/orNFPA85, depending on the input andboilerdesign. Each automatically fired steam boiler is equippedwithat least oneautomatic low-water fuel cutoff that auto-matically cuts off the fuel supply before the surface of thewater falls to the lowest visible part of the water gaugeglass. If the water-feeding device is installed, it shall be soconstructed that the water inlet valve cannot feed waterinto the boiler through the float chamber and so located asto supply requisite feedwater.

8.4.1.2 A low-water fuel cutoff or water-feeding devicemay be attached directly to a boiler. A fuel cutoff or water-feeding device may also be installed in the tapped open-ings available for attaching a water glass directly to aboiler, provided the connections are made to the boilerwith nonferrous tees or Ys not less than NPS 1∕2(DN 15) between the boiler and the water glass sothat the water glass is attached directly and as close aspossible to the boiler; the run of the tee or Y shall takethe water glass fittings, and the side outlet or branchof the tee or Y shall take the fuel cutoff or water-feeding device. The ends of all nipples shall be reamedto full-size diameter.

8.4.1.3 Fuel cutoffs and water-feeding devicesembodying a separate chamber shall have a verticaldrain pipe and a blowoff valve not less than NPS 3∕4(DN 20), located at the lowest point in the water-equal-izing pipe connections so that the chamber and the equal-izing pipe can be flushed and the device tested.

8.4.1.4 ASME CSD-1 requires two low-water cutoffs onsteam boilers. Refer to ASME CSD-1 for applicablerequirements.

8.4.2 Steam Gauges8.4.2.1 Each steam boiler shall have a steam gauge or a

compound steam gauge connected to its steam space,water column, or steam connection. The gauge orpiping to the gauge shall contain a siphon or equivalentdevice thatwill develop andmaintain awater seal thatwillprevent steam from entering the gauge tube. The pipingshall be so arranged that the gauge cannot be shut off fromthe boiler except by a cock placed in the pipe at the gaugeand provided with a tee or lever handle arranged to beparallel to the pipe in which it is located when the cock isopen. The gauge connection boiler tapping, externalsiphon, or piping to the boiler shall be not less thanNPS 1∕4 (DN 8). Where steel or wrought iron pipe ortubing is used, the boiler connection and externalsiphon shall be not less than NPS 1∕2 (DN 15). Ferrousand nonferrous tubing having inside diameters at leastequal to that of nominal pipe sizes listed above may besubstituted for pipe.

8.4.2.2 The scale on the dial of the steam boiler gaugeshall be graduated to not less than 30 psi (200 kPa) normore than 60 psi (400 kPa). The travel of the pointer from0psi to30psi (0kPa to200kPa)pressure shall beat least3in. (75 mm).

8.4.3 Water Gauge Glasses8.4.3.1 Each steam boiler shall have one or more water

gauge glasses attached to the water column or boiler bymeans of valved fittings not less thanNPS 1∕2 (DN15), withthe lower fitting provided with a drain valve of a typehaving an unrestricted drain opening not less than 1∕4in. (6 mm) in diameter to facilitate cleaning. Gaugeglass replacement shall be possible with the boilerunder pressure. Water glass fittings may be attacheddirectly to a boiler. Boilers having an internal verticalheight of less than 10 in. (254 mm) may be equippedwith a water-level indicator of the glass bull’s-eye type,provided the indicator is of sufficient size to show thewater at both normal operating and low-water cutofflevels.

8.4.3.2 Transparent material other than glass may beused for the water gauge, provided the material remainstransparent and has proved suitable for the pressure,temperature, and corrosive conditions expected inservice.

8.4.3.3 The lowest visible part of the water gauge glassshall be at least1 in. (25mm)above the lowestpermissiblewater level recommended by the boiler Manufacturer.With the boiler operating at this lowest permissiblewater level, there shall be no danger of overheatingany part of the boiler.

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8.4.3.4 In electric boilers of the submerged electrodetype, the water gauge glass shall be so located to indicatethe water levels both at startup and under maximumsteam load conditions as established by theManufacturer.

8.4.3.5 In electric boilers of the resistance heatingelement type, the lowest visible part of the watergauge glass shall not be below the top of the electric resis-tanceheating element. Eachboiler of this type shall also beequipped with an automatic low-water electrical powercutoff so located as to automatically cut off the powersupply to the heating elements before the surface ofthe water falls below the top of the electrical resistanceheating elements.

8.4.3.6Awater-level indicatorusingan indirect sensingmethod may be used in lieu of an operating water gaugeglass; however, a water gauge glass must be installed andoperable but may be shut off by valving. The water-levelindicatormay be attached to awater column or directly tothe boiler by means of valved fittings not less than NPS 1∕2(DN15). The device shall be providedwith a drain valve ofa type having an unrestricted drain opening not less than1∕4 in. (6 mm) in diameter to facilitate cleaning.

8.4.4 Water Column and Water-Level-ControlPipes

8.4.4.1 The minimum size of ferrous or nonferrouspipes connecting a water column to a steam boilershall be NPS 1 (DN 25). No outlet connections, exceptfor damper regulator, feedwater regulator, steamgauges, or apparatus that does not permit the escapeof any steam orwater except formanually operated blow-downs, shall be attached to the water column or the pipeconnecting awater column to aboiler. If thewater column,gauge glass, low-water fuel cutoff, or other water-level-control device is connected to the boiler by pipe andfittings, no shutoff valves of any type shall be placed insuch pipe, and a cross or equivalent fitting to which adrain valve and piping may be attached shall be placedin the water piping connection at every right turn to facil-itate cleaning. Thewater columndrainpipeandvalve shallbe not less than NPS 3∕4 (DN 20).

8.4.4.2 The steam connections to thewater column of ahorizontal firetubewrought boiler shall be taken from thetop of the shell or the upper part of the head, and thewaterconnection shall be taken from a point not above thecenterline of the shell. For a cast iron boiler, the steamconnection to the water column shall be taken fromthe top end of the steam header, and thewater connectionshall be made on an end section not less than 6 in.(150 mm) below the bottom connection to the watergauge glass.

8.4.5 Pressure Controls8.4.5.1 Each automatically fired steam boiler shall be

protected from overpressure by two pressure-operatedcontrols.

8.4.5.2 Each automatically fired steam boiler orassembled modular steam boiler shall have a safetylimit control that will cut off the fuel supply to preventsteam pressure from exceeding the 15-psi (100-kPa)maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler.Each control shall be constructed to prevent a pressuresetting above 15 psi (100 kPa).

8.4.5.3Each individual steamboiler shall have a controlthat will cut off the fuel supply when the pressure reachesan operating limit, which shall be less than the maximumallowable pressure.

8.4.5.4 Shutoff valves of any type shall not be placed inthe steampressure connection between the boiler and thecontrols described in 8.4.5.1 through 8.4.5.3. Thesecontrols shall be protected with a siphon or equivalentmeans of maintaining a water seal that will preventsteam from entering the control.

8.4.5.5ASMECSD-1 requires that operationof thepres-sure control described in 8.4.5 shall cause a safety shut-down requiring a manual reset.

8.5 HOT WATER HEATING BOILERS

8.5.1 Low-Water Fuel Cutoff (Hot Water)8.5.1.1 Each automatically fired hot water heating

boiler with heat input greater than 400,000 Btu/hr(117 kW) shall have an automatic low-water fuelcutoff that has been designed for hot water service,and it shall be so located as to automatically cut offthe fuel supply when the surface of the water falls tothe level established in 8.5.1.2.

8.5.1.2As there isnonormalwaterline tobemaintainedin a hotwater heating boiler, any location of the low-waterfuel cutoff above the lowest safe permissible water levelestablished by the boiler Manufacturer is satisfactory.

8.5.1.3Acoil-typeboiler or awatertubeboilerwithheatinput greater than 400,000 Btu/hr (117 kW) requiringforced circulation to prevent overheating of the coilsor tubes shall have a flow-sensing device installed inthe outlet piping in lieu of the low-water fuel cutoffrequired in 8.5.1.1 to automatically cut off the fuelsupply when the circulating flow is interrupted.

