1 Section 5.2 – Kingdom Protista (pages 140-151) General Characteristics

Discrete, membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic) Contain organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosomes Most are microscopic and unicellular

Classification

Three groups based on type of nutrition: 1. Protozoa (Animal-like Protists) 2. Algae (Plant-like Protists) 3. Slime Moulds and Water Moulds (Fungus-like Protists)

1. Protozoa Heterotrophs (ingest or absorb food) Most live as single cells but some form

colonies Lack cell walls Are classified into 4 phyla depending on

their movement (flagella, pseudopodia, cilia, spores)

Reproduction is usually asexual, by fission Examples: Amoeba & Paramecium

Amoeba Paramecium

2. Plant-Like Protists Traditionally referred to as algae Aquatic & autotrophic

(photosynthesis) Classified into 6 phyla based on

chloroplasts and pigments Multi and unicellular Examples: Euglena, Diatoms

Euglena Diatoms

3. Fungi-like Protists Referred to as slime moulds and water moulds Have characteristics of plants, protozoa and fungi Have cellulose in cell walls (like plants) During their life cycle, slime molds become amoeba-like or have a flagellum (like

protozoa) At other times, they produce spores (like fungi) Prefer cool, shady, moist places such as under fallen leaves or on rotten logs. Glide from place to place leaving a slimy trail as they move over a surface Ingest food (heterotrophic) Example: Plasmodium

2 Representative Organism - Plasmodium vivax

Animal-like protist (Phylum Sporozoa) Responsible for the disease malaria Parasite carried by the female

mosquito Life cycle include two hosts;

Humans Mosquitos

Sporozoite cells invade and reproduce (asexually) in the liver of the human Sporozoites make their way into the blood stream where they can then become gametophytes and reproduce

sexually in the gut of a mosquito Study the life cycle of P. vivax on page 146 in the text

Section 5.3 – Fungi (pages 152-158) Kingdom Fungi

Once considered plants, but contain no chlorophyll and are not photosynthetic

Also unlike animals, therefore placed in own kingdom

Examples: Mushrooms, Bread molds, Mildew, & Yeast

3 Characteristics of Fungi

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic (saprophytes-break down dead matter) Most are multicellular (some are single celled, like yeast) Most of the organism is underground (like icebergs) Most are saprophytes (decomposers-break down organic compounds) Digestion is extracellular (food is digested externally before it is absorbed) In multicellular forms, food absorption takes place in the mycelium (a mesh of branching filaments where each

filament is called a hypha) Hyphae grow across the surface of the food source, secreting digestive enzymes to break down organic

molecules. Most hypha have cell walls that are reinforced with chitin

Fungi Symbionts

Symbiosis - a relationship in which each member benefits from the other

Mycorrhiza - symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots

fungus help the plant absorb nutrients

plant roots provide the fungus with food Reproduction

Asexually or sexually, fungi always produce spores (except for fragmentation-asexual method) Spores are reproductive cells that are dispersed by air currents Some fungi are parasites to plants or animals: athlete’s foot, ring worm, Dutch Elm disease Eating moldy food is dangerous because such food is likely to contain mycotoxins (fungal poisons) Fragmentation is the simplest method of asexual reproduction where pieces of hyphae are broken off and grow

into new mycelia. Also reproduce by creating spores either sexually (through meiosis) or asexually (through mitosis). Fungi classified by the type of spores they produce.

Representative Organism - Rhizopus stolonifera

Common Name - Bread Mold (although also attacks cheese, fruit and vegetables)

Phylum Zygomycota – named this because all of the organisms within this phylum can produce zygosporangium

Grows by extending ‘hypha’ along the surface of the bread and also extending rhizoids (root-like structures) into the bread

Uses both sexual and asexual reproduction, usually sexual when environmental conditions are unfavourable.

4 Asexual Reproduction

Usually reproduced asexually by mycelia producing sporangia that produce spores. The spores produce new mycelia.

Sexual Reproduction

Can reproduce sexually in unfavorable conditions.

Diploid (2n) structures known as zygospores develop after the union of two haploid (n) hyphae of opposite types (called mating strains + and -) fuse and combine their nuclei forming a zygosporangium, a thick walled structure capable of surviving extreme environmental conditions.

A thick wall develops around the zygospore to protect it during dormancy

It then absorbs water, germinates and begins to grow

When conditions are favorable, nuclear fusion occurs within the zygosporangium. The zygosporangium then germinates to produce sporangium which release spores.

See diagram on page 154 of text

Zygosporangium

5 Section 6.2 – Kingdom Plantae (pages 164-180) Characteristics of Plants

Synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis

Cell wall made of cellulose

Alternation of generations in life cycle

Lack of mobility

Multi-cellular

Structure

Consists of three main parts; – roots (anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals – Stem (provides support) – And leaves (site of photosynthesis

Classification of Plants

Based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds

Xylem - carries water and minerals to leaves

Phloem - transports food, synthesized in the leaves, throughout the plant

Seed - structure made up of an embryo, stored food and a durable, waterproof coat

There are two main groups;

Nonvascular Plants and Vascular Plants

Nonvascular Plants

No vascular tissue present

Water and nutrients move by diffusion and osmosis

Live close to ground (wetlands and ditches)

Need water for sexual reproduction – sperm swim to eggs

Have rhizoids (filaments that anchor the plant)

Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Vascular Plants

Use a vascular system for:

