Seasonal influence of water quality of Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri lanka … · phytoplankton and with...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 1, 2012

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on June 2012 Published on July 2012 371

Seasonal influence of water quality of Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri lanka on fish

and plankton abundance Harris J.M, Vinobaba P

Department of Zoology, Eastern University, Sri Lanka, Vantharumoolai, Chenkaladi - 30350 [email protected]

doi:10.6088/ijes.2012030131035

ABSTRACT

Assemblage of lagoon organisms vary in time and space, largely because widely varying of environmental characteristics prevails on lagoon. This study is aimed to assess the impact of water quality of Batticaloa lagoon in relation to changes in fish and plankton abundance. In

situ measurements of chemical and physical parameters of the lagoons were recorded fortnightly by calibrated portable water quality Hanna instruments over wet and dry seasons for 15 months from July 2008 to December 2010. Standard methods were used to collect the fish and plankton samples from Batticaloa lagoon. Dissolved oxygen (4.15 ± 0.40 to 15.66 ± 0.24 mg/L), salinity (8.10 ± 1.35 to 30.16 ± 0.23 ppt), nitrate (2.07 ± 0.22 to 3.71 ± 0.72 mg/L) and pH (8.01 ± 0.02 to 8.16 ± 0.05) showed significant seasonal variation. Analysis elucidated that the existing conditions were found to have strong impact on fish community. Comparatively, a higher number of species was recorded in the dry season than in the wet season. However, there was little variation in species composition with respect to seasons. Out of 28 families of 42 species sampled, 4 species were restricted to wet season, while 5 species occurred in both seasons such as families Mugilidae, Clupeidae and Cichilidae. Seasonal differentiation of all species sampled revealed higher values for the dry season than in the wet season. The 2 holoplankton groups of species increased in abundance during the wet season, while about 4 species lacking seasonality. The majority of zooplankton species of Batticaloa lagoon are typical of strongly brackish water although the northern part of the lagoon shows a mixture of marine species and brackish water. Most of the dominant species of phytoplankton were not considered as harmful and dangerous for human health. However, certain species of Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillatoriya are known to produce certain neurotoxin, hepatotoxin and skin damages. In addition Amphidinium sp also observed in the lagoon produce biologically active haemolytic compounds and may be implicated in ciguatera (phytotoxin). These have to be viewed as a threat to lagoon food safety. This information enables natural resource managers to determine where our lagoons are under stress and where to invest in environmental management activities. It also helps State Government agencies address for monitoring, evaluation and reporting.

Keywords: Fish community, lagoon, seasonality, water quality, zooplankton.

1. Introduction

Biological communities reflect watershed conditions since they are sensitive to changes in a wide array of environmental factors. Many groups of organisms have been proposed as indicators of environmental quality. Fish are common as bioassay organisms (Sprague, 1973), but they have rarely been used in comprehensive monitoring (Hocutt and Stauffer 1980). Lagoon in the tropics harbor a rich fish biomass consisting of autochthonous fauna confined to brackish water ends and allochthonous fauna coming from the marine and fresh water environment. The biological analysis of coastal waters will describe clearer figurine the

Seasonal influence of water quality of Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri lanka on fish and plankton abundance

Harris J.M, Vinobaba P International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 3 No.1, 2012

