WaterSection C

SolubilitySolubility – amount of substance that can be

dissolved in a certain amount of water at a certain temperature

Saturated – Max amount of solute for a given amount of solvent

Unsaturated – solution that contains less solute than can normally be dissolved in a given amount of solvent

Supersaturated – unstable solution that contains more solute than can normally be dissolved in a solvent

SolubilityThree common ways to increase rate:Agitating the mixture.Increasing the surface area of the solute.Increasing the temp of the solvent.Heat of Solution – the overall energy change

that occurs during the solution formation process

Temperature and SolubilitySolubility Curve – relationship between

temperature and solubility

Solution ConcentrationSolution concentration – how much solute is

dissolved in a specific quantity of solventMeasured as a percent, ppm, and ppbPpm- parts per millionPpb – parts per billion

Solution ConcentrationPercent by mass = Mass of solute/mass of

solution X 100Ex. 4.5 g of salt mixed with 495.5 g of water

Ex. 10 g of sucrose is dissolved in 240 g of water

Heavy MetalsIron, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium are essential to

human health

Lead - Romans used lead pipes to transport water, it is believed that this lead to the fall of the Roman Empire

Lead's symbol Pb comes for the word Plumber, because it was used for plumbing

Lead was used as a gasoline additive for many, many years, but since we have switched to unleaded gasoline

US drinking water usually contains .05 ppm, although 1.4% of water contains more than this

Heavy MetalsMercury - only metallic metal that is a liquid

at room temperatureFound in thermometers, light bulbs, paints,

and used as an electrical conductorHg poisoning symptoms are numbness,

staggered walk, tunnel vision, brain damageIt is recommended that you only eat 1 fish

per month from the Mississippi River per month because of the mercury that is dissolved into the water

Heavy MetalsCadmium - Used in photography,

electroplating, paints, and batteriesSymptoms include headaches, coughing,

vomiting, kidney, and liver damage

Arsenic – Rat Poision

pH pH scale is a way to measure the acidity, or

alkalinity of a solutionScale goes from 0-14, 0 is most acidic, 14 is most

basicOne change on the scale is a 10 times increase or

decrease in the acidity or alkalinityAcids are made up of molecules including hydrogen

atoms and turn litmus paper redBases are made up of molecules including hydroxide

ions and turn litmus paper blue7 on the pH scale is neutral, drinking water has a pH

of 7

Acid/Base LabAdd your chart to your lab notebooks. Also take a piece of paper

and turn it horizontally. Make a line going across the entire page. Label one end 0 and the other end 14, space each number out equally. Put these substances on this line showing their acidity. Try to make this as accurate as possible.

Questions1.) which was the most acidic? why?2.) which was the most basic? why?3.) Explain why people take milk of magnesia when they have

stomach aches.4.) Explain why soap has the pH that it does5.) Is Kasson affected by acid rain? How do you know?6.) Which one were you closest on?7.) Which one were you farthest on?

Water termsElectronegativity – ability of an atoms to

attract electrons when bondingSoluble – When a substance dissolves in a

solventInsoluble – When a substance does not

dissolve in a solvent Immiscible – When two liquids mix, but

separate shortly after

Dissolved OxygenSolubility of gases decreases as the temp

increasesGas solubility increases as the solution temp

decreasesGas solubility also depends on pressure, it is

directly proportional to pressurePpm – parts per millionPpb – parts per billion

Dissolved OxygenFish are cold blooded, so their body temps

rise and fall with the surrounding water.As the fishes heat up so does their

metabolismsTherefore more oxygen is used up by aquatic

life when the temp is highMany industrial process use river/lake water

to cool their plants and put hot water back into the river/lake

Dissolved OxygenStreams contain high levels of DO because

the water is falling over rocks and mixing with the air above it

Streams usually contain fish species that need higher levels of DO like trout, salmon

Lakes contain lower levels of DO because the water is stagnant

Lakes contain fish species that don’t need such high levels of DO like catfish, carp, bullhead

Dissolved OxygenFish can suffocate from lack of oxygen, can

they be affected by too much oxygen?Fish need to live in oxygen levels below

110%-124%, anything more and the fish can die of gas bubble trauma

Fish KillSkim through your articles againAny new thoughts on the fish kill?