Second World War Conferences
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The Conferences of World War Two
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References:
• Handbook, pages: 114 - 116
• Text, pages: 134-35, 137, 146-47, 154-55
Note: There were more conferences than those listed in your references - these are just some of the most significant ones.
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The leaders:
The Big 3
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Time Line
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
Nfld Conf. (Atlantic Charter)
Que Conf. #1
Casablanca Conf.
Cairo C
onf.
Yalta Conf.
Potsdam Conf.
Teh
ran C
on
f.
Dum
bart
on O
aks
Con
f.
Bret
ton
Woo
ds C
onf.
Que Conf. #2
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1. NEWFOUNDLAND: Aug, 1941
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Sometimes called the Atlantic Conference
• Churchill and FDR
• Discuss common war aims
• Create the Atlantic Charter
The U.S. recognizes the threat to Britain (the Battle of the Atlantic is NOT going well),
sooooo…
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• The “14 points” of WW2 (actually only 8)
• Model for UN
• Start of the GRAND ALLIANCE
Churchill’s rough draft
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Charter’s 8 Points:
•The USA and Britain agreed to seek no territorial gains as a result of the outcome of World War II.•Any territorial adjustments would be made with the wishes of the affected people taken into consideration.•Self-determination was a right of all people.•A concerted effort would be made to lower trade barriers.•The importance of the advancement of social welfare and global economic cooperation were recognized as important.•They would work to establish freedom from fear and want.•The importance of freedom of the seas was stated.•They would work towards postwar disarmament and the mutual disarmament of aggressor nations.
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I’m not going to kiss you, if that’s what you want!
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The Charter was a natural progression…
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2. CASABLANCA: Jan, 1943
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Churchill and FDR agree thatChurchill and FDR agree that
• Germany must surrender UNCONDITIONALLY.
• Did not want to repeat the errors of WW1 (ie. stab in the back).
• Published the Casablanca Declaration = outlines the requirement for surrender.
How could this prolong the war?
How would Germany react?
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3. QUEBEC (One): Aug, 1943
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Why is he always moving into
my space?
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• D-Day (the AlliesD-Day (the Allies’’ Priority!) is set for Priority!) is set for May 1, 1944 May 1, 1944 (a date not realized).(a date not realized).
• Pacific theatre is reorganized.Pacific theatre is reorganized.• Discuss A-Bomb progress + share info Discuss A-Bomb progress + share info
(Stalin not in on the secret - or so they think…).(Stalin not in on the secret - or so they think…).
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4. CAIRO: Nov, 1943
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Zones of Occupation?
FDR’s musings of
post-war Europe while on the ship to
Cairo…
UUSSA A ZoneZone
Brit Brit Zone Zone
USSR USSR ZoneZone
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Later this came out at Yalta
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A bunch of other guys…
Chiang FDR Churchill Madam Chiang
WHO WAS WHO WAS ABSENT?ABSENT?
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• Planned operations for China.
• Post-war: a) Manchuria to China;
b) Korea to be free (who had
controlled Korea since 1910?).
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5. Quebec (Two): Sep, 1944
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• Churchill presses for Mediterranean
• Phase 2 Lend-lease $ to UK
• FDR still won’t recognize DeGaulle
• Morgenthau Plan given tentative approval:
• Hyde Park Agreement
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6. TEHRAN: Nov-Dec, 1943
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BEST FRIENDS?
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• FIRSTFIRST MEETING OF THE BIG 3.
• Churchill ensures cordiality.• USA/UK agree to open 2nd front (vs.
Churchill’s Med. Strategy - Balkans Greece).
• USSR agrees to fight in Pacific (for a price…after Germany is defeated)
• Post-war Poland buffer is planned.
FDR’S NOTES
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Curzon Line in the East
USSR regains land lost to Poland in Treaty of Riga 1921.
(Remember the UK Foreign Secretary from 1919?)
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Oder-Niesse Line in the West: Poland’s Compensation
Not finalized + the plan for Germany is deferred to another meeting.
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7. YALTA: Feb, 1945
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Livadia Palace:Fit for a Tsar
MostMost important of important of
all the all the
conferences?conferences?
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• Zones vs 1944 Morgenthau Plan to break apart Germany
• Nuremburg• USSR in Pacific 3 months after V.E.• Disarm Germany (details later)• USSR to allow elections in East (FDR soft on
guarantees - needs Stalin)• Poland still not finalized - leave that for the
peace treaty (Potsdam).
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Churchill’s Plan
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Roosevelt’s Paln
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Morgenthau Plan:
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Final Decision
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• Approved 1944 Dumbarton Oaks re: U.N. (also 1944 Bretton Woods - IMF/World Bank).
• Plan 1945 San Fran. in April to draft Charter.
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8. Potsdam: Jul-Aug 1945
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The Reichstag: fall of Berlin 02 May, 1945
Local time
Zulu
tim
e
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Potsdam Declaration
• Truman, Chiang and Churchill define terms for Japanese surrender with threat of “prompt and utter destruction” (w/o mention of the Bomb).
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How would new leaders from the democracies change the treaty negotiations?
I beat that Tory, Churchill.
FDR died; I was VP.
I “man of steel;” l always be here!
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Generally, who rule the conquered right after a war?
E
B
C
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Germany had divided: what goes around…
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Remember FDR’s Map?
11
22
44
33
55
66
77
88
Who appears to get the best zone?
Spheres of Influence?
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• Which two countries switched spots?
• Which country now has zones?
• What about the capital, Berlin?
• Note: Austria was similarly divided
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Potsdam was not intended to be the peace treaty;
it can be divided into two parts:
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CHANGE GERMANY
• Dismantle her war industries - split up navy + destroy most subs (some kept for research)- rocket program moved to USA
• Reparations (more to USSR)• Denazification
- no Nazi groups, symbols, leaders
• and
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TrialsTrials for war criminals for war criminals
G
Only 35,000 of the estimated 150-200,000 responsible were tried and convicted. The Brits had only 3 investigators; the Americans 320 - all work was suspended in 1948; trouble with the Allies was brewing.
Saying you were ORDERED to commit a war crime is no defense!Remember Henry V: “Every subject’s duty is the King’s, but every subject’s soul is his own.” IV, i, 161-162
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Dealing with the USSR
• At the start of the conference the
A-Bomb was unproven; how would its success affect the way the US dealt with the USSR? What about Truman’s hatred for Stalin?
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Allied Control Council
• What would happen if denazification created a leadership void?
• What are the types of things the Council would have to administer?
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Making Sense How can the conferences be divided:• Who attended the first ones - what did they
concern?• When did the Big 3 get together - what stage
in the war was this?• When did the focus change from war to post-
war?• How important were personalities and
relationships?• Were compromises necessary?• How do the decisions of 1945 compare to
1919?
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Remember
Understanding the outcome of WW2 and the reasons for the decisions made will help you to grasp the later outcomes in the bi-polar world of the Cold War.
end
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