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existence of the pollutant materials impact to the community of the organism which are living in the waters. Where they will decrease the number of the biota diversity (Boyd, 1981). Biotic and abiotic studies of this lagoon that allow a better comprehension of the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems are of great importance for the preservation and conservation of these environments. The presence and abundance of fish species can be related to water chemistry, physical habitat, and land-use activities to provide a more complete picture of water quality across the lagoon. Although fish communities may have a high degree of natural variability, they can be useful indicators of ecosystem health (Moyle, 1994). Berkman (1986) recommended fish be given consideration in biological water-quality monitoring of streams because they generally are perceived by the public to be ecologically relevant, and they are directly related to legislative mandates because of human health and endangered species concerns. In addition fish community composition is associated with differences in water temperature, concentrations of dissolved solids and suspended sediment, elevation. Plankton fluctuations are triggered by several factors such as temperature, light and dark periods, water quality, food availability, competition and predation. Because of their short life cycle, zooplankton respond quickly to environmental changes and species composition are more likely indicate the quality of water masses in which they are found and strongly influence certain non-biological aspects of water quality. Therefore low abundance of zooplankton noted in the Batticaloa lagoon compared to phytoplankton abundance. Furthermore, changes in zooplankton diversity are known to be significant indicators of environmental disturbance (Attayde and Bozelli, 1998). Increased pollution levels of the Batticaloa lagoon is a problem to the fishery industry. However, no work had been carried out on seasonality of water quality and biodiversity of Batticaloa lagoon. The objective of the study is to provide a quantitative record of the seasonal changes of some important water quality parameters, plankton assemblages along with fish species.

1.1 Lagoon characteristics

Batticaloa lagoon located in East coast of Sri Lanka between The Batticaloa lagoon is the third largest basin estuary in Sri Lanka located between 7° 24’ - 7° 46’N and 81° 35’ - 81° 49’E. The lagoon is about 23 miles (56.8 km) long along meridian axis and it varies widely 0.5 km to 4 km. The Batticaloa lagoon extending from Kalmunai in the south to Eravur in the north. The lagoon is shallow with irregular bottom topography. The average water depth of Batticaloa lagoon is around 1.5m (Scot, 1989). More than 90% of the lagoon is located in Batticaloa district and reach its maximum width. The depth and breadth lagoon communicates with the sea by two narrow canals, one at Palameenmadu and the other at Kallar. During the rainy season lagoon is in open communication with the ocean, but in dry season the bar mouth is closed by accumulation of sand due to wave action and ocean dynamics. The climate of the study area comprises a wet season (October - December) characterized by high mean precipitation (1250 ± 230 mm), and a dry season (April - July) marked by low mean precipitation (300 ± 23 mm). Mean temperatures range from 21.5 ± 7.6ºC in the wet season to 32.6 ± 5.4ºC in the dry season. At present, the lagoon covers an area of approximately 135.5 square kilometers and possesses a maximum depth of 6.5 m was recorded at the extreme northern region of the bar mouth. The lagoon is the direct recipient water body of about 19 tanks, 5 major lakes, 8 rivers numerous irrigational channels and



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many drainage basins and has become dominant morphological features of the watershed. Mundane Aru at the northern tip and the Andella oya at the southern tip.

2. Materials and method

The survey was conducted routinely at approximately a week intervals for 15 months from 9th July 2008 to 22nd December 2010 over the wet and dry seasons. Altogether seven sampling sites were chosen covering the different segments (Near bar mouth, Central and enclosed area) of Batticaloa lagoon which were influenced by pollution and other anthropogenic impacts and marked as “SL 1 – SL 7” (Sampling sites) as shown in the figure 1.

Figure 1: Batticaloa lagoon and Sampling locations

2.1 Measurement of hydrological parameters To express the differences in parameters of the segments ten important parameters were selected: salinity (ppt), turbidity (FTU), temperature (°C), density (g/cm3), dissolve oxygen (mg/L), pH, nitrate (mg/L), nitrite (mg/L), phosphate (mg/L) and velocity (cms-1) were recorded from the selected locations by dipping well labeled sterilized plastic containers of 250 ml to about 6-10 cm below the surface film and analyzed according to the standard method. Samplings were done in the morning hours between 9.00 am to 11.00 am. All water samples collected were transported to the laboratory and were analyzed within 48 hours of collection. Some parameters like temperature, salinity pH and dissolve oxygen were determined on the spot of collection of samples using calibrated portable Hanna instruments.