8.5.1.4 A means should be provided for testing theoperation of the external low-water fuel cutoff withoutresorting to draining the entire system. Such meansshould not render the device inoperable except as

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described as follows. If themeans temporarily isolates thedevice from the boiler during this testing, it shall automa-tically return to its normal position. The connection maybe so arranged that the device cannot be shut off from theboiler except by a cock placed at the device and providedwith a tee or level handle arranged to be parallel to thepipe in which it is located when the cock is open.

8.5.1.5 ASME CSD-1 requires that operation of the low-water cutoff on a hotwater boiler shall cause a safety shut-down requiring manual reset.

8.5.2 Thermometers

Each hot water heating or hot water supply boiler shallhave a thermometer so located and connected that it shallbe easily readable. The thermometer shall be so locatedthat it shall at all times indicate the temperature of thewater in the boiler at or near the outlet.(a) The thermometer shall have a minimum reading of

70°F (20°C) or less.(b) The thermometer shall have amaximum reading at

least equal to 320°F (160°C) but not more than 400°F(205°C).(c) An electronic temperature sensor used in lieu of a

thermometer shall meet the following requirements:(1) The sensor shall be powered from the boiler

power supply, and it shall have a display that remainson at all times. The sensor shall have a backup powersupply.

(2) The full scale of the sensor and display must be aminimum of 70°F to 320°F (20°C to 160°C). It shall beaccurate within ±1°.

(3) The sensor shall have a minimum operatingtemperature range of 32°F to 300°F (0°C to 150°C).

(4) The display shall have an ambient operatingtemperature range of 32°F to 120°F (0°C to 50°C)unless otherwise required by the application.

8.5.3 Pressure or Altitude Gauges

Each hot water heating or hot water supply boiler shallhave a pressure or altitude gauge connect to it or its flowconnection in suchamanner that it cannot be shut off fromtheboiler exceptbyacockwitha teeor leverhandleplacedon the pipe near the gauge. The hand of the cock shall beparallel to the pipe in which it is located when the cock isopen.

8.5.4 Temperature Controls

Each automatically fired hot water heating or hot watersupply boiler shall be protected from overtemperature bytwo temperature-operated controls. The space thermo-stat used for comfort control is not considered one ofthe required temperature-operated controls.

8.5.4.1 Each individually automatically fired hot waterheating or hot water supply boiler shall have a high-temperature limit control that will cut off the fuelsupply at or below the marked maximumwater tempera-ture at the boiler outlet. This control shall be constructedto prevent a temperature setting above the maximum.

8.5.4.2 Each individual hot water heating or hot watersupply boiler shall have a control that will cut off the fuelsupply when the system water temperature reaches apreset operating limit that shall be less than themaximum water temperature.

8.5.4.3 ASME CSD-1 requires that the operation of thetemperature control described in 8.5.4.1 and 8.5.4.2 shallcause a safety shutdown requiring manual reset.

8.5.5 Differential Temperature Controls

Some forced circulation water boilers incorporatedifferential temperature controls to help protect theboiler from damage caused by inadequate water flowwhile theboiler is firing. Differential temperature controlsare typically operated by the boiler’s primary safetycontrol, which receives information from temperaturesensors on the inlet and outlet water connections ofthe boilers. The controls compare the difference in theinlet and outlet water temperature when the burner isfiring. If the temperature rise or rate of rise is toolarge, indicating potential overheating of the boilerheat exchanger, the controls will either reduce the heatinput rate or shut off the burner to protect the heatexchanger.

8.5.6 Air for Pneumatically Operated Controls

Determine that compressed air for pneumatically oper-ated controls is clean, dry, and available at adequatepressure.

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ARTICLE 9OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF STEAM BOILERS

9.1 STARTING A NEW BOILER AND HEATINGSYSTEM

A new boiler should be cleaned and filled as detailed in9.1.1 through 9.1.5.

9.1.1 Examination for Foreign Objects

Prior to starting a new boiler, an examination should bemade to ensure that no foreign matter, such as tools,equipment, and rags, has been left in the boiler.

9.1.2 Checks Before Filling

Before putting water into a new boiler, make certainthat the firing equipment is in operating condition tothe extent that this is possible without actually lightinga fire in the empty boiler. This is necessary becauseraw water must be boiled [or heated to at least 180°F(82°C)] promptly after it is introduced into the boilerin order to drive off the dissolved gases that might other-wise corrode the boiler.

9.1.3 Operation to Clean the System

Fill the boiler to the proper waterline and operate theboiler with steam in the entire system for a few days tobring the oil and dirt back from the system to the boiler.This is not necessary if the condensate is to be temporarilywasted to the sewer, in which case the system should beoperated until the condensate runs clear.

9.1.4 Boiling Out

The oils and greases that accumulate in a newboiler canusually be washed out by boiling. A qualified chemicalwater treatment specialist should be consulted forinstructions regarding appropriate chemical compoundsand concentrations that are compatible with local envi-ronmental regulations governing disposal of the boil-out solutions.Proceed as follows:Step 1. Fill the boiler to the normal waterline.Step2. Remove theplug fromthe tappingon thehighest

point on the boiler. If no other opening is available, thesafety valve(s) may be removed, in which case the valvemust be handled with extreme care to avoid damaging it.Step 3. Add an appropriate boil-out compound through

the prepared opening.

Step 4. Replace the plug or the safety valve(s).Step 5. Start the firing equipment and check operating,

limit, and safety controls. Review Manufacturer’s recom-mendations for boiler and burner startup.Step 6. Boil the water for at least 5 hr.Step 7. Stop the firing equipment.Step 8. Drain the boiler in a manner and to a location

that allow the hot water to be discharged safely.Step 9. Wash the boiler thoroughly using a high-pres-

sure water stream.Step 10. Fill the boiler to the normal waterline.Step 11. Add boiler water treatment compound as

needed.Step 12. Promptly boil the water or heat it to at least

180°F (82°C).The boiler is now ready to be put into service or on

standby.

9.1.5 Second Boil-Out for Stubborn Cases

In stubborn cases, the simple boil-out described in 9.1.4maynot remove all the oil and grease and another boil-outusing a surface blowoff may be necessary. For this type ofcleaning, proceed as follows:Step 1. Prepare the boiler for cleaning by running a

temporary pipeline from the surface blowoff connectionto an open drain or some other location where hot watermay be discharged safely. If no such tapping is available,use the safety valve tapping, but run the pipe full size andas short a length as possible. Do not install a valve or anyother obstruction in this line. Handle the safety valve care-fully and protect it against damage while it is out of theboiler.Step 2. Fill the boiler until water reaches the top of the

water gauge glass.Step 3. Add a boil-out compound.Step 4. Start the firing equipment and operate suffi-

ciently to boil the water without producing steampressure.Step 5. Boil for about 5 hr.Step 6. Open the boiler feed pipe sufficiently to permit a

steady trickle of water to run out the overflow pipe.Step 7. Continue this slow boiling and trickle of over-

flow for several hours until the water coming from theoverflow is clear.Step 8. Stop the firing equipment.

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Step 9. Drain the boiler in a manner and to a locationthat allow the hot water to be discharged safely.Step 10. Remove covers and plugs from all washout

openings andwash thewater side of the boiler thoroughlyusing a high-pressure water stream.Step 11. Refill the boiler until 1 in. (25 mm) of water

shows in the gauge glass. If water in the gauge glass doesnot appear to be clear, repeat Steps 2 through 11 and boilout the boiler for a longer time.Step 12. Remove temporary piping.Step 13. Add a charge of boiler water treatment

compound.Step 14. Close the boiler.Step 15. Replace the safety valve.Step 16. Promptly boil the water or heat it to at least

180°F (82°C).The boiler is now ready to be put into service or on

standby.

9.2 STARTING A BOILER AFTER LAYUP(SINGLE-BOILER INSTALLATION)

9.2.1 Procedure

When starting a boiler after layup, proceed as follows:Step 1. Review Manufacturer’s instructions for startup

of the burner and boiler.Step 2. Set the control switch to the “Off” position.Step 3. Make sure fresh air to the boiler room is

unobstructed.Step 4. Check availability of fuel.Step 5. Check the water level in the gauge glass. Make

sure the gauge glass valves are open.Step 6. Use the try cocks, if provided, to double-check

the water level.Step 7. Vent the combustion chamber to remove

unburned gases.Step 8. Clean the glass on the fire scanner, if provided.Step 9. Set the main steam shutoff valve to the open

position.Step 10. Open the cold water supply valve to the water

feeder, if provided. Open suction and discharge valves onvacuum or condensate pumps, and set electrical switchesfor desired operation. Vent the boiler to remove air whennecessary.Step 11. Check the operating-pressure setting of the

boiler.Step12. Check themanual reset, if provided, on the low-

water fuel cutoff and high-limit pressure control to deter-mine if they are properly set.Step 13. Set the manual fuel oil supply or manual gas

valve to the open position.Step 14. Place the circuit breaker or fused disconnect

switch in the “On” position.Step 15. Place all boiler emergency switches in the “On”

position.