Transporting water, nutrients and minerals

Structural support

Do not need water to reproduce (except ferns)

Subdivided into two main categories:

Seedless

Seed-producing

6 Seedless Vascular Plants

Live in humid areas (need water to reproduce)

Leaves are called fronds

Sori (clusters of sporangia that form spores) are found underneath the fronds

Reproduce by spores(see handout for the life cycle of a fern)

Examples: ferns & fiddleheads

Seed-producing Vascular Plants

Two groups:

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms (naked seed) – cone bearing plants

Adaptations for survival:

Thin, needle-like leaves with a waxy cuticle (protect from harsh environments)

Roots extend over a wide surface area

Wing-like pollen (dispersal by wind)

Example – conifers Angiosperms (covered seeds) – fruit or flower bearing plants

Most widespread and diverse members of the Kingdom Plantae. Includes all flowering plants, including leaf-bearing trees.

Animals, wind and water aid in pollination

Seeds are protected within the fruit

Specialized structures/fruit for seed dispersal

Specialized tissues to survive heat, cold and drought

Attract pollinators

Flowers attract insects/animals that use the nectar for food

Insects/animals spread the pollen Reproduction

• The life cycle of plants consists of two generations which alternate between a haploid and a diploid stage, known as Alternation of generations.

• The diploid generation (2n) of a plant is known as the sporophyte which through produces haploid (n) spores that develop into a gametophyte

• For non-vascular plant, the haploid stage is dominant. • Most plants commonly known, spend the majority of their life cycle as the diploid stage • They produce gametes, haploid structures to reproduce sexually • Plants must have a method for each gamete to move from one plant (or plant part) to another. • Some (ie mosses and ferns) rely on dew or rainwater to disperse. • Most use the male gamete (pollen) being carried by the wind, insects, birds or humans. • The asexual phase usually involves fragmentation • After fertilization, a seed with a tough protective covering develops. • In some cases, this allows the seed to remain dormant and survive drought, fire or freezing. • This makes seed-bearing plants more diverse and successful than seedless plants.

7 Representative Organism - Ferns

• Remembering that the dominant phase of the life cycle is the sporophyte (2n).

• This includes the fronds which are grown from the rhizome.

• On the underside of the frond, you will find some sori which are clusters of sporangium

• Meiotic division within the sporangia produces spores (n) which are released when conditions are favourable.

• The spore germinates to produce a heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.

• The prothallus produces both the archegonia (girl) and antheridia (boy).

• Flagellated sperm released from the antheridia swim (ie moisture needed!) to the archegonium where the egg is fertilized.

• At this point, the prothallus supplies food to the zygote until it is able to photosynthesize and produce its own food.

• It then develops into the sporophyte ready to begin the cycle again.

Life Cycle of a Fern

8 Section 6.3 – Kingdom Animalia (pages 182-197) Characteristics of Animals

Multicellular and eukaryotic

Heterotrophic

Coordinate activities

Grow and reproduce sexually (some asexually)

Classified into two main groups

Vertebrates and invertebrates Animals are classified into 9 Phyla based on the following features:

Body organization (cells, tissues, organs)

# of body germ layers

Body symmetry

Presence of a complete or incomplete digestive tract

Development or absence of an internal body cavity (coelom)

Invertebrates

95 % of all animal species (insects, worms, sponges, starfish, etc)

No backbone

Includes Phylum Arthropoda which is the most successful group of animals due to:

An exoskeleton which is composed of chitin

Specialized body segments (head, thorax, abdomen

Well developed nervous system

Adaptations for gaining nourishment from other living organisms Invertebrate Phylums

Phylum Porifera

Sponges, primitive filter feeders

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flat worms eg. Tapeworms

Phylum Nematoda

the roundworms; very long and narrow eg. Ascaris

Phylum Annelida

long bodies that have segments divided externally by shallow rings eg. earthworms

Phylum Mollusca

Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams

Gastropods – snails, slugs

Cephalopods – squids, octopi

Phylum Echinodermata

Sea urchins and sea stars

Phylum Arthropoda

Spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects, millipedes, and more

9 Vertebrates

5% of all animal species

Sub-phylum of Phylum Chordata (animals with a dorsal nerve chord, a notochord, and gill slits at some point in their lives)

Have a backbone and a nerve chord

Presence of vertebrae (hollow, cartilaginous or bony structures that surround and protect the dorsal nerve chord)

6 Classes of Vertebrates (with jaws)

Ectotherms (cold blooded) Endotherms (warm blooded)

Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish and sharks Class Aves - birds

Class Osteichthyes – bony fish (salmon and tuna) Class Mammalia

Class Amphibia – amphibians (salamanders and frogs)

Class Reptilia – reptiles (snakes and lizards)

Representative Organism - The Frog (Rana sp.)

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Vertebrata

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

Family Ranidae

Genus Rana

Characteristics of the Frog

Amphibian means “double life”

Begins life in the water (gills) and later lives on land (lungs)

No tail as an adult ~ Order Anura (without a tail)

Short backbone

Moist and smooth skin

Teeth on upper jaw

Long, powerful jumping legs with webbed feet

Eggs laid in clusters

Eats insects, spiders, small fish, worms

Life Cycle of the Frog

Lives near water to lay eggs

Fertilized eggs hatch into tadpoles and swim in fresh water (gills)

Tadpole grows and develops legs and loses tail

The adult frog breathes with lungs and lives on land