2.2 Fish sampling and diversity indices calculation

Fish samples were collected from the seven sampling stations. A dugout canoe with paddles was used for sampling at the various stations using cast net of 22-76mm stretched mesh size. Gill net, baited hooks and lines were used along the shore; large as well as small species of fish were caught by this method. The fishing effort was the same in each station sampled. Upon landing, all the fish were immediately preserved in 10% formalin solution in labeled

�� SL1 ��SL2

��SL3

��SL4

�� SL5

�� SL6

�� SL7



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plastic containers. In the laboratory, the fish species caught were identified to the lowest taxonomic level using FAO species identification field guide for fishery purpose of Sri Lanka by George et al., 1994 and Munro, 1955. The following diversity indexes calculated as follows. All statistical methods used in analyzing the water quality parameters and fish communities were adapted from Magurran (1988). Richness index was expressed using Margalef’s richness index (d)

Margalef’s richness index (Clarke and Warwick, 1994) d = Margalef’s richness index S = total species number N = total number of individuals of fish caught.

Equitability (Krebs, 1978). E = Equitability

Shannon – Wiener Diversity Function (Shannon and W. Weiner, 1949)

H´ = Shannon-Wiener Diversity Function S = total species number pi = proportion of each species in each sample

Relative abundance n - number of individuals of the species in the samples

2.3 Plankton sampling

The sterile wide mouth bottles used to collect by plankton by scooping water for minimum disturbance of water to prevent avoidance reaction by plankton. The microzooplanktons are then concentrated by allowing them to settle, centrifuging by Gallenkamp centrifuge for 20 minutes at 4 speeds. Identification and enumeration were done by using Olympus C011 (Japan) binocular microscope using key to genera of Algae by Edmonson 1992 for phytoplankton and with aid of practical manual for students of costal marine Zooplankton by Todd et al., 1996 for zooplankton.

2.4 Data analysis

Mean and standard deviation of each of the physico-chemical parameters were calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for statistical differences between the means of the physical and chemical parameters of the sampling sites by using Minitab 15.0 Statistical package. Physico-chemical parameters of both dry and wet season were compared using Two tail two sample student t-tests. Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Pearson correlation analysis also performed to find out the relationship. To calculate mean abundance,



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numbers in different samples were summed for each species and averaged across all sampling sites.

3. Results and discussion

From the results obtained most of the physical and chemical properties are within limits for the survival and development of plankton and fish populations. Table 1 summarizes the mean values of the various parameters monitored at the seven selected stations over 15-months’ time span. Table 1 showed that only the values of dissolved oxygen (p = 0.003), salinity (p = 0.041), pH (p = 0.012) and Nitrate (p = 0.001) were showed significantly different (p>0.05) between wet and dry seasons. As a result affect the physicochemical variables thus causing variation in abundance and diversity of Batticaloa lagoon. On the other hand, human activities going on along Batticaloa lagoon introduce wastes into it which could affect the physicochemical variables from season to season like shrimp farm activities particularly in dry seasons at the sampling site.

Table 1: Mean water quality parameter with standard deviation of sampling site

Parameter SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4 SL5 SL6 SL7

Salinity (‰) 30.16 ± 0.23* 21.00 ± 0.75 21.42 ± 0.95 22.16 ± 0.89 21.41 ± 0.82 21.83 ± 0.66 23.42 ± 0.70

Temp (°C) 33.04 ± 0.35 32.71 ± 0.32 32.99 ± 0.33 32.83 ± 0.42 33.13 ± 0.33 33.20 ± 0.41 33.45 ± 0.19

Turbidity (FTU) 5.74 ± 1.39 5.68 ± 1.25 12.72 ± 0.84 6.92 ± 0.84 14.30 ± 1.03 24.60 ± 1.49 31.01 ± 3.32

Velocity (cm/s) 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.00

Density (g/cm3) 1.02 ± 0.01 1.02 ± 0.01 1.01 ± 0.00 1.01 ± 0.00 1.02 ± 0.00 1.01 ± 0.00 1.01 ± 0.00