Step 16. Place the boiler control starting switch in the“On” or “Start” position.CAUTION: Do not stand in front of boiler access or cleanoutdoors. This is a precautionarymeasure to protect personnelshould a combustion explosion occur.

Step 17. Bring pressure and temperature up slowly.Stand by the boiler until it reaches the establishedcutout point to make sure the operating control shutsoff the burner.Step 18. During the pressure buildup period, walk

around the boiler frequently to observe that all associatedequipment and piping are functioning properly.Step19. Check forproperover-the-firedraft andbreech

pressure. Verify and log burner combustion parameters.Step 20. Immediately after the burner shuts off,

examine the water column and open each try cock (ifprovided) individually to determine the true water level.Step 21. In the logbook, enter the following:(a) date and time of startup(b) any irregularities observed and corrective action

taken(c) time when controls shut off the burner at estab-

lished pressure, tests performed, etc.(d) signature of operator

Step 22. Check the safety valve for evidence ofsimmering. Perform try-lever test.

9.2.2 Action in Case of Abnormal Conditions

If any abnormal conditions occur during light-off orpressure buildup, immediately open the emergencyswitch and lock out the equipment. (Do not attempt torestart the unit until difficulties have been identifiedand corrected.)

9.3 CONDENSATION

Following a cold start, condensation (sweating) mayoccur in a gas-fired boiler to such an extent that itappears that the boiler is leaking. This condensationcan be expected to stop after the boiler is hot.

9.4 CUTTING IN AN ADDITIONAL BOILER

When placing a boiler on the linewith other boilers thatare already in service, first start the boiler using the proce-dures in 9.1 and 9.2 but have its supply stop valve and thereturn stop valve closed. If one is provided, open the drainvalve between the stop valve at the boiler outlet and thesteam main. When the pressure within the boiler isapproximately the same as the pressure in the steammain, open the stop valve very slightly. If there is nounusual disturbance, such as noise or vibration, continue

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to open the valve slowly until it is fully open. Open thevalve in the return line.CAUTION:When the stop valve at the boiler outlet is closed,the stop valve in the return line of that boiler must also beclosed.

9.5 OPERATION

9.5.1 Water Level9.5.1.1Whenever going on duty, immediately check the

water level of all steaming boilers.

9.5.1.2 Check the water gauge regularly. The requiredfrequency must be determined by trial. The check shouldbemadewhen there is steampressure on the boiler. Closethe lower gauge glass valve, then open the drain cock thatis on the bottom of this valve and blow the glass clear.Close the drain cock and open the lower gauge glassvalve.Water should return to thegaugeglass immediately.(a) If water return is sluggish, leave the lower gauge

glass open and close the upper gauge glass valve. Thenopen the drain cock and allow water to flow until itruns clear. Close the drain valve and repeat the firsttest described, with the lower gauge glass valve closed.If leaks appear around the water gauge glass or fittings,correct the leaks at once. Steam leaks may result in a falsewaterline, and they also may damage the fittings.(b) If water disappears from the water gauge glass,

blow down the gauge glass to see if water appears. Ifit does not appear, then stop the fuel supply immediately.Do not turn on the water feed line. Do not open the safetyvalve. Let the boiler cool until the crown sheet is at hand-touch temperature. Then addwater to 1 in. (25mm) in thegauge glass. Do not put the boiler back into service untilthe condition responsible for the lowwater has been iden-tified and corrected.(c) If the waterline is bouncing or surging, the boiler

may need to be skimmed and/or cleaned.

9.5.2 Steam Pressure

A common unsafe condition found in steam heatingboilers is due to the failure of the safety valve(s) toopen at the set pressure. This is usually due to thebuildup of corrosive deposits between the disk andseat of the safety valve, which is caused by a slightleakage or weeping of the valve.The snap-action opening of a safety valve occurs when

the boiler steam pressure on the underside of the valvedisk overcomes the closing force of the valve spring. As theforce of the steam pressure approaches the counteractingforce of the spring, the valve tends to leak slightly and ifthis condition is permitted to exist, the safety valve canstick or freeze.

For this reason, the pressure differential between thesafetyvalve setpressureand theboileroperatingpressureshould be at least 5 psi (35 kPa), i.e., the boiler operatingpressure should not exceed 10 psig (70 kPa). If, however,the boiler operating pressure is greater than 10 psig(70 kPa), it should not exceed 15 psig (100 kPa)minus the blowdown pressure of the safety valve.Thispressuredifferential is also required tohelp ensure

that the safety valve will seat tightly after popping andwhen the boiler pressure is reduced to normal operatingpressure.It is very important that periodic testing of safety valves

is carried out in accordance with Article 5.

9.5.3 Blowdown

Where low-pressure steam boilers are used solely forheating and where practically all of the condensate isreturned to the boiler, blow down only as often as concen-tration of solids requires. Boilers used for process steamrequiring highmakeup should be blowndown as requiredtomaintain chemical concentrates at the desired level andto remove precipitated sediments. Boilers that areequipped with slow-opening blowoff valves and aquick-opening blowoff cock should have the levers orcocks opened first, followed by a gradual opening andclosing of the slow-opening valve. When the slow-opening valve has been shut tight, then close the levervalve or cock.CAUTION: Do not open the slow-opening valve first andpump the lever action valve open and closed as waterhammer is apt to break the valve bodies or pipe fittings.

9.5.4 Appearance of Rust

The appearance of rust in the water gauge glass is anindicationof corrosion thatmustnotbe ignored. Check theboiler water to be sure that the water treatmentcompound is at proper strength, and make sure theboiler is not requiring considerable quantities ofmakeup water. Check the return line and other partsof the system for evidence of corrosion.

9.5.5 Water-Level Fluctuation

A wide fluctuation of water level may indicate that theboiler is foaming or priming. This may be due to thewaterlevel in the boiler being carried too high or, especially inlow-pressure boilers, a very high rate of steaming.Foaming may also be caused by dirt or oil in the boilerwater. Foaming can sometimes be cured by blowingdown the boiler, draining 2 in. (50 mm) or 3 in.(75 mm) of water, refilling it, then repeating theprocess a few times. In persistent cases, it may be neces-sary to take the boiler out of service, drain it and wash itout thoroughly as described in 9.1 and 9.2 for a new steamboiler installation, then refill it and put it back into service.

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9.5.6 Abnormal Water Losses

In steamboilers, abnormalwater lossesare indicatedbythe need for large amounts ofmanually fedmakeupwater;in boilers with automatic water feeders, such losses areindicated by an increased need for water treatment. Ineither case, the problem should be investigated immedi-ately to determine the cause. Once the cause of the waterloss has been determined, parts should be repaired orreplaced immediately to correct theproblem; theoperatorshould not simply increasewater treatment to protect thesystem from excessive amounts of raw-water makeup. Awater meter on the feedwater line is useful for deter-mining the amount of makeup water entering asystem. If the operator cannot determine the cause ofthe water loss, a competent contractor should becontacted.

9.5.7 Makeup Water9.5.7.1When water makeup is needed and neither the

boiler nor the condensate tank is equipped with an auto-matic water feeder, manually add water to the steamboiler once the boiler has cooled.

9.5.7.2 Use every practical means for excluding oxygenfrom the boiler water. One source of oxygen is makeupwater; therefore, hold makeup to a minimum. If theboiler loses more than 3 in. (75 mm) of water permonth, this indicates there is probably a leak in somepart of the system.The leakshouldbe foundandcorrected.

9.5.7.3 If the system includes a pump for returningcondensate or adding feedwater, be certain that the airvent at the receiver is operating properly.

