UNIT 4Second Great Awakening, Reforms,

Manifest Destiny, Texas Annexation, Mexican-American War

RELIGION Leaders: Charles Finney,

Richard Allen, the Beechers Period of revivals filled with

emotion and drama Goals:

Thought it was individual’s job to seek salvation and improve society

Brought Christianity to slaves

Use church to fight slavery

EVENTS: REVIVALS Day: participants

studied the Bible and examined their own souls

Night: emotional sermons that included yells, tears, and fear

Purpose was to awaken religious faith

AFRICAN AMERICAN CHURCHES Second Great Awakening brought

Christianity to slaves Belief that all people, black and white,

belonged to the same GodRural south- camp meetings and church

services open to blacks and whitesEast- segregated churches

Membership grewBecame a political, cultural, and social

center for African Americans

African American churches developed into political institutions

Organized first black conventionHosted by Richard AllenExplored idea of a free African

American and slave settlement in Canada

Religious connectivity provided groundwork and support for the fight against slavery.

UNITARIANISM Criticized emotional revivals Focused on reason Thought conversion was a gradual

process Ellerly Channing- most famous preacher

BELL RINGER 10/31 1. List the 3 components of the

American System.

SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS

PUBLIC EDUCATION Leader: Horace

Mann Goals:

Mandatory attendance

Standard curriculaTax supported schoolsTeacher training

Events: promoted public education state and nationwide

PRISONS AND ASYLUMS Leader: Dorothea Dix Goal: raise awareness of the cruel treatment of the

mentally ill; move from punishment programs to rehab programs

“Beat the devil out of him” Bleedings Dunking Electric shock Frontal lobotomy Hot irons on head Lowering into snake pits Shackling Spinning Drilling hole in skull Wrapping in wet sheets

Event: Dix establishes 9 mental hospitals in the South

ABOLITION Growing support for abolition, to outlaw

slavery, increased Non-violent abolitionists (Leaders):

Garrison and DouglassEvents: William Lloyd Garrison- started The

Liberator, a newspaper to support freeing slaves

Frederick Douglass- began speaking at Garrison’s society meetings Started his own antislavery newspaper, The

North Star

Violent abolitionists (Leader): Nat TurnerEvent: Nat Turner’s rebellion

A preacher who thought it was his job to lead people out of slavery

Turner and 80 followers attacked 4 plantations and killed almost 60 white people

Was captured tried and hanged In response, whites killed 200 blacks

DEFENDING SLAVERY Slave codes “the happy slave” The gag rule

WOMEN’S MOVEMENT Cult of domesticity

Kept women at home with few rightsWomen should cook, clean, take care of

husbands, and bear childrenWomen should be “moral force” of society

SENECA FALLS CONVENTION Led by Lucretia Mott and

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of Sentiments

adopted Few improvements Officially marked

beginning of women’s movement

TEMPERANCE Goal: to curb consumption of alcohol Leader: Carrie Nation, Frances Willard Events: bars ransacked, Women’s

Christian Temperance Union formed

Drunkenness had become problem in families

Temperance organizations held rallies, produced pamphlets, and decreased consumption

A model like Norway’s prison system would be beneficial in the United States.

Tough prisons deter people from committing crimes to start with and encourage former prisoners to behave so they don’t have to go back.

If prisons were as nice as Norway’s prisons, people would commit more crimes to have a nice place to live.

Prisons should focus on rehab instead of punishment.

TRANSCENDENTALISM For those who thought

revivals were too public Transcendentalists led by

Ralph Waldo EmersonEmphasized simple living and

celebrated nature, personal emotion, and imagination

Started a literary movement that supported freedom, optimism, and self-reliance

HENRY DAVID THOREAU Abandons

community life Lives alone for 2

years Urged people to

practice civil disobediencePeacefully refuse to

obey laws instead of protest

UTOPIAS Groups of people who sought to create a

“perfect place” Some intellectually based:

New Harmony, Indiana- a pre-Marx socialist experiment; very socially advanced for the time

Brook Farm, near Boston- focused on manual labor, self-reliance, spirituality; home of famous transcendentalist writers including Emerson and Hawthorne

Some religious basedThe Mormons

Founded by Joseph SmithThe Shakers

Non-religious communities ended sooner due to fighting amongst citizens and lack of productivity

HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL ARTISTS

HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL ARTISTS

Mainly landscape paintings that portray nationalism

GOING WEST

MANIFEST DESTINY Expansionists wanted New Mexico,

Texas, and California Played on weakness of Mexican

government and economy Expansion would come at expense of

Native Americans and Mexicans Southern states wanted more slave

areas

MANIFEST DESTINY “The American claim is by the right of

our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty…self-government entrusted to us.”