DO (mg/L) 13.99 ± 0.64 15.66 ± 0.24 7.50 ± 0.50 9.15 ± 0.28 9.50 ± 0.31 12.30 ± 0.33 4.15 ± 0.40*

pH (Units) 8.16 ± 0.05* 8.17 ± 0.03 8.15 ± 0.03 8.15 ± 0.05 8.11 ± 0.30 8.01 ± 0.02 8.14 ± 0.05

Nitrate (mg/L) 2.63 ± 0.49 2.28 ± 0.29 3.18 ± 0.43 1.07 ± 0.11 1.38 ± 0.26 2.70 ± 0.18 3.71 ± 0.72*

Nitrite (mg/L) 72.08 ± 6.90 69.17 ±9.26 61.50 ± 10.27 65.08 ± 10.03 65.25 ± 6.72 60.17 ± 6.56 58.33 ± 9.27

Phosphate(mg/L) 0.42 ± 0.09 0.43 ± 0.09 0.36 ± 0.07 0.31 ± 0.06 0.46 ± 0.20 0.35 ± 0.08 0.52 ± 0.18

* Indicates parameters and sampling sites showing statistical significance (p<0.05)

According to the present study, wide fluctuations of salinity range were noted at SL6 (8‰) due the fresh water input from 3 rivers and SL7 (14‰ to 27‰) due to shrimp farming practices in the dry season. Therefore, euhryhaline fishes are Chanos chanos and Caranx sp are caught in this area, is an additional piece of evidence to indicate higher salinity in this region. The bar mouth openings cause radical alteration of not only the salinity but also physical and chemical conditions including drastic reduction of water volume, perishing of freshwater communities transported to the sea, passive and active entrance of marine species into the lagoon, and osmotic stress to freshwater, brackish, and marine species (Suzuki et al., 2002).



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Fish abundance and distribution

The findings of the present investigation revealed that the water quality had a negative effect on fish distribution and their communities. A total of 1772 fishes, made up of 42species in 28 families were collected throughout the study (Appendix - I). Most species encountered were entirely brackish water species some are euryhaline species very few are fresh water species. Sampling site SL1 recorded 19 species comprising of 181 individuals as a high species diversity, while sampling site SL7 only have7 species comprising of 61 individuals as a result of poor water quality. Rueda et al., (2002) stated that a stressed biological population is characterized by reductions in diversity and population size. The low species richness and low diversity recorded SL7 may be due largely to the effluent from shrimp farms and slaughter house which leads to low transparency. Low transparency implies low photosynthetic depth and therefore low productivity. Statistical analysis of ANOVA indicate that there was significant difference in the abundance of fish collected in the various stations (P<0.003). Sampling sites 4 and 5 were not statistically different from each other. Clupeidae, Bothiidae, Carangidae and Chanidae families were completely missing due to the low salinity. When the rainfall was heavy during the period November to December fresh water species such as Ophiocephalus sp and Puntius sp were noted. Also at high salinity locations Lutjanus sp were observed. Generally, brackish waters salinity is often considered as an overriding factor. However high saline conditions (< 27‰), low content is dissolved oxygen (<4ppm) and wide fluctuations of temperature strongly affect the growth and the mortality rate at the area between the slaughter house and shrimp farm.