9.5.7.4 If large quantities of feedwater are required,deaerating equipment is recommended to removedissolved gases, thereby reducing oxygen corrosion.Consult the boiler Manufacturer and a local water treat-ment company for treatment recommendations andrequirements.

9.5.8 Low-Water Cutoff9.5.8.1 Check the operation of the low-water cutoff,

pump control, and water feeder if one is installed.Regularly blow down each control according to theManufacturer’s instructions on the attached tag or plate.

9.5.8.2 Periodically, the low-water cutoff should betested under actual operating conditions. With theburner operating and the boiler steaming at properwater level, close all the valves in the feedwater andcondensate return lines so the boiler will not receiveany replacementwater. Then carefully observe thewater-line to determinewhere the cutoff switch stops the burnerin relation to the lowest permissiblewaterline establishedby the boilerManufacturer. If the burner cutoff level is not

at, or slightly above, the lowest permissible waterline, in anew installation the low-water cutoff should be moved totheproper elevation, or in an existing installation it shouldbe serviced, repaired, or, if necessary, replaced.

9.6 REMOVAL OF BOILER FROM SERVICE

9.6.1 General

Refer to local jurisdictional requirements andManufacturer’s instructions for the removal of a boilerfrom service. For boilers that will return to service ata later date, see Article 14.

9.6.2 Cleaning

When the boiler is cool, clean the tubes and other fire-side heating surfaces thoroughly, and scrape the surfacesdown to clean metal. Clean the smoke boxes and otherareas where soot or scale may accumulate. Soot is notcorrosivewhen it is perfectly drybut canbevery corrosivewhen it is damp. For this reason, it is necessary to removeall the soot from a boiler at the beginning of the nonoper-ating season or any extended nonfiring period.

9.6.3 Protection Against Corrosion

Swab the fire-sideheating surfaceswithneutralmineraloil to protect against corrosion. If the boiler room is damp,place a tray of calcium chloride or unslaked lime in thecombustion chamber and replace the chemical when itbecomes mushy.

9.6.4 Water Level

Drain a steam boiler back to normal water level beforeputting the boiler back in service.

9.6.5 Periodic Checks

During the idle period, check the boiler occasionally forcorrosion.

9.7 MAINTENANCE

9.7.1 Cleaning

Clean the boiler tubes and other heating surfaceswhen-ever required. The frequency of the cleaning can best bedetermined by trial. A general prediction applicable to allboilers cannot bemade. Also, clean the smoke boxeswhenrequired.

9.7.2 Draining

A clean, properly maintained steam-heating boilershould not be drained unless(a) there is a possibility of freezing(b) the boiler has accumulated a considerable amount

of sludge or dirt on the water side, or

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(c) draining is necessary to make repairsVery little sludge should accumulate in a boiler where

little makeup water is added and where an appropriatewater treatment is maintained at the proper strength.

9.7.3 Protection Against Freezing

Antifreeze solutions, when used in heating systems,should be tested from year to year as recommendedby the manufacturer of the antifreeze that is used.Antifreeze solutions should not be circulated throughthe boiler proper. The antifreeze solution should beheated in an indirect heat exchanger.

9.7.4 Fire-Side Corrosion

Boilers corrode on the fire side. Some fuels contain sub-stances that cause fire-side corrosion. Sulfur, vanadium,and sodium are among the materials that may contributeto this problem.(a) Deposits of sulfur compounds may cause fire-side

corrosion. The probability of trouble from this sourcedepends on the amount of sulfur in the fuel and on thecare used in cleaning the fire-side heating surfaces.This is particularly true when preparing a boiler for aperiod of idleness. Preventing this trouble dependsalso on keeping the boiler heating surfaces dry when aboiler is out of service.(b) Deposits of vanadium or vanadium and sodium

compounds also may cause fire-side corrosion, andthese compounds may be corrosive during the seasonwhen boilers are in service.The person responsible for boiler maintenance should

becertain that the fire-side surfacesof theboilers are thor-oughly cleaned at the end of the firing season. If signs ofabnormal corrosion are discovered, a reputable consul-tant should be engaged.

9.7.5 Safety Valves

Safety valves on steam boilers should be tested forproper operation in accordance with 6.7. ASME-ratedsafety valves shall be installed on the boiler whererequired by jurisdictional regulations. When replacementis necessary, use only ASME-rated valves of the requiredcapacity.

9.7.6 Burner Maintenance

9.7.6.1 Oil Burners.Oil burners require periodicmain-tenance to keep the nozzle and other parts clean. Checkand clean oil-line strainers. Examine and check the nozzle,and check the oil level in the gear cases. Check and cleanfilters, air intake screens, blowers, and air passages. Checkall linkages and belts, and adjust as required. Lubricate inaccordance with Manufacturer’s instructions. Check pilotburners and ignition equipment for proper flame adjust-ment and performance with a combustion analyzer.

9.7.6.2 GasBurners.Check gas burners for presence ofdirt, lint, or foreign matter. Make sure that parts, gaspassages, and air passages are free of obstructions.Linkages, belts, and moving parts on power burnersshould be checked for proper adjustment. Check gasoutlets on combination oil and gas burners; afterprolonged periods of oil firing, these outlets maybecome caked with carbon residues from unburnedfuel oil and require cleaning. Lubricate in accordancewith the Manufacturer’s instructions. Also check pilotburners and ignition equipment for proper flame adjust-ment and performance.

9.7.7 Low-Water Fuel Cutoff and Water FeederMaintenance

Low-water fuel cutoffs and water feeders should bedismantled annually, by qualified personnel, to theextent necessary to ensure freedom from obstructionsand proper functioning of the working parts. Examineconnecting lines to boiler for accumulation of mud,scale, etc., and clean as required. Examine all visiblewiring for brittle or worn insulation, and make sure elec-trical contacts are clean and that they function properly.Give special attention to solder joints on bellows and floatwhen this type of control is used. Check float for evidenceof collapse, andcheckmercurybulb (whereapplicable) formercury separation or discoloration. Do not attempt torepair mechanisms in the field. Complete replacementmechanisms, including necessary gaskets and installationinstructions, are available from the Manufacturer. Afterreassembly, test as per 9.5.8.2.

9.7.8 Flame Safeguard Maintenance

9.7.8.1 Thermal-Type Detection Device. Check thedevice for electrical continuity and satisfactory currentgeneration in accordance with the Manufacturer’sinstructions.

9.7.8.2 Electronic-Type Detection Device. Checkoperat ion of the uni t in accordance with theManufacturer’s instructions, and examine for damagedor worn parts. Do not attempt to repair these units inthe field.

9.7.9 Limit Control Maintenance

Maintenance on pressure-limiting controls is generallylimited to visual examination of the device for evidence ofwear, corrosion, etc. If the control is of the mercury bulbtype, check for mercury separation and discoloration ofthe bulb. If the control is defective, replace it. Do notattempt to make field repairs.

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9.7.10 Cast Iron Boiler Maintenance

9.7.10.1 Heating Surfaces. Check the firebox gaspassages and breeching for soot accumulation. Use awire brush and vacuum cleaner, if required, to removethe soot or other dirt accumulations.

9.7.10.2 InternalSurfaces. If theconditionof thewaterin the boiler indicates that there is considerable foreignmatter in it, the boiler should be allowed to cool, then itshouldbedrainedand thoroughly flushedout. Remove theblowdown valves and plugs in the front and rear sections,and wash through these openings with a high-pressurewater stream. This will normally remove any sludge orloose scale. If there is evidence that hard scale hasformed on the internal surfaces, the boiler should becleaned by chemical means as prescribed by a qualifiedwater treatment specialist.

9.7.11 Steel and Copper Boiler Maintenance

9.7.11.1 Heating Surfaces. Remove all accumulationsof soot, carbon, anddirt from the fire side of the boiler. Usea flue brush to clean the tubes. Clean breeching and stackas required. Examine refractory and make repairs asrequired.

9.7.11.2 Boilers With Removable Waterway Covers.Blow down as specified in 9.5.3. If water does not runclear, the boiler should be cleaned. After the boiler isallowed to cool, the cleaning is accomplished byventing and draining the boiler, removing all manholeand handhole covers, and washing the inside of theboilerwith a high-pressurewater stream. Loosen any soli-dified sludge, scale, etc., with a hand scraper. Start at thetop of the boiler and work down. Flush thoroughly aftercleaning.Where access is limited orwhere scale buildup isdifficult to remove, it may be necessary to clean the boilerchemically as prescribed by a qualified water treatmentspecialist.

