SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES Chapter 3

Chapter 3 SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES

Distinguish between latitude and longitude and locate

coordinates on maps.

Explain how latitude and longitude can be used to locate

places on Earth’s surface.

Explain the international date line.

A GLOBAL ADDRESS

• scientists developed a way to describe every location on earth

using a global address

• method uses two sets of numbers (called coordinates). They tell

us where to find a location using a grid system, like the lines on

graph paper.

It's like saying, "You can find my house where Maple Road

crosses Elm Street." Instead of streets, the global address uses

numbered horizontal and vertical lines called latitude and

longitude.

• a location is described by giving the numbers of the lines that

intersect (for example, 20 latitude north, 90 longitude west).

LOCATIONS ON EARTH

• The points at which Earth’s axis of rotation intersects Earth’s surface are used as reference points for defining direction.

• These points are the geographic North Pole and South Pole. • Halfway between the poles, a circle called the equator

divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

• A reference grid that is made up of additional circles is

used to locate places on Earth‘s surface.

LATITUDE

• The horizontal lines of latitude are called parallels because they run parallel to the equator.

• Parallel- circle that runs east and west around Earth. Each circle is a line of latitude

• Imagine them as horizontal "hula hoops" around the earth.

• The latitude line numbers measure how far (angular distance) north or south of the equator a place is.

• The equator has the number 0 degrees latitude. The numbers get larger the further away from the equator up to 90 degrees. Latitude locations are given as __ degrees north or __ degrees south.

DIAGRAM SHOWS EARTH’S PARALLELS

DEGREES OF LATITUDE

• Latitude is measured in degrees

• The equator is zero 0º latitude

• North and South pole is 90º

• Actual distance 1º = about 111km

• Minutes and Seconds

• Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts, called

minutes. One minute (symbol: ‘ ) of latitude equals 1.85 km.

• Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds

(symbol: ‘’).

LONGITUDE

• The vertical longitude lines are called meridians.

• Think of these as hula hoops cut in half, attached from one

pole to the other.

• meridian -any semicircle that runs north and south

around Earth from geographic North to South Pole

• longitude -the angular distance east or west from the

prime meridian; expressed in degrees

PRIME MERIDIAN

• The prime meridian line runs vertically, right over

Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the

South Pole. It is numbered as 0 degrees longitude.

• Numbers increase the further away you move, up to

180 degrees. Longitude locations are given as __

degrees east or __ degrees west.

• The meridian opposite the prime meridian, halfway

around the world, is labeled 180°, and is called the

International Date Line.

HOW DOES THE INTERNATIONAL DATE

LINE WORK?

• Runs through the middle of Pacific Ocean

• imaginary line that separates two consecutive calendar days

• It is not perfectly straight

• Immediately to the left of the International Date Line the date is

always one day ahead of the date (or day) immediately to the right

of the International Date Line in the Western Hemisphere

• So, travel east across the International Date Line results in a day,

or 24 hours, being subtracted. Travel west across the International

Date Line results in a day being added.

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

In figi its Thursday

September 11Th

In American Samoa its

Wednesday

September 10th

PRACTICE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

1. 33°N latitude, 112°W longitude







THE END

Pick two SECRET locations and figure

out what their approximate

coordinates are. Write down the

coordinates and give them to

another student (but don't tell him

or her the name of the location).

Ask that student to point out on an

atlas where the locations are.

Did your classmate find your secret

sites?

BELLRINGER

-- Japanese war planes bombed Pear Harbor on Hawaii on

December 7, 1941, and in doing so, pushed the US into war

against Japan.

Japanese war planes bombed US bases in the Phillipine

Islands on December 8. Why did they wait an extra day?

They didn't! Hawaii is on the other side of the date line from the

Phillipines. Actually the attacks occurred on the same day.

TOPOGRAPHIC LANDFORMS

LANDFORMS ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

• The spacing and direction of contour lines indicate the

shapes of the landforms represented on a

topographic map.

• Closely spaced contour lines indicate that the slope is

steep.

• Widely spaced contour lines indicate that the land is

relatively level.

LANDFORMS CONTINUED

• A contour line that bends to form a V shape indicates a valley.

• The bend in the V points toward the higher end of the valley (this V points upstream, or in the direction from which the water flows)

• Contour lines that form closed loops indicate a

hilltop or a depression. • Closed loops that have short straight lines

perpendicular to the inside of the loop indicate a depression.

TERRAIN FEATURES

• Ridgeline- (aka mountain) is a line of high ground, usually

with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all

sides

• Ridgeline non interchangeable with the term ridge.

• Major Terrain Features: Hill, saddle, valley, ridge, depression

• Minor Terrain Features: draw, spur, cliff, cut, fill

VALLEY RIDGE

Valley- Stretched out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or

rivers

Ridge- sloping line of high ground

Depression- a low point in the ground or a sinkhole, represented by

closed contour lines with tick marks that point toward low ground

TERRAIN

Hill- area of high ground, contour lines form concentric circles, inside

smallest closed circle is the hilltop

Saddle- dip or low point between two areas of high ground, if in a

saddle there is high ground in two opposite directions and low

ground the other two directions, contour lines look like an

hourglass

Draw- less developed stream course than a valley, has basically no

level ground, contour lines are U-shaped or V-shaped, pointing

toward high ground

Cliff- vertical or near vertical feature, an abrupt change of land, if

extremely steep contour lines converge into one “carrying” contour

line

SADDLE DRAW

Spur Cliff

TERRAIN

Cut- man-made feature resulting from cutting through

raised ground (forms road or railroad usually)

Fill- man-made feature resulting from filling a low area to

usually make a road

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SYMBOLS

• Symbols are used to show certain features on topographic maps.

• Symbol color indicates the type of feature.

Constructed features, such as buildings, are shown in black. Highways are shown in red. Bodies of water are colored blue, and forested areas are colored green.

• Contour lines are brown or black.

OTHER TYPES OF MAPS

• Soil maps are valuable tools for agriculture and land management.

• Geologic maps are designed to show distribution of geologic features, such as the types of rocks found in a given area and the locations of faults, folds, and other structures.

• Some Earth scientists use maps to show the location and

flow of both water and air. • Other types of Earth scientists use maps to study changes

in Earth’s surface over time.

USE THE FIGURE BELOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1–2.

THE FIGURE SHOWS THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AN AREA

SURROUNDING THE ORR RIVER.

1. What location on the map has the

steepest gradient?

A. location A

B. location B

C. location C

D. location D

1. What location on the map has the steepest

gradient?

A. location A

B. location B

C. location C

D. location D

Chapter 3

13. In which direction is the river in the

topographic map flowing? What information

on the map helped you determine your

answer?

Chapter 3

2. In which direction is the river in the topographic map flowing? What information on the map helped you determine your answer?

Answers should include the following: The river is flowing from northwest to southeast; the contour lines near the river form V shapes, and the tips of the Vs point upstream; the Vs in the map point to the northwest.

Chapter 3

SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES Chapter 3

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