Table 2: Fish diversity indices in the different sampling stations of Batticaloa lagoon

Sampling Locations

Description

SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4 SL5 SL6 SL7

No. of Species (S) 10 6 7 6 5 5 3

No. of individuals (n) 181 139 101 94 112 84 61

Margalef’s index (d) 3.986 2.333 2.999 2.534 1.951 2.078 1.120

Equitability Index (E) 0.398 0.388 0.4284 0.422 0.392 0.4156 0.373

Shannon-Wiener index (H’) 0.785 0.564 0.618 0.719 0.298 0.317 0.014

Taxa richness calculated as Margalef index and Shannon-Wiener index for diversity was generally lower in SL7. SL1 and SL3 had similar values of taxa richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (Table 2). It shows species richness of both locations is similar. From the equitability studies both SL1 and SL5, SL3 and SL4 indicates that dominant species whereas it was evenly distributed. The average diversity function calculated by Shannon-Wiener Diversity index, was higher for the dry season than wet for all species studied, revealing that dry season samples were more diversified and stable. Relative abundance of the major families of fish in the study stations (Figure 2) revealed that Cichlidae was the dominant



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family contributing 25.5% of the total fish caught. Trachysuridae, Aridae and Chanidae contributed 20% each of the total fish caught.

Figure 2: Fish families with relative abundance The average level of pH measured along the sampling sites lay within the range of recommended level (6.5 – 8.5) to support aquatic life. Based on the obtained results, lagoon fish community has been safely acclimated and increase in number within the pH level ranged from 8.01 – 8.17. The concentration of hydrogen ion in aquatic system was not the limitation factor which inhibits the distribution of fish. There was spatial variation but not seasonal significant difference (p>0.05) at the 95% confidence level found between the locations. Generally, the high pH was found in the northern sector of the lagoon (SL1), the general alkaline state is partly due to the influence of seawater. In this segment species composition composed of both marine and brackish water. The depletion of carbon dioxide due to photosynthesis might have raised the pH of water column may cause the lagoon water into slightly higher alkaline condition. Biodegradation of organic matter at SL3 was considered contributes to secondary effect which accelerated DO depletion and may not pose direct physiological distress to fish community. Prolonged exposure to low DO levels may not directly kill an organism, but will increase its susceptibility to other environmental stresses. However below 5.00 mg/L may lead to unfavourable condition for fish community. The DO level which satisfactory for most stages and activities in the life cycle for fresh water fish or tropical biota is 5 mg/L (Alabaster and Lloyd, 1982). Aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microbes causes depletion of oxygen from an aquatic system. DO was strongly correlated (r = 0.68) with fish abundance. During the course of study two fish kills were noticed. One of which found in SL1, cause of death was due to the decomposition of seasonally abundant water hyacinth by the depletion of DO. The other kill was noticed at SL5, due to the depletion of DO by the algal blooming. The seasonal variation of nitrite was not significant (p>0.05) at the 95% confidence level except the location of SL5. Though there was more nitrite content in SL7, it is immediately converted into nitrate by the denitrifying organism as such nitrite content at this location



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appears to be low. Therefore this variation did not much influence on fish distribution at this location. Other parameters remained fairly constant throughout the study period did not fluctuate much. The slight variations were due to different times of sampling.

Phytoplankton abundance

Main phytoplankton species available in the Batticaloa lagoon belong to five different groups with a total of 44 species, Bacillariophyceae formed most abundant group making up 24 species.

Figure 3: Microscopic photographs of A: Acartia sp (x 100), B: Calanus sp (x 100),C: Female Cyclops (x 400), D: Daphnia sp (x 400), E: Echinus juvenile (x 400), F: Euplotes

sp (x 400), G: Eurytemora sp (x 400), H: Photograph of Mysid I: Crustacean nauplii (x 400), J: Early stage of copepod (x 400), K: Unidentified ciliate (x 100), L: Unidentified zoo

plankton (x 400), M: Vorticella sp (x 400), N: Vorticella sp (x 400), O: Vorticella sp (x 400), P: Rotifer (x 400)

