Second State of European Cities Report Report prepared for the European Commission,...

Second State of European Cities Report

Report prepared for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional Policy under a contract following a call for tenders “Urban Audit Analysis II“

by RWI (Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)Difu (German Institute for Urban Affairs)PRAC (Policy Research and Consultancy)NEA Transport Research and Training

Essen, Berlin, Bad Soden, Zoetermeer, November 2010

Uwe Neumann, RWI

Brussels, 29 June 2011

✱ Introduction: Issues and approach

✱ City typology

✱ Urban Trends

✱ Results/Policy Implications

2

Contents

Issues of the report✱ providing up-to-date policy-relevant information on urban

characteristics and urban dynamics in Europe

✱ discussion of intermediate results with DG Regio, Eurostat, a panel of experts and a panel of representatives from all EU countries

✱ The key issues arise from the literature oni. urbanisation,ii. economic change and its impact on social cohesion, iii. the emergence of a knowledge economy, iv. governance of cities and regions.

✱ These issues correspond with the priorities for a reformed cohesion policy: innovation, climate change, migration, children, skills, ageing (Barca 2009)

Introduction 3

4

yes; 15

no; 12

Question to panel members: “Do you know any projects, publications or reports in your country where Urban Audit data was used?”

Own survey among 27 members of City Panel

Introduction

Results from Urban Audit City Panel Workshop with 30 city representatives in Berlin, March 2009

Further remarks✱ Response rates vary to a high extent among countries and

cities.✱ National responsibility could be delegated to a small team

instead of one person.✱ Many workshop participants had not been using Urban Audit data

so far.✱ Urban Audit in general was assessed as useful, particularly for

comparison between cities similar in size and characteristics.

City Typology

City typology

✱ Comparison of cities with similar basic characteristics

✱ Based on the Urban Audit 2004 - update and revision of typology from first State of European Cities Report

✱ Statistical classification using a step-wise strategy of “information compaction”

6City typology

City typology – Indicators by UA Domain

7City typology

F1-F4: Factors 1-4, = highest correlation with factor

* Additional data (NUTS 3)** Data from European Patent Authority

Total resident population – F4% of population < 5 – F2% of population 35-45 – F1% of population > 75 – F1Total population: core city/LUZ ratio – F1 (-)Population change 2001-2004 (in %) – F2, F3

GDP per head in PPS* - F1 Patent intensity** - F1% of employment in services – F1, F3New businesses in % of all companies % of units providing ICT services – F1, F2Unemployment rate – F1 (-)

Prop. of working age population qualified at level 5 or 6 ISCED (university) – F3

ISCED 5-6 (university) students per 1000 inhabitants Annual cinema attendance per resident – F1

days PM10 concentrations >50 µg/m3 % of solid waste processed by landfill – F1 (-)

Natural population change 2004 – F2 Murders and violent deaths per 1,000

inhabitants

Multimodal accessibility (EU27=100) – F1Population density – F4

DE

SA

TE

EC

CR

EN

TT

City types

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

GD

P p

er

hea

d (in

PP

S)

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000Total population

Principal Metropolises Regional Centres

Smaller Centres Towns and Cities of the Lagging Regions

Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)

8City typology

City types


9City typology

A Principal Metropolises

B Regional Centres

C Smaller Centres

D Towns & Cities of the Lagging Regions

Urban Audit (EU)

Urban Audit (non-EU)

Size of circle is relative to population in core city* in 2004

10,000,0001,000,000

500,000100,000

*Paris: Kernel

Urban Trends

Population

✱ … picture of urban growth in Europe is diverse.

✱ … urban population in Europe grew from 2001 to 2004.

✱ …fastest growth in largest and most prosperous urban regions.

✱ In Principal Metro- polises, growth was high in the outer urban zones.

✱ Cities in lagging regions have not yet managed to “catch up”.

Urban Trends: Population 11

Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2001, 2004), 329 obs. (core cities), 294 obs. (LUZ)

Population change by city type 2001 – 2004 in %

Population


-3

-2

0

2

3

5

6Capital city Type A (non-capital) Type B Type C Type D other Country UA cities (weighted average)

Northern Central Western Southern

DK FI NO SE BG CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI AT BE FR DE IE LU NL CH UK CY GR IT MT PT ES TR

Northern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western Southern

Average annual population change 2001-2004 in LUZin %, by country, macro-region and city type

Population

✱ The first component of city growth is migration.

✱ Northern Europe: city growth corresponds with net migration

✱ Central Europe: cities lose population due to out-migration

✱ Western and Southern Europe: diverse picture

✱ The second component is natural population change.

✱ low urban birth rates in Northern, Western and Southern Europe, high urban birth rates in Central Europe

✱ city growth due to birth surpluses in peripheral regions

✱ cities of Western/Southern Europe and large cities of Central Europe: growth depends on attracting migrants, because there is a surplus of deaths over births.


