Second Language Acquisition - University of California...
Transcript of Second Language Acquisition - University of California...
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Second Language AcquisitionLIGN 170, Lecture 15
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A few terms...• Bilingualism: any degree of proficiency in
multiple languages
• Native bilingualism: acquisition of multiple languages as children
• Second Language Acquisition/Learning: learning a second language (L2) after already mastering a first language (L1)
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Adult L2 Acquisition• Learning a language after already acquiring a
native language is different from learning two languages natively
• Age of onset of acquisition makes a difference
• True even for first language!
• L2 speakers who could otherwise pass as native will still have holes in their L2 knowledge that only come out under testing
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Quantifying language skill• Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR)
• American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)
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ILR Scale Definition ACTFL Scale
5 Able to speak like an educated native speaker Native
4+4
Able to speak with a great deal of fluency, grammatical accuracy, precision of vocabulary and idiomaticity Distinguished
3+3
Able to speak with structural accuracy & vocabulary to participate well in most formal & informal conversations Superior
2+ Satisfy most work requirements and show some ability to communicate on concrete topics Advanced Plus
2 Satisfy routine social demands/limited work requirements Advanced
1+ Satisfy most survival needs/limited social demands Intermed. High
1 Some survival needs/some limited social demandsBasic survival needs & min. courtesy requirements
Intermed. MidIntermed. Low
0+ Able to satisfy immediate needs with learned utterances Novice - High
0 Able to operate in only a very limited capacityUnable to function in spoken language/at all
Novice - MidNovice - Low
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Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?
• Is it possible to learn a second language as an adult and become a native-like speaker?
• How do multiple languages get organized in the brain?
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Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?
• Is it possible to learn a second language as an adult and become a native-like speaker?
• How do multiple languages get organized in the brain?
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Language representation
L1 L2
Distinct
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Language representation
L1 L2
Shared
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Phonological representations
/ð/
/p/ /β/ /h/
/s/ /G/
/p/ /t/ /t/
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Phonological representations
/ð/ /t/
/p/ /β/
/h/ /s/ /G/
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Lexical representations
house casa
table perro dog
mesa
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Lexical representations
house casa
table perro dog
mesa
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Syntactic representations
VP
VNP PP
S’
NPNPV
S’
V NP
VP
VNP PP
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Syntactic representations
VP
VNP PP
S’
NPNPV
S’
V NP
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Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?• Phonological• Lexical• Syntactic
Evidence for both distinct and shared systems at all three levels
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Phonological representations
/G/
/ð/
/t/
/p/ /β/
/h/
/s/ /G/
/G/
/ð/
/t/
/p/ /β/
/h/ /s/ /G/
/p/
/t/
SharedDistinct
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Shared phonology?• Preparation Paradigm
• Faster to say list of words when they share initial phonetic segment
Trigger Recallfruit meloniron metal
grass meadow
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Shared phonology?• Preparation Paradigm
• Faster to say list of words when they share initial phonetic segment
Trigger Recallfruit meloniron metal
grass meadow
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Shared phonology?• Preparation Paradigm
• Effect goes away if even single item does not have same initial segment
Trigger Recallcrime feloniron metal
grass meadow
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Shared phonology?• What about when words come from different
languages?
• Dutch/English Bilinguals (Dutch dominant)
Roelofs (2003)
Trigger Recallfashion style
tafel stoelpebble stone
chairtable
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Shared phonology?• What about when words come from different
languages?
• Dutch/English Bilinguals (Dutch dominant)
Roelofs (2003)
Trigger Recallfashion style
tafel stoelpebble stone
chairtable
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Results
600
650
700
750
800
English-Dutch Dutch-English
Same Different
stylestoelstone
floorblikstyle
stipsteamstaal
fluitbladestip
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Shared phonology• Results suggest that same sound is
represented in the same system for both languages
• Phonological overlap between languages for shared sounds
/ð/
/t/
/p/ /β/
/h/
/s/ /G/
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Lexical representations?
house casa
table perro dog
mesa
InteractionDistinct
house
casa
perro dog
mesa table
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Shared lexicons?• Evidence from Picture-Word interference
paradigm
• See picture plus word
• Ignore word
• Name picture
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tableDOG
Unrelated Control condition
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table
TABLEFaster naming time than
unrelated controlWord primes concept, which then helps name
picture faster
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book
tableTABLE
Faster naming time than unrelated control
Word primes concept, which then helps name
picture faster
chair
desk
bookshelf
pen
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tableCHAIR
STROOP-LIKE EFFECT“chair” competes with “table”
lexically and conceputallySlows naming time
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book
table tablechair
desk
bookshelf
pen
STROOP-LIKE EFFECT“chair” competes with “table”
lexically and conceputallySlows naming time
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Distractors in other languages
• So, what happens when distractor word is the same word in another language
• Same meaning?
• Different meaning?
• Tested with Spanish-English bilinguals
• (Costa & Caramazza, 1999)
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mesa
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mesaMESA
Same Language
Matching Word
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mesaSILLA
Same Language
Semantically Related Word
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mesaCOCHE
Same Language
Semantically Unrelated Word
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mesaTABLE
Difference Language
Matching Word
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mesaCHAIR
Different Language
Semantically Related Word
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mesaCAR
Difference Language
Semantically Unrelated Word
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Big question:Will different-language, identical distractors act like competitors or identical words?
We assume that both words will activate same concept...