A B C D

P O

E F G H

I J L K

N M



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This was followed by Cyanophyceae with 8 species from 8 genera. Chlorophyceae with 7 species, Dinophyceae with 3 different species while the Euglenophycea had only 2 species recorded. During the study, SL7 was frequently found to be with dense algal bloom, at times it was also noticed in SL5. Due to the shallowness in this area, there is an increasing temperature, also effluents from the shrimp farms and slaughter house increases the input of nutrient. These conditions create a favorable environment for algal blooming. Matsuoka et al., 2003 found to be phytoplankton type diatoms have been associated with more eutrophic conditions. Diatoms dominating the location of SL7 are an evidence for the area is with eutrophic condition. Furthermore, the prevalence of Euglenoids may be a further indication of organic contamination. Most important here are phosphates and nitrites, which favour the phytoplankton growth mainly in surface light layers. Appreciable quantity of Nitzschia and Nitrogen fixing phytoplankton (Anabaena) observed in SL5 and SL7 indicates, this location is subjected to more nitrate pollution. It is an additional proof of evidence Chlorophycea found to be a low quantity at the location of SL7. Diatom (Navicula radiosa) and flagellate phytoplankton (Peridinium sp) and its presence could indicate slightly higher salinity and possibly some eutrophication (Frey, 1986) in the location of SL6 & SL7. Dinoflagellates are more in an environment with high temperature (Oviatt, 2004), this condition supports the domination of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium sp) in SL6. Salinity has a pronounced influence on phytoplankton growth. One might expect growth to slow as salinity increases. A majority of the recorded species were found more frequently at low salinities (<15‰) than at high salinities (<29‰). In the dry season between the May and the first half of July phytoplankton composed primarily of diatoms and members of the Chlorophyta, while the Cyanophyta were not abundant. During the early part of October this latter division was dominated by Oscillatoria sp. However, this organism again became prevalent during late November. Nitzschia and

Navicula lack seasonlanity and hence observed in both seasons

Total of twenty two (22) species of zooplankton belonging to eleven (11) families were identified (Appendix – II) during the study. Important zooplanktons are shown in Figure 3. The holoplankton groups of Crustaceans Copepoda, Protozoa, Coelenterata and Rotifera, contributed about 81% to the total zooplankton density; while rest of whole represented only about 19% to the total zooplankton. The latter were composed of the larvae of Mollusca, Mysidacea, euphausids and other groups of Ostracoda and Daphnia. Seasonal distribution of the zooplankton of the sampling station indicated considerable variation in zooplankton population during the dry season, while 3 species (Calanus,Ostracoda and Daphnia) were collected only in the rainy season; 2 species (Cyclops and Eurytemora) increased in abundance during the wet season, while about 4 species lacked a seasonal preference (Acartia,

Tigriopus, Schypidia and Vorticella). When the salinity decline during wet season the fresh water zooplankton namely Ostracoda, Daphnia, Cyclops were observed at SL4. The runoff during wet season results in the increase of turbidity which in turn reduction the relative abundance of the zooplankton particularly in the area between slaughter house and shrimp farm (SL7), similarly the high intensity of sunlight reduces the zooplankton. However zooplanktons observed comparatively low in both seasons this in turn creates difficulty in observing seasonality of zooplanktons. The seasonal distribution of the three major zooplankton species was similar at the surface for the three collecting sites such as SL2, SL4



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and SL5. The zooplankton occurrence at the littoral stations was generally higher than that in the open water.

4. Conclusion

The present study provided evidence which showed there were certain distinctive differences in some water quality parameters between the sampling sites and the seasons have adverse impact on the structures of fish community along the Batticaloa lagoon. Relative abundance of fish families is characteristically different among the sampling sites. The greatest species diversity was found in non-polluted area. Further deterioration will aggravate the presence environment of Batticaloa lagoon threaten the existence aquatic life. The particular hydrological � hysic-chemical conditions of lagoon are the main factors determining seasonal variations and the association structure of plankton assemblages.