9.7.11.3 Boilers Without Removable WaterwayCovers. After the boiler is allowed to cool, close the isola-tion valves on the piping to isolate the boiler from thesystem. Attach a hose to the boiler drain and flush theboiler thoroughly with clean water by using purgingvalves to allow water to flow through the watermakeup line to the boiler.

9.7.12 Use of Flashlight for Internal Examination

Whenpractical, use a flashlight rather thananextensionlight for internal examination purposes. Follow propersafety procedures if entering the boiler.

9.7.13 Leaking Tubes

If one tube in a boiler develops a leak due to corrosion, itis likely that other tubes are also corroded. Have the boilerexamined by a capable and experienced person beforeordering the replacement of one or a few tubes. If allthe tubes will need replacement soon, it is preferableand less expensive to have all the work done at thesame time.

9.7.14 Use of Sealant

Theuseof sealant is not recommended ina steamboiler.

9.7.15 MaintenanceofCondensateReturnSystems

Examine and clean the strainer ahead of the pump.Drain and flush the condensate tank. Check pumppacking, float switches, and vacuum switches, as applica-ble. For detailed instructions, refer to the Manufacturer’smaintenance data and instructions.

9.7.16 Maintenance Schedule for Boilers in Service

Refer to the boiler Manufacturer’s instructions formaintenance requirements and schedules.

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ARTICLE 10OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE— HOT WATER BOILERS AND

HOT WATER HEATING BOILERS

10.1 STARTING A NEW BOILER AND HEATINGSYSTEM

A new boiler should be cleaned and filled as detailed in10.1.1 through 10.1.3.

10.1.1 Examination for Foreign Objects

Prior to starting anewboiler, theboiler shouldbeexam-ined to ensure that no foreignmatter, such as tools, equip-ment, or rags, has been left in the boiler.

10.1.2 Checks Before Filling

Before putting water into a new boiler, make certainthat the firing equipment is in operating condition tothe extent that this is possible without actually lightinga fire in the empty boiler. This is necessary becauseraw water must be boiled [or heated to at least 180°F(82°C)] promptly after it is introduced into the boilerin order to drive off the dissolved gases that might other-wise corrode the boiler. In a hot water heating system, theboiler and entire system (other than the expansion tank)must be full ofwater for satisfactory operation. The red, orfixed, hand on the combination altitude gauge and ther-mometer is normally set to indicate the amount of pres-sure required to fill the system with cold water. Watershould be added to the system until the black hand regis-ters thesameormore than theredhand.Toensure that thesystem is full, water should come out of all air vents whenthe vents are opened.

10.1.3 Boiling Out

A qualified chemical water treatment specialist shouldbe consulted for recommendations regarding appropriatechemical compounds and concentrations that are compa-tible with local environmental regulations governingdisposal of the boil-out solutions. The oil and greasethat accumulate in a new hot water boiler can bewashed out in the following manner:Step 1. Add an appropriate boil-out compound.Step 2. Fill the entire system with water.Step 3. Start the firing equipment.Step 4. Circulate the water through the entire system.Step 5. Vent the system, including the radiation.

Step 6. Allow boiler water to reach operating tempera-ture, if possible.Step 7. Continue to circulate the water for a few hours.Step 8. Stop the firing equipment.Step 9. Drain the system in a manner and to a location

that allow the hot water to be discharged safely.Step 10. Wash the water side of the boiler thoroughly

using a high-pressure water stream.Step 11. Refill the system with fresh water.Step 12. Promptly heat the water to at least 180°F

(82°C), and vent the system at the highest point.Step 13. Tighten handhole covers, manhole covers, and

plugs while the boiler is hot.The boiler is now ready to be put into service or on

standby.

10.2 STARTING A BOILER AFTER LAYUP(SINGLE-BOILER INSTALLATION)

10.2.1 Procedure

When starting a boiler after layup, proceed as follows:Step 1. Review Manufacturer’s instructions for startup

of the burner and boiler.Step 2. Fill the boiler and system; vent air at the high

point in the system.Step 3. Check the altitude gauge and expansion tank to

ensure the system is properly filled.Step 4. Set the control switch to the “Off” position.Step 5. Make sure fresh air to the boiler room is unob-

structed and manual dampers are open.Step 6. Check availability of fuel.Step 7. Vent the combustion chamber to remove

unburned gases.Step 8. Clean the glass on the fire scanner, if provided.Step 9. Observe proper functioning of the water pres-

sure regulator and turn circulator pumps on electrically.Step 10. Check temperature control(s) for proper

setting.Step 11. Check the manual reset button on the low-

water fuel cutoff and high-limit temperature control.Step 12. Set the manual fuel oil supply or manual gas

valve to the open position.Step 13. Place the circuit breaker or fuse disconnect in

the “On” position.

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Step 14. Place all boiler emergency switches in the “On”position.Step 15. Place the boiler control starting switch in the

“On” or “Start” position. (Do not stand in front of boilerdoors or breeching.)Step 16. Do not leave the boiler until it reaches the

established cutout point, to make sure the controlsshut off the burner.Step 17. During the temperature and pressure buildup

period, walk around the boiler frequently to observe thatall associated equipment and piping are functioning prop-erly. Visually check the burner for proper combustion.Step 18. Immediately after the burner shuts off, check

thewaterpressureandopen thehighest vent todeterminethat the system is completely full of water.Step 19. In the logbook, enter the following:(a) date and time of startup, any irregularities

observed, and corrective action taken(b) time when controls shut off the burner at estab-

lished temperature, tests performed, etc.(c) signature of operator

Step 20. Check the safety relief valve for evidence ofleaking. Perform try-lever test as described in 6.8.

10.2.2 Action in Case of Abnormal Conditions

If any abnormal conditions occur during light-off ortemperature buildup, immediately shutdown the boiler.(Do not attempt to restart the unit until difficultieshave been identified and corrected.)

10.3 CONDENSATION

Following a cold start, condensationmay occur in a gas-fired boiler to such an extent that it appears that the boileris leaking. This condensation can be expected to stop afterthe boiler is hot. This is different from the flue-gas conden-sate, which is present for heating boilers operated incondensing mode. Refer to the Manufacturer’s instruc-tions for proper handling of the condensate.

10.4 CUTTING IN AN ADDITIONAL BOILER

When placing a boiler on the linewith other boilers thatare already in service, care must be taken to ensure thatthe Manufacturer’s required minimum flow rates are metand that the water outlet temperature is raised slowlyenough to avo id therma l shock . Consu l t theManufacturer’s owner’smanual for the proper procedure.

10.5 OPERATION

10.5.1 Check of Pressure and Temperature

Whenever going on duty, check the pressure andtemperature in all water boilers.

10.5.2 Operating Temperature and Pressure

10.5.2.1 Operating Temperature. Themaximum oper-ating temperature of the boilerwater should never exceed250°F (120°C), and should be no higher than is necessaryto adequately heat the space under design conditions.Higher temperatures will accelerate any corrosionprocess.

10.5.2.2 Operating Pressure. A common unsafe condi-tion found in hotwater heating boilers is due to the failureof the safety relief valve(s) toopenat the set pressure. Thisis usuallydue tobuildupof corrosivedepositsbetween thedisk and seat of the valve, which is caused by a slightleakage or weeping of the valve.The opening of a safety relief valve occurs when the

boiler water pressure on the underside of the valvedisk overcomes the closing force of the valve spring.As the forceof thewaterpressureapproaches the counter-acting force of the spring, the valve tends to leak slightlyand if this condition is permitted to exist, the safety reliefvalve can stick or freeze.For this reason, the pressure differential between the

safety relief valve set pressure and the boiler operatingpressure should be at least 10 psi (69 kPa) or 25% of thevalve set pressure, whichever is greater.

10.5.2.3 Temperature and Pressure Safety ReliefValves.When equipped with a temperature and pressuresafety relief valve, the boiler is limited to a maximumtemperature of 210°F (99°C) have a temperature andpressure safety relief valve installed, the operatingtemperature must be low enough to prevent routineoperation of the thermal element, which could lead todegradation of the valve.When the thermal element opens, it will not close until

the temperature has been reducedby25°F to35°F (−3.9°Cto 1.7°C) below the opening temperature. Therefore, themaximum operating temperature should not exceed160°F (71°C).

