Section 2 Large Marine Ecosystems of the world. Objectives To understand relationships between...
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Transcript of Section 2 Large Marine Ecosystems of the world. Objectives To understand relationships between...
Section 2
Large Marine
Ecosystems of the
world
ObjectivesTo understand relationships between
organisms within ecosystemsTo identify the connection between
environment, biodiversity and ecological niches
ReviewBinomial nomenclature created by Linneaus
in the mid-1700sEach species has a two part name1st – generic name (genus)2nd – specific name (species)
Terms to Know!Term Definition Example
Habitat Place where organisms live
Ecological Niche
The role of an organism within an ecosystem
Species A group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Population
Organisms of the same species, living in the same area
Community
All the different species living in a habitat at the same time
Ecosystem
Living organisms and the chemical and physical factors which influence themWith a partner, take 2-3 minutes and come up with marine
examples of the terms listed above!
The ecosystem is affected by…
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
AbioticFactors
The ecosystem is affected by…
What identifies an ecosystem:Biotic Abiotic
Living components of an ecosystem
Nonliving components of an ecosystem
Greek meanings:Bio = livingtic = of or pertaining toA = not; without
List 5 examples of each!
Marine Ecosystem Examplehttp://vimeo.com/28417462Rocky Shore – organisms living here, linked
together by flows of energy forming a food web, and their environmentAnimals must be able to adapt to changing
tides
Habitat ExampleHydrothermal vent – provides habitat for
species of tube worms
Population ExampleGhost crabs
(Ocypode saratan) living in the sandy shores
Mollusc community on a rocky shore (all different species of molluscs)
Species ExamplesSkipjack tuna
(Katsuwomus pelamis)
Red mangrove trees (Rhizophora mangle)
Ecological Niche ExamplesEcological niche of great white shark = top
predatorOrganisms which occupy similar niches will
tend to compete with each other forResources
Food Space in their habitat
BiodiversityTakes into account:
# of different species presentRange of habitats and ecosystems
Examples:
CORAL REEFSHigh biodiversity w/
many species present
SANDY SHORELow biodiversity w/ few species present
QuadratA square used in ecology and geography to
isolate a sample, usually about 1m2 or 0.25m2
Used to investigate the diversity of organisms in a suitable habitat (example: rocky shore or sandy shore)
Section 2 of Marine Ecosystems
Relationships between organisms
SymbiosisThe relationship between 2 different
organisms, where BOTH derive some benefit from the relationshipExamples
Corals and zooxanthellae Cleaner fish and grouper Chemosynthetic bacteria and tubeworms
ParasitismRelationship between organisms where 1
organisms benefits at the expense of the other (the host)
Parasites obtain nutrients from hostEctoparasites
Live on OUTSIDE of the host Example: Fish lice
Endoparasites Live INSIDE host (digestive system, attached to gills,
muscle tissue) Example: nematodes (roundworms) living in fish
Trophic Levels“feeding levels” in a food chain
or a food webProducers 1st trophic levelPrimary consumers2nd trophic
levelSecondary consumers 3rd
trophic level
More Terms…Term Definition
Producer Organisms which synthesize organic substances from simple organic compounds using light from the Sun
Consumer An organism that obtains its energy by feeding on other organisms
Primary Consumer
Feed on plant material (AKA Herbivore)
Secondary Consumer
Feed on herbivores ((AKA Carnivore)
Predator An animal that catches, kills, and eats another animal
Predator-Prey RelationshipFactors which affect # of predators in an ecosystem
Availability of food As the # of prey increases the # of predators increases As the # of prey decrease the # of predators decrease
http://vimeo.com/45154593
What would a graph of this relationship look like?With a partner create a graph? Be prepared to
explain your graph!
Predator-Prey Graph
ChemosynthesisSymbiotic bacteria convert H2S into organic
material: H2S + CO2 + O2 + H20 CH2O + H2SO4
Hydrogen sulphide is the primary energy source for hot vents and cold seeps
What is a Shoal?Large numbers of fish of the SAME species
and approximately the SAME size.Referred to as a ‘school’ when the group of fish
is swimming together in a coordinated way.
Benefits of Shoaling1. Hydrodynamic efficiency
Groups of fish save energy when swimming together
Benefits of Shoaling2. Predator avoidance:
a) Confusion effect: It is difficult for predators to pick out individual prey from groupsb) Many eyes effect as size of group increases, the task of scanning for predators can be spread out
Benefits of Shoaling3. Foraging Advantages : Time taken to
find food is decreased
4. Reproductive Advantages: Provides increased access to potential mates
Types of shoalersFish can be obligate or facultative shoalers:
Obligate – spends all their time shoaling or schooling and may become agitated when separated from the group (examples: tuna, herring, anchovy)
Facultative – shoal only some of the time, perhaps only for reproductive purposes(examples: Atlantic cod)
What is Succession?The gradual process of change that occurs in
community structure over a period of timeExample
SuccessionAs plant communities
change the animal communities change.
Succession at Hydrothermal VentsOne of the first animal species to inhabit the area
around a hydrothermal vent is the tube worm Tevnia.
Tevnia is replaced by the larger and faster growing tube worm Riftia.
Riftia tubeworms can grow up to two meters long. This
adult tubeworm that has been removed
from its white tube.
Tevnia are usually white, but this clump of worms is stained brown from iron in the vent fluids. The largest worm in this clump (with more white color) is a different species - a Riftia tubeworm.
Tevnia Riftia
What is a Whale Fall?When a whale dies, the carcass sinks to the
sea floor…this is known as a “whale fall”
The video below shows the gradual change in the community structure over time
Feast in the Deep
Boneworms on Dead Whales in Monterey Bay
Extreme & Unstable Environments
Tend to have LOW biodiversity! Example 1: Sand-easily dries out and
easily eroded by wind and water currents
Example 2: hydrothermal vents-high pressure, high temperature, few organisms adapted to these conditions
Stable & Favorable EnvironmentsTend to have HIGH biodiversity!
Example: Coral Reefs
Specialized Niche Generalized NicheNarrow range of food
requirementsLive in specific habitat
Example: Butterfly fishTerritorialLive closely w/corals and
anenomes
Exploit a wider range of food sources
Live in wider range of habitats
Ex: TunaMigratoryFeed on many different
species of fish
Why do habitats with high biodiversity tend to contain narrow ecological niches?
Each species has its OWN niche within the ecosystemWhat would happen if the niches overlapped?
INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION and one species will die out!
Narrow niches reduce overlap and therefore reduce competition