4.1 Recommendation

Lagoon systems are places of great biological importance where fishery is concern. Therefore need long term observation to assess the fish distribution and abundance of Batticaloa lagoon in order to give a good insight into the state of biological production in the stem and the physico - chemical characteristics in evaluating future changes that may occur in response to increasing pollution in the lagoon. Most of the dominant species of phytoplankton were not considered as harmful and dangerous for human health. However, certain species of Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillatoriya are known to produce certain neurotoxin, hepatotoxin and skin damages. In addition Amphidinium sp also observed in the lagoon produce biologically active haemolytic compounds and may be implicated in ciguatera (phytotoxin). These have to be viewed as a threat to lagoon food safety. Monitoring of toxic microalgae especially bloom forming ones in the waters of Batticaloa lagoon would help to have better understanding of the problem of phytotoxin.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank all parties who participated in and supported in various way. We also express our deep sense of gratitude to Assistant Director/Fisheries, Mr. T.George for his valuable support with his limitless patience. We also appreciate the assistance of all those who collected samples.

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zooplankton assemblages to disturbance gradients by canonical correspondence analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, pp 1789-1797.

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identification field guide for fishery purpose. In The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka. Rome, Italy: Publication of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, pp 91-182.

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Appendix - I

Family Scientific name Common name

Ambassidai Ambassis gymnocephalus Naked head perchlet

Arius bilineatus Aridae

Arius sumatranus Cat fish

Bothidae Parabothus polylepsis Left eye flounder

Caranx sexfasiatus

Alectis indicus Carangidae

Alectis ciliaris

Travallies

Chaetodontidae Heniochus sp Butterfly fish

Chanidae Chanos chanos Milk fish

Oreochromis mossambicus Cichilidae

Tilapia niloticus Tilapia

Ehirava fluviatilis Herring

Hilsa kelee Herring Clupidae

Nematalosa nasus Koi fish

Cynoglossidae Cynoglosus kopsi Tongue sloes

Engralidae Stolephorus commersonii Anchovies

Exocoetidae Exocoetus volitans Flying fish

Gerres abbreviatus Silverbidies Gerridae

Gerees oblongs Silverbidies

Hemiramphus far Half beak Hemiramphidae

Hemiramphus lutkei Half beak

Leiognathus fasciatus Leiognathidae

Leiognathus smithursti Pony fish

Lutjanidae russeli Lutjanidae

Lutjanidae vitta Snapper

Lethrinidae Lethrinus mahasena Bream

Lophidae Lophius sp Monk fish

Mugilidae Mugil cephalus



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Parabothus polylepis Plueronectidae

Crossorhombus valderostratus Right eye flounder

Serranidae Epinephalus coioides Cod

Siganus javus

Siganus lineatus Siganidae

Siganus vermiculatus

Rabbit fish

Sillaginidae Sillago sihama Sillagos

Solidae Euryglossa orientalis Soles

Sphyraena barracuda Sphyraenidae

Sphyraena jello Barracudas

Tricanthidae Pseudotricanthus sp Helicopter fish

Trachysuridae Trachysurus sp Cat fish

Etroplus suretensis Spotted Etroplus Cichilidae

Etroplus macculatus Banded Etroplus

Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta Mackeral

Ophicephalidae Ophiocephalus sp Snake head

Appendix - II

Phylum Class Zooplankton species

Arthropoda Barnchiopoda Daphnia sp

Calanoid Calanus sp

Acartia sp

Copepod Tigriopus sp

Crustacea Crab zoea, Nauplii

Mysis, Shrimp larvae

Malacostraca Mysid shrimp

Maxillopoda Cyclops sp

Maxillopoda Eurytemora sp

Monogononta Euphausids

Ostracoda Ostracoda sp

Coelenterata Schypozoa Coelenterate medusae



385

Protozoan Ciliates Euplotes sp

Schypidia sp

Unidentified ciliate

Vorticella collserola

Vorticella sp

Rotifera Heterotrichea Unidentified rotifer

Mollusc Gastropoda Mollusc larvae

Echinodermata Astroidea Echinus Juvenile stage

Seasonal influence of water quality of Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri lanka … · phytoplankton and with...

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