- John L. O’Sullivan, New York Morning News, 1845

TRAILS WEST Santa Fe Trail- traders looking for

commercial activity with the Mexicans Oregon Trail- farmers looking for fertile

land in Oregon Mormon Trail- Mormons and led to the

Great Salt Lake in Utah; travelers seeking religious freedom

California Trail- emigrants seeking fertile land and GOLD

TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE Organized by the US government to

restrict Indians and protect emigrants Treaty restricted Indian presence close

to trails

DONNER PARTY VIDEO 1. What was the main source of

transportation along the trails? 2. What type of materials were the

travelers given to help them on their journey?

3. What happened to the Donners’ wagon?

4. How long were the Donners stranded? 5. What did the Donners eat once they

ran out of food?

TEXAS Mexico invited American settlers into

Texas Americans had to agree to

become Mexican citizensPractice Roman CatholicismAccept the Mexican constitution

BUT the Mexican constitution banned slavery

Americans settle east of San Antonio and establish Austin, TX

By 1835-Americans in Texas (Anglo-Texans)

outnumber Tejanos (Hispanic population in Texas) 6 to 1

Americans do not honor their end of the dealStill ProtestantSmuggling African slaves to work their

farms

TENSIONS BUILD Unstable Mexican government in Texas Santa Anna seizes power of Mexico City

Believed in authoritative military government

Worries Texans

REVOLT! Texans declare independence and

adopted republican constitution“Lone Star Republic”

Santa Anna brings army to stop rebellion

Mexican Army attacks small Texas garrison at the Alamo12 days of cannon fireMexican troops overrun walls and kill all

TexansExecutes Texas prisoners

REMEMBER THE ALAMO! Those killed at the

Alamo become martyrs Texans trapped Santa

Anna; led by Sam Houston

Battle of Jacinto- Houston’s men kill 630 and capture 730 including Santa Anna

Santa Anna signs treaty recognizing TX independence

BUT THAT WASN’T THE END. Now, Texas is a lone country. Sam Houston- first president

Asks US to annex TexasNorth- did not want to add another slave

stateHouston threatens to join British empire

And then comes…

JAMES K. POLK Expansionist Annexation of TX was

key issue in election Ran against Henry

Clay Vows to win Oregon

territory for the North Polk wins!

OREGON TERRITORY Polk compromises with Britain Split Oregon Territory at 49th parallel North is mad Polk cannot afford two wars

MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR

LEADING UP TO WAR… Congress votes to annex TX Makes border dispute between TX and

Mexico even worse Mexico does not recognize annexation Polk sends American troops to occupy

borderlands led by Gen. Zachary Taylor Polk drafts a declaration of war Mexican patrol clashes with American

soldiers 11 Americans killed

US ADVANTAGES US army is much larger, well-supplied,

and wealthier Led by Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott,

and Stephen Kearney Mexico was politically divided because

of Santa Anna’s power

THE WAR US wins every major battle

Kearny conquers New MexicoSeized control of CaliforniaCaptured Mexican cities including Mexico

City

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO Ended Mexican American War Forced Mexico to give up the northern

third of their country Added 1.2 million square miles to US

GADSDEN PURCHASE US obtained additional 30,000 square

miles of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico

WILMOT PROVISO Proposed by Congressman David Wilmot

Would ban slavery in newly acquired territories

Passed in the House, failed in the Senate

15 years later- passes in House, fails in Senate

Brought question of slavery to forefront

GOLD RUSH LETTER In your groups, create 3 generalizations

from the letter. For each generalization, you should

have 2 evidences. Organize it like this:

Generalization 1 Evidence 1 Evidence 2

And so on… Then, summarize the letter in 4

sentences or less.

THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH 1849- hence the name 49ers Mass migration of people from East to

San Francisco Many came from South America,

laborers migrated from China

CA Population1847- 14,0001852- 225,000

Mining began as a difficult processExpensive food and

clothingDiseasesLawlessness

EFFECTS OF GOLD RUSH Discrimination

Levied taxes on foreign minersNative Americans killed by thousandsMexicans had to pay the tax

California seeks statehoodProblem: already 15 free states and 15

slave states