10.6 REMOVAL OF BOILER FROM SERVICE

10.6.1 General

Refer to local jurisdictional requirements andManufacturer’s instructions for the removal of a boilerfrom service. For boilers that will return to service ata later date, see Article 14.

10.6.2 Cleaning

When the boiler is cool, clean the tubes and otherheating surfaces thoroughly, and scrape the surfacesdown to clean metal. Clean the smoke boxes and otherareas where soot or scale may accumulate. Soot is notcorrosivewhen it is perfectly drybut canbevery corrosivewhen it is damp. For this reason, it is necessary to remove

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all the soot from a boiler at the beginning of the nonoper-ating season or any extended nonfiring period.

10.6.3 Protection Against Corrosion

Swab the fire-sideheating surfaceswithneutralmineraloil to protect against corrosion. If the boiler room is damp,place a tray of calcium chloride or unslaked lime in thecombustion chamber and replace the chemical when itbecomes mushy.

10.6.4 Periodic Checks

During the idle period, check the boiler periodically forcorrosion.

10.7 MAINTENANCE

10.7.1 Cleaning

10.7.1.1 General. Clean the boiler tubes and otherheating surfaces whenever required. The frequency ofthe cleaning can best be determined by trial. A generalprediction applicable to all boilers cannot be made.Also, clean the smoke boxes when required.

10.7.1.2 Backwashing of Water Heater. Any waterheater installed in or connected to a boiler should be back-washed periodically, using valves to reverse the directionof flow through the heater. The purpose of this back-washing is to reduce the amount of scale that will accu-mulate at the outlet side of the heater. Continue thebackwashing until the water runs clear. The backwashingshould be done frequently, and the maximum intervalshould be determined by site conditions.

10.7.2 Draining

A clean, properly maintained heating boiler should notbe drained unless(a) there is a possibility of freezing(b) the boiler has accumulated a considerable amount

of sludge or dirt on the water side, or(c) draining is necessary to make repairsVery little sludge should accumulate in a boiler where

little makeup water is added and where an appropriatewater treatment is maintained at the proper strength. If itproves necessary to drain the boiler and heating piping todo repairwork, and the various parts of the system cannotbe isolated to prevent such draining, it would be wise toconsider the installation of valves and drains at that timeto prevent this from occurring again. Use of such valvesand drains will save considerable time and expense thenext time repairs are necessary, and the amount of rawwater required will also be reduced.

10.7.3 Protection Against Freezing

Antifreeze solutionswhenused in heating systems shallbe those recommended by the boiler Manufacturer.

10.7.3.1 The service life of an antifreeze solutiondepends on such factors as heating system design andcondition,hoursofoperation, solutionandmetal tempera-tures, aeration, and rate of contamination. Therefore, theantifreeze solution should be tested at least once a yearand as recommended by the manufacturer of the anti-freeze that is used. High metal temperatures acceleratedepletion of the antifreeze inhibitors. For maximumservice life of the antifreeze solution, the metal tempera-ture in contact with the solution should be kept under350°F (176°C).

10.7.3.2Antifreeze solution is harmful ormay be fatal ifswallowed; therefore, antifreeze solutions should be usedonly in closed circulating systems entirely separated frompotable water supply systems.

10.7.3.3 Antifreeze solutions expand more than waterfor a given rise in temperature. Allowance must be madefor this expansionwhen an antifreeze solution is used in aheating system.

10.7.4 Fire-Side Corrosion

Boilers can corrode on the fire side. Some fuels containsubstances that cause fire-side corrosion. Sulfur, vana-dium, and sodium are among the materials that maycontribute to this problem.(a) Deposits of sulfur compounds may cause fire-side

corrosion. The probability of trouble from this sourcedepends on the amount of sulfur in the fuel and on thecare used in cleaning the fire-side heating surfaces.This is particularly true when preparing a boiler for aperiod of idleness. Preventing this trouble dependsalso on keeping the boiler heating surfaces dry when aboiler is out of service.(b) Deposits of vanadium or vanadium and sodium

compound also may cause fire-side corrosion, andthese compounds may be corrosive during the seasonwhen boilers are in service.The person responsible for boiler maintenance should

becertain that the fire-side surfacesof theboilers are thor-oughly cleaned at the end of the firing season. If signs ofabnormal corrosion are discovered, a reputable consul-tant should be engaged.

10.7.5 Safety Relief Valves

Safety relief valves on hot water heating and hot watersupply boilers should be tested for proper operation inaccordance with 6.8. ASME-rated valves shall be installedon a boiler where required by jurisdictional regulations.When replacement is necessary, use only ASME-ratedvalves of the required capacity.

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10.7.6 Burner Maintenance

10.7.6.1 Oil Burners. Oil burners require periodicmaintenance to keep the nozzle and other parts clean.Check and clean oil-line strainers. Examine and checkthe nozzle, and check the oil level in the gear cases, if ap-plicable. Check and clean filters, air intake screens,blowers, and air passages. Check all linkages and belts,and adjust as required. Lubricate in accordance withthe Manufacturer’s instructions. Check pilot burnersand ignition equipment for proper flame adjustmentand performance.

10.7.6.2 Gas Burners. Check gas burners for presenceof dirt, lint, or foreign matter. Make sure that ports, gaspassages, and air passages are free of obstructions. Checklinkages, belts, and moving parts on power burners forproper adjustment. Check gas outlets on combinationoil and gas burners; after prolonged periods of oilfiring, these outlets may become caked with carbonresidue from unburned fuel oil and require cleaning.Lubricate in accordancewithManufacturer’s instructions.Also check pilot burners and ignition equipment forproper flame adjustment and performance.

10.7.7 Low-Water Fuel Cutoff

Low-water fuel cutoffs and water feeders should bedismantled annually by qualified personnel, to theextent necessary to ensure freedom from obstructionsand proper functioning of the working parts. Examineconnecting lines to the boiler for accumulation of mud,scale, etc., and clean as required. Examine all visiblewiring for brittle or worn insulation, and make sure elec-trical contacts are clean and that they function properly.Give special attention to solder joints on bellows and floatwhen this type of control is used. Check float for evidenceof collapse, andcheckmercurybulb (whereapplicable) formercury separation or discoloration. Do not attempt torepair mechanisms in the field. Complete replacementmechanisms, including necessary gaskets and installationinstructions, are available from the Manufacturer. Afterreassembly, test, if installation permits, without drainingwater from the boiler.

10.7.8 Flame Safeguard Maintenance

10.7.8.1 Thermal-Type Detection Device. Check thedevice for electrical continuity and satisfactory currentgeneration in accordance with the Manufacturer’sinstructions.

10.7.8.2 Electronic-Type Detection Device. Checkoperat ion of the uni t in accordance with theManufacturer’s instructions, and examine for damagedor worn parts. Do not attempt to repair these units inthe field.

10.7.9 Limit Control Maintenance

Maintenance on temperature-limiting control is gener-ally limited to visual examination of the device forevidence of wear, corrosion, etc. If the control is of themercury bulb type, check for mercury separation anddiscoloration of the bulb. If the control is defective,replace it. Do not attempt to make field repairs.

10.7.10 Cast Boiler Maintenance

10.7.10.1 Heating Surfaces. Check the firebox gaspassages and breeching for soot accumulation. Use awire brush and vacuum cleaner, if required, to removethe soo t or o ther d i r t accumula t ion per theManufacturer’s instructions.

10.7.10.2 Internal Surfaces. If the condition of thewater in the boiler indicates that there is considerableforeign matter in it, the boiler should be allowed tocool, then it should be drained and thoroughly flushedout. Remove the washout plugs and wash through theopenings with a high-pressure water stream. This willnormally remove any sludge or loose scale. If there isevidence that hard scale has formed on the internalsurfaces, the boiler should be cleaned by chemicalmeans as prescribed by a qualified water treatmentspecialist.

10.7.11 Steel Boiler Maintenance

10.7.11.1 Heating Surfaces. Remove all accumulationsof soot, carbon, anddirt from the fire side of the boiler. Usea flue brush to clean the tubes. Clean breeching and stackas required. Examine refractory and make repairs asrequired.

