Thesis on Thermochemical Processes for Second Generation Biofuels
SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS: A UK PERSPECTIVE
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SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS: A UK PERSPECTIVE
Melvyn F. AskewFounder of Census-Bio
Visiting Professor at Harper Adams University College
Fellow of Central Science Laboratory
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DEFINITIONS
Biofuels = replacement of gasoline or diesel, or in the longer term kerosene
by bioresources
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European Union strategies for biorenewables
Heat – Energy for the Future: Resources of Energy
Liquid biofuels – A Strategy for Security of Energy Supply
Whilst not competing for the same feedstocks at present these two markets could compete in the future
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THE UK MARKET FOR VEHICLE FUELS
UK uses approximately 20 million tonnes per annum each of diesel and gasoline
NB The diesel:gasoline split in private motoring in UK and wider EU is quite different from that of North America
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Liquid Biofuels in UK
UK already produces biodiesel from vegetable oils. Operational capacity is
<500,000 tpa.UK will produce bioethanol from simple
sugars ( grain; sugar beet) soon.
UK is likely to import some of its biofuel feedstocks or in the case of bioethanol,
finished product e.g. From Brazil
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First Generation (Conventional) Biofuels.
Biofuel Type Specific Names Biomass Feedstock
Production Process
Bioethanol Conventional bioethanol Sugar beet, grains Hydrolysis & fermentation
Vegetable Oil Pure plant oil (PPO) Oil crops (e.g. rape seed)
Cold pressing/ extraction
Biodiesel Biodiesel from energy crops
Rape seed methyl ester (RME), fatty acid methyl/ethyl ester
(FAME/FAEE)
Oil crops (e.g. rape seed)
Cold pressing/ extraction &
transesterification
Biodiesel Biodiesel from waste FAME/FAEE
Waste/cooking/frying oil/animal fat
Biogas Upgraded biogas (Wet) biomass
Bio-ETBE Bioethanol
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Imports of Biofuels to UK
- Currently primarily from Brazil
- In future: Bioethanol from southern Africa
Biodiesel ( from Jatropha) from for example India
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Jatropha species
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The UK Arable Cropping Area
UK arable area is relatively small
Reaching EU targets of 10% biofuels for 2010 will be challenging
The food v. fuel debate is emerging
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Biofuel Vision for 2030.
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Technology roadmap: vision for biofuels for 2030+.
20051st Generation,e.g. biodiesel
2010/20202nd
Generation,e.g.
bioethanol and sunfuel
2030 and 2030+
Integrated biorefineries
A European Vision.
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Second Generation Biofuels.
Biofuel Type Specific Names Biomass Feedstock
Production Process
Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic material
Advanced hydrolysis & fermentation
Synthetic Biofuels Biomass-to-liquids (BTL):Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel
Synthetic (bio)dieselBiomethanol
Heavier (mixed) alcoholsBiodimethylether (Bio-DME)
Lignocellulosic material
Gasification & synthesis
Biodiesel Hydro-treated biodiesel Vegetable oils & animal fat
Hydro-treatment
Biogas SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) Lignocellulosic material
Gasification & synthesis
Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic material
Gasification & synthesis or
biological process
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Trees and Grassland.
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Second Generation Biofuels in UK
Will not be commercialised until 2020 ? Will add value to the rural economy
through the use of low level ‘wastes’ Could cause market conflicts with bio-
heat Will eventually lead to the introduction
and commercialisation of fully integrated biorefining
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INDUSTRY IS CHANGING ITS FOCUS
-New power trains which demand synthetic fuels (BtL)
-Biofuel vehicles eg (Ford and Saab E-85)-Lighter weight (lean) vehicles with lower
fuel demands
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SAAB BIO POWER
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THE FUTURE
If our target is to reduce fossil fuel demand reduce net
CO2emissions/environmental impact of vehicles, then we must integrate our
approaches and prioritise demands for land use.
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THE FUTURE
We must look to integrated approaches!!
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Optimising Use of Bio-Resources.
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Current Uses:
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Reduced speed = Reduced fuel consumption
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