Seawater desalination – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Best Available Techniques (BAT)
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Transcript of Seawater desalination – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Best Available Techniques (BAT)
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Seawater Desalination – A need forEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Best Available Techniques (BAT)
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Global seawater desalination capacity
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Lattemann and Höpner (2009), primary data from IDA (2007). Map includes all plants that are presumed online or in construction and all sites with a capacity > 1,000 m3/day.Lattemann & Höpner (2009), primary data from IDA (2007). Map includes all plants that are presumed online or in construction and all sites with a capacity > 1,000 m3/day.
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Ashkelon (330,000 m3/day)
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Projected growth
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Australian SWRO projects
Perth144,000 m3/dAdditional projects: 144,000 m3/d (2011)?450,000 m3/d (2020)?
Gold Coast:133,000 m3/d
Sydney:250,000 m3/dExtension: 250,000 m3/d?
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Résumé of the introduction
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Energy demand
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Energy use and CO2 emissions
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Energy demand in perspective — Sydney
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Is energy demand significant?
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Desalination using renewable energyno large desalination plant directly driven by RE, only used as a compensation measuremostly small stand-alone systems directly driven by RE:
ED RO
Wind / Tidal
Radiation (PV)
Electricity
Mechanical (turbine)
MD MSFMEDTVC
Non-concentrating- flat plate or tube designfor domestic purposes
Concentrating- parabolic trough / dish- flat mirrors (Fresnel)- power tower
Solar energy
Heat (collector)Solarstill
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Parabolic systemDishTrough
Planar mirrorsTowerFresnel
Concentrating solar thermal collectors
Linear receivers Point receivers
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National Initiative for Solar Desalination
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh:
Initial phase (3 years): • Energy: 10 MW produced by solar energy• Water: 30,000 m3/d in Al Khafji
Second phase (3 years): • building a 300,000 m3/d solar-powered desalination plant
Third phase (3 years): • implementation of solar desalination plants
in several parts of the country
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Spanish approach
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Australian approachWhole effluent toxicity (WET) tests
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Whole effluent toxicity testsSWRO Plant Species
protectionlevel
No. of speciesused in
WET tests
Species protectiontrigger value
(safe dilution ratio)
Gold Coast 95% * 6 species 9 : 1Perth 95% * 5 species 12 : 1 Sydney 95% * 5 species 30 : 1 Olympic Dam 99%** 15 species 45 : 1
Ecosystems: * slightly to moderately disturbed** high conservation value 0.7 psu above ambient in
300 m in 90% of time 1100 m in 99% of time
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Desalination – a green technology?
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Sustainable projects | green technologies
UNEP Guidance on EIA for desalination projects (2008)
www.unep.org.bh/Publications/Type7.asp
Extensive EIA and monitoring studies in progress for several desalination projects worldwide
internationally accepted BAT standards for desalination plants are still missing
U.S. EPA announced new rulemaking on drinking water treatment effluents including “facilities that discharge […]desalination concentrates […]”
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Conclusions
Resource-intensive process with significant impacts
need for project- and site-specific EIA studies
need for technology standards (BAT)
Mitigation measures exist for all significant impacts
sustainable desalination is technically feasible,
even with existing technologies
three examples
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Mitigating energy use & GHG emissionsMinimization:
• energy use minimized to reduce costs in most projectsby using state of the art technology
Compensation: of energy use if considered significant environmental impact
• most countries entered an international agreementto reduce GHGs (Kyoto Protocol)!
• Australia: all SWRO projects use indirect renewable energy
• Carlsbad project, Southern California: Climate Action Plan at an estimated US$ 76 million imposed on the project
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Mitigating salinity impactsRegulatory mixing zones:• define the spatial & temporal distribution limit
of the concentrate plume
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests:• determine the safe dilution ratio of the concentrate• to be met at the edge of the regulatory mixing zone
Modeling studies: • determine the best diffuser location and design
to achieve the safe dilution ratio
Field monitoring studies• to detect possible ecological impacts using a
before-after, control-impact (BACI) approach
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Mitigating chemical use
Treatment: of all intermittent wastes• pretreatment backwash (media filters, UF/MF) • cleaning solutions (SWRO, UF/MF membranes)
Substitution: of harmful chemicals where possible
• Tampa Bay (Florida), London (UK), Jumeirah (UAE): chlorine replaced by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) due to elevated chlorination by product formation
• 2 plants in the Middle East: offline use of DBNPA (U.S. EPA approved biocide) to control regrowth of biofouling organisms
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Conclusions
Resource-intensive process with significant impactsneed for project- and site-specific EIA studies
need for technology standards (BAT)
Mitigation measures exist for all significant impactssustainable desalination is technically feasible,
even with existing technologies
Compensation measures, advanced technology, andextensive environmental studies increase water costs
BUT: sustainable desalination is still economically viable
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