10.7.11.2 Internal Surfaces. If the condition of thewater in the boiler indicates that there is considerableforeign matter in it, the boiler should be allowed tocool, then it should be drained and thoroughly flushedout. Remove all handhole and manhole covers andwash through these openings with a high-pressurewater stream. This will normally remove any sludge orloose scale. If there is evidence that hard scale hasformed on the internal surfaces, the boiler should becleaned by chemical means as prescribed by a qualifiedwater treatment specialist.

10.7.12 Use of Flashlight for InternalExaminations

Whenpractical, use a flashlight rather thananextensionlight for internal inspection purposes. Follow propersafety procedures if entering the boiler.

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10.7.13 Leaking Tubes

If one tube in a boiler develops a leak due to corrosion, itis likely that other tubes are also corroded. Have the boilerexamined by a capable and experienced person beforeordering the replacement of one or a few tubes. If allthe tubes will need replacement soon, it is preferableand less expensive to have all the work done at thesame time.

10.7.14 Use of Sealants

Sealants may have a detrimental effect on boilers,pumps, safety relief valves, etc.; therefore, their use isnot recommended in hot water heating or hot watersupply boilers.

10.7.15 Maintenance of Circulating Pumps andExpansion Tanks

Inspect the circulating pump(s) and lubricate in accor-dance with the Manufacturer’s instructions. Check theoperation of all associated controls, switches, etc.Examine the expansion tank for dirt, tightness, andevidence of corrosion. Clean and repair as required.For detailed instructions, refer to the Manufacturer’sliterature, instructions, and data.

10.7.16 Maintenance Schedule for Boilers inService

Refer to the boiler Manufacturer’s instructions formaintenance requirements and schedules.

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ARTICLE 11INSPECTIONS OF INSTALLED BOILERS

11.1 PERIODIC INSPECTION OF BOILERS

Periodic inspection is necessary to protect against lossor damage to the pressure vessel because of corrosion,pitting, etc., and to protect against unsafe operating condi-tions. The followingpre-inspectionproceduresare recom-mended to ensure a thorough and complete inspection:(a) All boilers shouldbeprepared for inspection,when-

ever necessary, by the owner or user when notified by theinspector. The owner or user should prepare the boiler foran internal inspection and should prepare for and applythe liquid pressure test, whenever necessary, on the datespecified in the presence of a qualified inspector.(b) Before inspection, every part of a boiler that is

accessible should be open and properly prepared forinternal and external examination. In cooling down aboiler for inspection or repairs, the owner or usershould not withdraw the water until the boiler is suffi-ciently cooled, to avoid damage. The cool-downp r o c e s s s h ou l d b e i n a c c o r d an c e w i t h t h eManufacturer’s recommendations.

11.1.1 Preparation for Inspection

The owner or user should prepare a boiler for internalinspection in the following manner:(a) Drain water.(b) Remove all manhole and handhole plates, plugs

(washout and piping), and water column connections.(c) Remove all grates of internally fired boilers.(d) Remove brickwork as required by the inspector to

determine the condition of the furnace, supports, or otherparts.(e) Cut off any leakage of steam or hot water into the

boiler by disconnecting the pipe or valve at the mostconvenient point.(f) Thoroughly clean the boiler on bothwater sides and

fire sides. Take special care to ensure fire-side sootbuildup and water-side mineral deposits are removed.

Where there is moisture, discoloration, or vaporshowing through the covering, the covering should beremoved by a qualified individual (in accordance withlocal regulations and Manufacturer’s instructions) anda complete investigation made. Every effort should bemade to discover the true condition of a boiler.

11.1.2 Preparation for the Liquid Pressure Test

Obtain guidance from the inspector regarding thepreparation for this test.

11.2 INSPECTION OF THE BOILER BY THEINSPECTOR

The boiler inspector should inspect the boiler in accor-dance with local jurisdictional requirements. If there arenone, the inspector should inspect the boiler in accor-dance with NB-23, National Board Inspection Code.The inspector,whether anemployeeof a state, province,

municipality, or insurance company, should be wellinformed of the natural and neglectful causes ofdefects and deterioration of boilers. The inspectorshould be extremely conscientious and careful duringthe inspection, taking sufficient time to perform thoroughexaminations, taking no one’s statement as final as toconditions he has not directly observed, and, if unabletomake a thorough inspection, noting so in the inspectionreport. The inspector should assess the overall conditionof the boiler room and apparatus, and observe the atten-dants and any maintenance, testing, and inspection logs(see Mandatory Appendix I, Figures I-1-1 and I-1-2) as aguide in forming an opinion of the general care of theequipment. The inspector should question responsibleemployees as to the history of old boilers and their pecu-liarities and behavior, and ascertain what, if any, repairshave been made and their character, and whether theywere made properly and safely.

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ARTICLE 12BOILER REPAIRS

12.1 PRECAUTION

Do not permit repairs to a boiler while it is in service orunder pressure, except with the approval and under thesupervision of an authorized boiler inspector or respon-sible engineer.

12.2 NOTIFICATION

When repair work is required, notify the authorizedboiler and pressure vessel inspector and be guided bythe inspector’s recommendations.

12.3 WELDING REQUIREMENTS

All repair work should be done by experienced boilermechanics. All welding should be done by qualifiedwelders using procedures properly qualified accordingto Section IX.

12.4 SAFETY

Take every precaution necessary to ensure againstinjury to thoseworking in theboiler roomandparticularlyto thoseworking inside the steam space or in the combus-tionchamberof theboiler. Pull themainburnerswitchandlock it out and tag it, swing the burner out of place ifpossible, close and lock valves, etc., and always haveone person standing by outside when anyone isworking inside a boiler.

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ARTICLE 13WATER TREATMENT

13.1 SCOPE

This Article covers recommended procedures for thetreatment ofwater in steamandhotwater heating boilers.

13.2 CONSIDERATIONS

Operational experience and corrosion research haveclearly shown that the problem of accelerated scalingmay be eliminated through properly administeredboiler water treatment. Employing a conscientious andcompetently administered program with emphasis ongood maintenance practices as outlined by a water treat-ment specialist is recommended.Consider the following factors when deciding whether

to treat thewater and, if so, what type of treatment to use:(a) type of boiler, i.e., cast iron or steel, steam or hot

water(b) nature of the raw water, i.e., hard or soft, corrosive

or scale forming(c) amount of makeup water required and any blow-

down requirements(d) preliminary treatment of the water, i.e., softeners,

preheaters, deaerators(e) use of the steam, i.e., for heating only or a combina-

tion of other purposes(f) amount of supervision and control testing available

13.3 WATER TREATMENT SPECIALISTS

Eachboiler installation shouldbe consideredonan indi-vidual basis. If there appears to be any question regardingthe treatment required, review the boiler Manufacturer’sinstructions and the final treatment decision with a repu-table water treatment company. These companies furnisha service and/or chemicals for boiler water treatment.They are in a position to make recommendationsbased on local water conditions and the particular instal-lation involved. Theyalso furnish test kits accompaniedbysimple analytical procedures for day-to-day analysis bythe local maintenance personnel. Samples are taken atsuitable intervals and sent to their laboratories for confir-mation analysis. In setting up arrangements with suchconcerns, do not hesitate to ask for the chemical composi-tion of, and other technical information involved in, thetreatments prescribed.

13.4 LOCAL ORDINANCES

Make sure that all the water treatment chemicals usedand their disposal process do not violate any localordinances.

13.5 POTENTIAL BOILER WATER PROBLEMS

13.5.1 Corrosion

Raw water as received from city mains or wells maycontain impurities, including dissolved gases such asoxygen and carbon dioxide. When the water is soft, itis acidic and corrosive; such water can negativelyaffect boiler metals and condensate return lines, resultingingeneral overall corrosionor localizedpittingor crackingin stressedmetal. High temperatures can accelerate thesereactions. If uncorrected, serious pitting can result in thepossible rupture of boiler tubes. Rusty water in the gaugeglass is a sure sign of corrosion in the heating system or inthe boiler itself.

