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Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Maryland State HighwayAdministration’s
Secondary and CumulativeEffects Analysis
Guidelines
For Environmental Impact Statements and Environmental Assessments
Rev. 07/21/99
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
MODULES
• (Module 1) How to determine which resources should be considered in a SCEA
• (Module 2) How to establish the SCEA geographical boundary
• (Module 3) How to determine SCEA time frames
• (Module 4) How to develop SCEA land use information
• (Module 5) How to prepare the analysis & reach SCEA Conclusions
• (Module 6) Presentation of SCEA in the environmental documentation
MODULES
• (Module 1) How to determine which resources should be considered in a SCEA
• (Module 2) How to establish the SCEA geographical boundary
• (Module 3) How to determine SCEA time frames
• (Module 4) How to develop SCEA land use information
• (Module 5) How to prepare the analysis & reach SCEA Conclusions
• (Module 6) Presentation of SCEA in the environmental documentation
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Provide SHA employees, federal and state resource agencies, local governments and consultants:
• Consistent procedures in conducting a secondary and cumulative effects analysis.
• A clear definition of direct impacts, secondary impacts and cumulative effects.
• A clear understanding of how SCEA applies to project development.
• Knowledge to facilitate the review of SCEA documentation.
Provide SHA employees, federal and state resource agencies, local governments and consultants:
• Consistent procedures in conducting a secondary and cumulative effects analysis.
• A clear definition of direct impacts, secondary impacts and cumulative effects.
• A clear understanding of how SCEA applies to project development.
• Knowledge to facilitate the review of SCEA documentation.
Training GoalsTraining Goals
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
SHA Case Studies - Project LocationsSHA Case Studies - Project Locations
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
• NEPA and CEQ regulations
• “Secondary” versus “cumulative” effects
• SHA’s SCEA Guidelines
• SCEA and the SHA Project Planning Process
• Levels of Environmental Documentation
• NEPA and CEQ regulations
• “Secondary” versus “cumulative” effects
• SHA’s SCEA Guidelines
• SCEA and the SHA Project Planning Process
• Levels of Environmental Documentation
SCEA BackgroundSCEA Background
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations require that the secondary and cumulative effects of a project be examined along with direct impacts (40 CFR 1508.25 (c)).
Compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations require that the secondary and cumulative effects of a project be examined along with direct impacts (40 CFR 1508.25 (c)).
NEPA and CEQ RegulationsNEPA and CEQ Regulations
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
“Secondary” Effects - Effects which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. Secondary effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the patterns of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems (40 CFR 1508.8(b)).
Secondary effects are a subset of cumulative effects. An example of secondary effects is:
• Commercial and residential development following construction of a highway or the addition of new access points to a highway.
“Secondary” Effects - Effects which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. Secondary effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the patterns of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems (40 CFR 1508.8(b)).
Secondary effects are a subset of cumulative effects. An example of secondary effects is:
• Commercial and residential development following construction of a highway or the addition of new access points to a highway.
SCEA Introduction
“Secondary” versus “Cumulative” Effects“Secondary” versus “Cumulative” Effects
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Per SHA's SCEA Guidelines, secondary effects may occur:
• When local governments or developers identify planned development that will not proceed without a specific project or transportation alternative.
• Zoning or land use changes that may occur (based upon professional judgement) as a result of each project alternative retained for detailed study.
Per SHA's SCEA Guidelines, secondary effects may occur:
• When local governments or developers identify planned development that will not proceed without a specific project or transportation alternative.
• Zoning or land use changes that may occur (based upon professional judgement) as a result of each project alternative retained for detailed study.
SCEA Introduction
“Secondary” versus “Cumulative” Effects - continued“Secondary” versus “Cumulative” Effects - continued
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
“Cumulative” Effects - The impact on the environment which results from the action when added to other past, present and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (federal,or non-federal) or person undertakes such actions (40 CFR 1508.7, 1997). Some examples of cumulative effects include:
• Incremental loss of wetlands under the Nationwide permit program.
• Forest fragmentation related to roadway right-of-way construction and other development over time.
• Population declines in nesting birds from multiple tree harvests over time.
• Increase in stormwater peak flows and pollutant loadings from commercial and residential development.
• Decrease in active farmlands due to development pressures.
“Cumulative” Effects - The impact on the environment which results from the action when added to other past, present and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (federal,or non-federal) or person undertakes such actions (40 CFR 1508.7, 1997). Some examples of cumulative effects include:
• Incremental loss of wetlands under the Nationwide permit program.
• Forest fragmentation related to roadway right-of-way construction and other development over time.
• Population declines in nesting birds from multiple tree harvests over time.
• Increase in stormwater peak flows and pollutant loadings from commercial and residential development.
• Decrease in active farmlands due to development pressures.
SCEA Introduction
“Secondary” versus “Cumulative” Effects - continued“Secondary” versus “Cumulative” Effects - continued
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
• Federal agencies have routinely addressed direct, and, to a lesser extent, secondary effects of their proposed actions on the environment.
- Analyzing cumulative effects was more challenging because of the difficulty of defining geographic
and time boundaries.
- As a result, very little attention has been given to cumulative effects until recently.
• The availability of data, particularly agency - published resource reports/ inventories, coupled with the
development of GIS technology, have contributed to the increase in feasibility of incorporating secondary/cumulative effects analysis in the NEPA process.
• Federal agencies have routinely addressed direct, and, to a lesser extent, secondary effects of their proposed actions on the environment.