Urban Trends: Economy 14

Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004) and regional statistics from Eurostat (NUTS 3)

GDP per head (in PPS)by country, macro-region and city type

…disparity of wealth between macro-regions

…concentration of wealth in capital cities

…below-average prosperity in Smaller Centres (Type C)

… low prosperity in Towns & Cities of Lagging Regions (Type D)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000




Northern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western Southern

Economy



Multi-modal accessibility 2004, deviation from the EU27 average in %

Capital city Type A (non-capital) Type B Type C Type D other UA cities (weighted average)Northern Central Western Southern


Northern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western SouthernNorthern Central Western Southern100

50

0

- 50

-100



Tertiarisation Proportion of employment in the finance sector and in other servicesCore cities with >85% of employees in the service sector, 2004, in %

0

20

40

60

80

100

Finance Sector Other Services

…high concentration of services in large cities of Northern and Western Europe

17

Own calculation based on PATSTAT

Patent intensity

10,000,000

1,000,000

500,000

100,000

above 50

25 - 50

1 - 5

below 1

Size of circle is relative to population in core city* in 2004

Urban Audit (EU)

Urban Audit (non-EU)

*Paris: Kernel

5 - 25

Patent applications per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004

…innovation and prosperity combine

Urban Trends: Economy

18


Share of foreignersBy city type, 2004 (in %)

The most prosperous cities attract the largest number of immigrants from foreign countries; international migration to peripheral locations is low.

0

10

20

30

40

50

Weighted Average

A Principal

Metro-polises

BRegional Centres C

Smaller CentresTowns & Cities of the

Lagging Regions

D

Urban Trends: Cultural Diversity

19

Unemployment rate 2004, in %


Unemployment rate (2004) and change of unemployment rate 2001-2004 in core cities and outer zones of LUZ

Change of unemployment rate 2001-2004, in %-points

Core Cities: dark colour Outer Zones: light colour

In large cities unemployment concentrates in core cities, in small and peripheral cities in inner and outer zones.

In the Towns and Cities of the Lagging Regions unemployment is high but decreased from 2001 and 2004, both in core cities and outer zones.

Urban Trends: Social cohesion

20

40

50

60

70

80






Employment rate Ratio of employed persons to population of working age 2004 (in %)

It is an urban paradox that in many cities throughout Europe, employment rates are below the national averages, while most jobs are concentrated in cities.

Urban Trends: Social cohesion

21

Governance

✱ The term ”governance” is widely used to refer to matters of both public administration and civic involvement.

✱ As an instrument to measure the capacity of municipal administration, the index of “city powers” as elaborated by the first State of European Cities report has been revised in this section.

✱ Cities with relatively large administrative “powers” draw their overall scope more from political autonomy than from sheer size or “weight” within countries.

✱ The proportion of municipal authority income derived from local taxation is therefore a highly relevant indicator of the scope of municipal authorities to engage in local “governance” processes.

Urban Trends: Governance

22

Air quality

Number of days PM10 concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³2004

0

50

100

150

200






In Southern and Central Europe, at least half of the cities in each country report PM10 concentrations above the limit of 50µg/m3 on more than 50 days per year.

Urban Trends: Environment

✱ …diverse picture of population growth and decline European cities. Depending on fertility rates and migration flows, cities face challenges such as a shrinking and ageing population.

✱ …high concentration of economic prosperity in parts of Northern and Western Europe and in capital cities of most countries. The potential for growth exists across all types of territories.

✱ Cities are focal points of regional innovation networks. European policy can support favourable conditions for education, research and exchange particularly in cities.

✱ …urban paradox persists: jobs concentrate in cities, but many city residents do not participate in the labour market. Social inclusion is therefore a key priority of the urban dimension of cohesion policy.

Results/Conclusions 23

Selected results

Policy Implications

✱ …task of EU policy to support regions and cities in improving the conditions of life and work in densely populated areas.

✱ …support of cities in matching the supply of skills with labour market demands.

✱ …support of economic performance in smaller cities and more remote regions of Central Europe, so qualified people can find adequate job opportunities there.

✱ …support of “smart specialisation”, which seeks to identify and support the economic core activities of a region, i.e. focusing on endogenous potentials.

✱ …monitoring of the environmental situation in cities and support of cities/regions to overcome the “paradox of affluence”, i.e. the environmental impact of production.

24Results/Conclusions

✱ European policy must be built on sound information about territorial diversity. Success of European policy depends on measures with an urban focus. Continuing efforts to improve knowledge about urban characteristics and trends are required.

✱ annual UA with reduced indicator set

✱ complete UA in three-year steps

✱ Large City Audit: reduced indicator set for all ~250 non-UA cities

✱ Urban Atlas, CARP

25

Implications for European city statistics

Results/Conclusions

Full report available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/themes/urban/audit/index_en.htm

Executive summary available in three languages DE, EN, FR

Second State of European Cities Report Report prepared for the European Commission,...

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