13.5.2 Scale Deposits

All water contains dissolved salts. Where water is hard,these are mainly calcium and magnesium compounds.Under boiler operating conditions, these salts come outof solution and form scale deposits on the boiler metal.This is due to decomposition of the bicarbonates andto the decreased solubility of calcium salts at highertemperatures. As the water is evaporated, the solidsare left behind and scale deposits build up. The scaleforms an insulating barrier on the boiler tubes, resultinginpoorerheat transfer and lowerefficiency. Scaledepositscan also cause overheating and failure of boiler tubes.

13.5.3 Metal or Caustic Embrittlement

Under certain conditions of high caustic alkalinitywhere the metal is under stress, cracks can develop inthe metal below the waterline and under rivets, welds,and longitudinal seams. This type of failure is typicallyfound in steel boilers.

13.5.4 Foaming, Priming, and Carryover

Foaming, priming, and carryover, which occur in steamboilers only, are closely associated with and refer to theformation of froth and suds on the surface of the water.

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Where this is severe, boiler water is carried over with thesteam. Excessive dissolved solids carried over can formdeposits in the steam piping and valves, which cancausea lossof efficiencyandadversely affect theoperationof the boiler and system components.

13.6 BLOWDOWN (STEAM BOILERS)

The purpose of blowdown on steam boilers is to keepthe amount of dissolved solids and sludge in the boilerwater under control. As the water is turned intosteam, the solids remain behind, and, unless there is100% condensate return, the solids content tends tobuild up. As a rule of thumb, about 1,000 ppm can beconsidered a safe maximum. A hard water containing200 ppm in the feedwater would tolerate five concentra-tions in the boiler. On the other hand, a soft water with 25ppm solids could concentrate 400 times before reachingthe critical point. To maintain satisfactory operationalconditions, the hard water would require 20% blowdownwhile the soft would require only 2%. With soft water,blowdown can possibly be held to once or twice aseason. With hard water, blowdown may be necessaryonce a month or even once a week. Blowdown shouldbe held to a minimum, since it involves heat lossesand, if excessive, wastes treatment chemicals. Drainsreceiving blowdown water should be connected to thesanitary sewer.

13.7 CHEMICAL FEEDERS

Simple chemical feeders are preferable, particularlywhere the treatment is to be added periodically, i.e.,more than once or twice a season. Where there is anyappreciable amount of blowdown, or loss of condensate,additional treatmentwill benecessary fromtime to time.Anumber of different feeder types may be used. Theseinclude open-type gravity feeders where the treatmentis to be fed manually in one slug or in periodic smallshots; closed-type gravity-drip and bypass feederswhere the treatment is to be fed in proportion to theamount of makeup water; and pot-type proportionalfeeders where slowly dissolving treatment crystals orbriquettes are used.

13.8 PROCEDURES

13.8.1 Determination of Water-ContainingCapacity

It is necessary to know thewater-containing capacity ofthe boiler so instructions can be given regarding therequired amount of boiler water treatment compound.If this information is not given on the boiler, in theboiler catalog, or other publications, then meter thewater at the time of the initial filling and record theinformation.

13.8.2 Making a pH or Alkalinity Test

The condition of the boiler water can be quickly testedwith hydrion paper, which is used in the same manner aslitmus paper, except it gives specific readings. A colorchart on the side of the small hydrion dispenser givesthe reading in ph. Hydrion paper is inexpensive andobtainable from any chemical supply house or througha local druggist. If a more precise measurement of pHis desired, a color slide comparator kit or pH meter isrecommended.

13.8.3 Mixing and Handling Chemicals

The chemicals, if liquid, should be diluted or, if solid,dissolved in accordance with the supplier’s directionsbefore they are added to the system. If the treatmentis a solid, make sure it is fully dissolved. A simplehand paddle to stir the solution is frequently all that isnecessary. If the chemicals are slow to dissolve, asteam line for heating the water and agitating themixture may be used to accelerate the process. Theuse of compressed air for this purpose is undesirablesince it will introduce additional oxygen that will neutra-lize reducing agents suchas sodiumsulfite. Since the treat-ment chemicalsmay be highly alkaline or skin irritating, itis advisable that personnel wear goggles and gloves whenthey are handling or mixing them. It is extremely impor-tant that personnel be aware of the potential hazardswhenever handling water treatment chemicals and thatthey closely follow all safety precautions recommendedby the chemical manufacturer. The Material SafetyData Sheets (MSDS) should be readily available foranyone handling or involved in the use ofwater treatmentchemicals.

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ARTICLE 14TREATMENT OF LAID-UP BOILERS

14.1 GENERAL

When steel boilers are out of service for any length oftime, such as a layup for the summer, they must beprotected from corrosion. This may be done either bydraining them and keeping the surfaces thoroughly dryor by completely filling the boiler with properlytreated water.

14.2 DRY METHOD

The boiler is drained, flushed, and inspected. Thesurfaces are then thoroughly dried by means of hotair. If the boiler room is dry and well ventilated, theboiler may be left open to the atmosphere. An alternateprocedure is to use a suitablemoisture absorbent, such asquicklime or silica gel, which is placed in the boiler in asuitable location. The boiler is then tightly closed. Every 2or 3 months, the boiler should be checked and the lime orgel replaced or regenerated, if necessary. The dry methodis not used on cast iron boilers.

14.3 WET METHOD

The boiler is drained, flushed, and inspected. It is thenfilled to the normal water level and steamed for a shorttime with the boiler vented to the atmosphere to expeldissolved gases. If the boiler is to be used to heatwater or for reheat in connectionwith an air-conditioningsystem, it may be left in this state, ready to operate. If,however, it is to be completely idle for some time, it ispreferable to fill the boiler to the top of the drum. Inany case, treatment should be used. This may be the regu-larly used treatment, or a caustic soda (400 ppm) andsodium sulfite mixture (100 ppm), or sodium chromate,in which case a minimum of at least 100 ppm should bemaintained on steam boilers and 300 ppm on hot waterboilers. During thedowntime, if feasible, it is goodpracticeto occasionally circulate the water with a pump. This isnecessary toprevent stratificationand toensure that freshinhibitor is in contactwith themetal. This is also trueofhotwater systems. Corrosion is apt to bemore serious duringthe downtime than when the boiler is actually in service.The wet method is generally used on cast iron boilers.

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MANDATORY APPENDIX IPERIODIC TESTING AND MAINTENANCE

I-1 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

Since the effective operation of all safety devicesdepends on their ability to respond to their activatingimpulses, a thorough inspection and maintenanceprogram should be established and performed on a peri-odic basis. Theprogramshould complywith the following:(a) The inspection and maintenance program should

be at least that recommended by the manufacturer.(b) Operability and set points , where applicable, on all

devicesshall beverifiedbyperiodic testing, and theresultsshall be recorded in the boiler log, maintenance record,service invoice, or other written record (see Figures I-1-1and I-1-2 for examples). The manufacturer’s instructionsshould be followed.(c) Any defects found during testing and/or inspection

should be brought to the attention of the boiler’s ownerand corrected immediately.

(d) Frequent inspection, adjustment, and cleaningshould be performed during initial startup operation toensure all safety controls and devices are functioningas intended and are in a reliable operating condition.

I-2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF PERSONNEL

(a) The qualified individual performing inspectionsand tests should be trained and familiar with all operatingprocedures and equipment functions and should becapable of determining that the equipment is in an as-designed operating condition. The individual should befamiliar with all precautions and should comply withthe requirements of the authority having jurisdiction.(b) Because of the variety of equipment and modes of

operation, owners and users should provide a detailedchecklist for the operator’s use in accordance withManufacturer’s instructions for the boiler, boiler unit,burner, and control device assembly.

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Figure I-1-1 Exhibit A (Cont’d)

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Figure I-1-2 Exhibit B (Cont’d)

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2019Since its first issuance in 1914, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) has been a flagship for modern international standards development. Each new edition reaffirms ASME’s commitment to enhance public safety and encourage technological advancement to meet the needs of a changing world. Sections of the BPVC have been incorporated into law in the United States and Canada, and are used in more than 100 countries. The BPVC has long been considered essential within the electric power generation, petrochemical, and transportation industries, among others. ASME also provides BPVC users with integrated suites of related offerings, including

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SECTION VI 2019 - falatghareh.ir · SECTION VI ASME BPVC.VI-2019 2019ASME Boiler and ... VIII Rules...

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