- Analyzing cumulative effects was more challenging because of the difficulty of defining geographic
and time boundaries.
- As a result, very little attention has been given to cumulative effects until recently.
• The availability of data, particularly agency - published resource reports/ inventories, coupled with the
development of GIS technology, have contributed to the increase in feasibility of incorporating secondary/cumulative effects analysis in the NEPA process.
NEPA and CEQ Regulations - continuedNEPA and CEQ Regulations - continued
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Provide general purpose procedures and a “consistent” framework for preparing a SCEA. This includes:
• Introduction
• Scoping/Initial SCEA activities
• Analysis
• Mitigation
Provide general purpose procedures and a “consistent” framework for preparing a SCEA. This includes:
• Introduction
• Scoping/Initial SCEA activities
• Analysis
• Mitigation
SHA’s GuidelinesSHA’s Guidelines
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Introduction
• Definitions - Secondary and Cumulative
• Combinations of Direct, Secondary and/or Cumulative Effects
• Levels of Environmental Documentation
Introduction
• Definitions - Secondary and Cumulative
• Combinations of Direct, Secondary and/or Cumulative Effects
• Levels of Environmental Documentation
SHA’s Guidelines - continuedSHA’s Guidelines - continued
Scoping/Initial SCEA Activities
• Resource Identification/Data Availability
• Setting the SCEA Geographical Boundary.
• Setting SCEA Time Frames - Past and Future
Scoping/Initial SCEA Activities
• Resource Identification/Data Availability
• Setting the SCEA Geographical Boundary.
• Setting SCEA Time Frames - Past and Future
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
Analysis
• Refinement of Geographical Boundaries and Resources
• Data Collection and Mapping
• Analysis Methodologies - Trends, Overlays, Matrices, Interviews
Analysis
• Refinement of Geographical Boundaries and Resources
• Data Collection and Mapping
• Analysis Methodologies - Trends, Overlays, Matrices, Interviews
SHA’s Guidelines - ContinuedSHA’s Guidelines - Continued
Documentation
• Preparing the Written SCEA Summary
• Responsibilities of SHA, agencies and locals
• Existing regulations and protective measures
Documentation
• Preparing the Written SCEA Summary
• Responsibilities of SHA, agencies and locals
• Existing regulations and protective measures
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
SCEA DON’TEach SCEA is unique based upon its “Project Purpose and Need” and its “Alternatives Retained for Detailed Study.” Do not apply a “cookie cutter” approach!
SCEA DON’TEach SCEA is unique based upon its “Project Purpose and Need” and its “Alternatives Retained for Detailed Study.” Do not apply a “cookie cutter” approach!
SHA’s Guidelines - continuedSHA’s Guidelines - continued
SCEA Introduction
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
The following combinations of direct, secondary and/or cumulative impacts of an alternative on a resource may be encountered in transportation projects:
• Direct, Secondary and Cumulative Impacts- Typically, larger capacity-adding or economic
development projects. SHA examples include MRECAS, Hickory Bypass and US Route 1.
• Direct and Cumulative Impacts Only- Typically, smaller improvement-type projects, such
as bridge replacements and widenings to alleviate congestion/improve safety, but can include larger projects. SHA examples include US 113 Planning Study, MD 4 and MD 5.
• Secondary and Cumulative Impacts only- Probably not encountered often.
If project alternatives do not result in direct or secondary impacts upon a resource, then no further analysis of that resource is required.
The following combinations of direct, secondary and/or cumulative impacts of an alternative on a resource may be encountered in transportation projects:
• Direct, Secondary and Cumulative Impacts- Typically, larger capacity-adding or economic
development projects. SHA examples include MRECAS, Hickory Bypass and US Route 1.
• Direct and Cumulative Impacts Only- Typically, smaller improvement-type projects, such
as bridge replacements and widenings to alleviate congestion/improve safety, but can include larger projects. SHA examples include US 113 Planning Study, MD 4 and MD 5.
• Secondary and Cumulative Impacts only- Probably not encountered often.
If project alternatives do not result in direct or secondary impacts upon a resource, then no further analysis of that resource is required.
SCEA Introduction
SHA’s Guidelines - continuedSHA’s Guidelines - continued
Combining Impacts
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
SCEA and the SHA Project Planning ProcessSCEA and the SHA Project Planning Process
STAGE I - Preliminary Alternatives Development through the “Public Alternates Workshop”.
STAGE II - Detailed Environmental and Engineering Studies through circulation of the Draft Environmental Document and the conducting of the Location/Design Public Hearing.
STAGE III - Identification of the selected alternative and preparation of the decision document.
STAGE I - Preliminary Alternatives Development through the “Public Alternates Workshop”.
STAGE II - Detailed Environmental and Engineering Studies through circulation of the Draft Environmental Document and the conducting of the Location/Design Public Hearing.
STAGE III - Identification of the selected alternative and preparation of the decision document.
SCEA Introduction
Project Planning Stages
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
IRM - Interagency Review Meeting
SCEA Introduction
SCEA and the SHA Project Planning Process -continued
SCEA and the SHA Project Planning Process -continued
Secondary & Cumulative Effects Analysis Training
Program
• Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), including Supplemental Environmental Impact Statements (SEIS's)
• Environmental Assessments (EA's)
• Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), including Supplemental Environmental Impact Statements (SEIS's)
• Environmental Assessments (EA's)
Levels of Environmental Documentation Levels of Environmental Documentation
SCEA Introduction
SHA’s SCEA Guidelines apply to