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Big question:Will different-language, identical distractors act like competitors or identical words?
book
TABLEchair
desk
bookshelf
pen
mesaTABLE
Faster Naming Time:Overlap in conceptual
spaceNo lexical competition
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mesaTABLE
Big question:Will different-language, identical distractors act like competitors or identical words?
book
table mesa
desk
chair
silla
Slower Naming Time: Overlap and thus
interaction between lexical representations
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Results
0
225
450
675
900
Same Language Different Language
Unrelated Identical Relatedco
che
mes
a
silla
car
tabl
e
chai
r
Faster Naming Time:Overlap in conceptual space
No lexical competition
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Results
house casa
table perro dog
mesa
Separate Lexicons
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Syntactic representations
VP
V NP PP
S’
NPNPV
S’
V NP VP
V NP PP
S’
NPNPV
S’
V NPVP
V NP PP
SharedDistinct
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No interaction?• Syntax forms the core of any language
• least vulnerable to external influence
• least borrowed aspect between languages
VP
V NP PP
S’
NPNPV
S’
V NPVP
V NP PP
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Evidence for interaction• Code switching/mixing
• Systematic lack of syntactic conflict:
• I put the knives en la mesa.
• I put the knives on the table.
• Syntactic conflict extremely rare:
• He ran to the house chiquita.
• He ran to the little house.
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Syntactic priming revisited• Hearing one kind of syntactic structure
makes a speaker more likely to use that same structure
• Active voice : Active voice
• Passive voice : Passive voice
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The boy swung the bat.
The lightning struck the church
Active Active
Syntactic Priming
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The bat was swung by the boy.
The church was struck by the
lightning.
Passive Passive
Syntactic Priming
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Different structures• Dative alternation
• I gave the boy the book.
• I gave the book to the boy.
• VERB NP NP
• VERB NP PP
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The lawyer sent his client the contract.
The woman showed the man
the dress.
VERB NP NP VERB NP NP
Syntactic Priming
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The lawyer sent the contract to his client.
VERB NP PP VERB NP PP
Syntactic Priming
The woman showed the dress
to the man.
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Syntactic priming revisited• Hearing one kind of syntactic structure
makes a speaker more likely to use that same structure
• Does this occur across languages in bilingual speakers?
• Tested in German-English bilinguals (German dominant) (Loebell & Bock, 2003)
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The lawyer sent his client the contract.
Bilingual syntactic priming
?
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The lawyer sent his client the contract.
Bilingual syntactic priming
Eine Frau zeigt
einem Mann ein Kleid
VERB NP NP VERB NP NP
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Der Rechtsanwalt schickte seinem Klienten
den Vertrag.
Bilingual syntactic priming
A woman showed her client
the dress
VERB NP NP VERB NP NPStronger than English German
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Bilingual structural priming• Priming occurs between common structures
in different languages
• Greater deviation between structure types weakens effect
• Strongest effect from dominant to non-dominant language
• Suggests: common structural representations or processes involved between languages
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Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?
• Is it possible to learn a second language as an adult and become a native-like speaker?
• How do multiple languages get organized in the brain?
![Page 60: Second Language Acquisition - University of California ...grammar.ucsd.edu/courses/00-OLD/2005SP/lign170.SP2005/Lectures/Lecture... · Adult L2 Acquisition • Learning a language](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022041623/5e4029ef15c3902ff73914ec/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?
• Is it possible to learn a second language as an adult and become a native-like speaker?
• How do multiple languages get organized in the brain?
![Page 61: Second Language Acquisition - University of California ...grammar.ucsd.edu/courses/00-OLD/2005SP/lign170.SP2005/Lectures/Lecture... · Adult L2 Acquisition • Learning a language](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022041623/5e4029ef15c3902ff73914ec/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?
• Is it possible to learn a second language as an adult and become a native-like speaker?
• How do multiple languages get organized in the brain?
![Page 62: Second Language Acquisition - University of California ...grammar.ucsd.edu/courses/00-OLD/2005SP/lign170.SP2005/Lectures/Lecture... · Adult L2 Acquisition • Learning a language](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022041623/5e4029ef15c3902ff73914ec/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
L2 Learning• L2 acquisition is usually incomplete
compared to native bilingual or monolingual acquisition
• Rare people who excel at L2 acquisition
• Ordinarily:
• Incomplete phonological acquisition
• Incomplete (if subtle) syntactic acquisition
![Page 63: Second Language Acquisition - University of California ...grammar.ucsd.edu/courses/00-OLD/2005SP/lign170.SP2005/Lectures/Lecture... · Adult L2 Acquisition • Learning a language](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022041623/5e4029ef15c3902ff73914ec/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Some questionsPsycholinguistic questions that have motivated L2 research:
• Do bilinguals experience interference between their two language systems?
• Is it possible to learn a second language as an adult and become a native-like speaker?
• How do multiple languages get organized in the brain?
![Page 64: Second Language Acquisition - University of California ...grammar.ucsd.edu/courses/00-OLD/2005SP/lign170.SP2005/Lectures/Lecture... · Adult L2 Acquisition • Learning a language](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022041623/5e4029ef15c3902ff73914ec/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The bilingual brain• L1 and L2 occupy different areas of the brain
• Greater proficiency = greater overlap
• Multiple L1s occupy same areas
• L1 is more focal - concentrated into smaller area of the brain
• L2 is more distributed - spread out over larger portion of the brain
![Page 65: Second Language Acquisition - University of California ...grammar.ucsd.edu/courses/00-OLD/2005SP/lign170.SP2005/Lectures/Lecture... · Adult L2 Acquisition • Learning a language](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022041623/5e4029ef15c3902ff73914ec/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)