Seasonal Cycles of the Honey Bee Colony: Genetical ... · Genetics of the bees Starting and...
Transcript of Seasonal Cycles of the Honey Bee Colony: Genetical ... · Genetics of the bees Starting and...
Seasonal Cycles of the Honey BeeColony: Genetical, Environmental and
Seasonal Aspects
Dr. Medhat NasrBee Culture Solutions
Former Alberta Provincial ApiculturistSt Albert, Alberta, Canada
Bee Culture Solutions
https://www.syfy.com/sites/syfy/files/2017/07/ahs_cult_poster_edit.jpg
The
Bee Hive
Mind
Bee Culture Solutions
Three casts of honey bee:ØThe queen (One queen)ØThe Drone ( Several hundreds/thousands)ØThe worker (Majority of the colony)
§ 10,000- 15,000 bees (Winter)§ 60,000-80,000 bees (Summer)
Worker (Sterile female)Queen (Fertile female)
Drone (Male)
The Honey Bee Colony
Bee Culture Solutions
Let us do the math
The Developmental Stages of the Honey Bee
w,rtcer: 21
I Egg Spins ~PG Pupa Adult
0.ee■: 1&
Adult
Spina Prt--pupo Pul)8 Adult
Bee Culture Solutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6mJ7e5YmnE
88 ~ ~ ~ ~ TI~lf (UJ [Q) ~~ 99 Blessed
are for they pollinate our crops. produce our honey. and are fascinating to watch. •u, .... ,,.
-~
,:
Bee Culture Solutions
Factors Affect Colony Development
Bees• Prolific queen• Bee population
Resources
• Adequate resources• Favorable climate
Space&
Time
• Space • Time
Bee Culture Solutions
Colony Population of Steady State in the Absence of Seasonal Effects
Torres DJ, Ricoy UM, Roybal S (2015) Modeling Honey Bee Populations. PLOS ONE 10(7): e0130966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130966https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130966
M A M J J A
X 104
2 .5 e Egg e Larvae B Pupae
2 Hive v1 Foragers
(J) Q) Q)
1.5 ..c -0 ,._ Q) ..c E 1 ::J z
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Days
Bee Culture Solutions
Torres DJ, Ricoy UM, Roybal S (2015) Modeling Honey Bee Populations. PLOS ONE 10(7): e0130966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130966https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130966
Colony Development Under Good Conditions
M A M J J A S O
X 104
2.5 0 Egg
~ Larvae I Hive
2 'v Foragers
Cl) Q) Q) .n 1.5 ~
0 ~
Q) .n E ::J z
0.5
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Days
Bee Culture Solutions
https://www.syfy.com/sites/syfy/files/2017/07/ahs_cult_poster_edit.jpghttps://www.syfy.com/sites/syfy/files/2017/07/ahs_cult_poster_edit.jpg
The M
ind
Bee Culture Solutions
Factors Annual Cycle affectedLatitude and geographical factors Climate
Latitude Day length
Climate and weather • Plant species & growth• When bees can fly and forage• Winter
Native and wild plants Nectar and pollen flow ( series or one flow
Agricultural crops Additional major flow
Genetics of the bees Starting and stopping brood production/ swarming
Acclimatization of bees Adaptation of bees Bee management Queen age/ making split/
Factors Having Influence on the Annual Cycle of Bee Population, Brood Rearing and
Colony Weight in Honey Bee Colonies*
* Colonies are healthy and have adequate hive space, food and water
Bee Culture Solutions
Torres DJ, Ricoy UM, Roybal S (2015) Modeling Honey Bee Populations. PLOS ONE 10(7): e0130966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130966https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130966
M A M J J A S O N D
Comparison of Experimental Data with Model Data for Bee Population Dynamics (Geographical Locations)
X 104
4 .5 r-------r-------,,--------r------,,--------.---~
4
Cl) 3 .5 Q) Q)
..0 3 ~ ::J ~ cu 2.5
~
0 2 :i.... Q)
..0 E 1.5 ::J z 1
0.5
0 50
Bee Culture Solutions
0 Buhlman n 1985 9- Omholt 198 6 D Fukuda 1983 0 To rres et al.
100 150 20 0
Days 250 300
Torres DJ, Ricoy UM, Roybal S (2015) Modeling Honey Bee Populations. PLOS ONE 10(7): e0130966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130966https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130966
Comparison of Experimental Data with Model Data for Bee Brood Production Dynamics (Geographical Location)
M A M J J A S O N D
X 104
3.5 ,-------,,--------,,-------------------
3
-o 2.5 0 0 ~
.0 2 ~
0 ~
Q) .O 1.5 E ::::, z 1
0.5
□ Bodenheimer 1937 0 Kunert and Crai lsheim \7 Bretsckho 1985 0 Kunert and Crai lsheim 0 Torres et al.
0 L--- B:::::I~ '---------L-------'--------'----___,I,_ ~ ~ ~~ 0 50 100
Bee Culture Solutions
150
Days 200 250 300
Effects of Latitude on Bee Colony Population, Brood and Weight
Bee Culture Solutions
PRIME M RJOIAN o·
Bee Culture Solutions
Effects of Latitude on Bee Colony Weight Change (Weekly Weight Change in Kg)
Crane, E, 1990. Bees and Beekeeping.
60⁰N 32⁰S
40⁰N
35⁰S
5⁰S
22⁰S
--
-
c ........ .... - .--------------.~~-,. - -
Understanding Bee Forage Regions
https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/Forage.htm
Bee Forage Regions
Bee Culture Solutions
Al a ka inse1 (not 10 scale)
./
Region 3 - South and Central California Region 2 -Western Mountains Region 5 - lntermountain Region Region 4 - Interior Northwest Region 6 - Southwest Deserts Region 8 - Great Plains Region 7 -Aspen Parkland and Peace River Valley Region 14 - Boreal Forest
.---, Region 9 - Northern Great Lakes and Southern Canada Region 10 - Agricultural Interior Region 11 - Appalachian-Ozark Upland Region 12 - Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Region 13 - New England and Atlantic Canada Region 1 - Alaska
Honey flow
Dand
elio
n
Alfa
lfa Cano
la
Clov
ers
Alfa
lfa ?
Aste
r10
20
30
40
50
60
70
March April May June July August September October November December
Bee
Pop
ulat
ion
(X10
00)
Understanding Bee Forage and Bee Population Dynamics in Alberta
Clov
ers
This
tles
Modified from Harris, L. 2016. Bee Culture June 2016
fppt .com
Colony Gain Weight in Beaverlodge, AB
- .,,,,,
- ~
-~ .,,,,,
- ~ .,,,,,.
-~ ,---1 -
~ ~ __,,,,, ~ .,,,,, .,,,,, .,,,,,.
~ I I I I I I I I I
~
Bee Culture Solutions
Harris, L. 2016. Bee Culture June 2016
Understanding Bee Forage and Bee Population Dynamics in Western Canada
24 48 72 DG 120 144 168 1D2 216 60 - ---.--+----.--+----+----.--+----+----+----4----+----+--
fiO
'10
20
0
1 MAY
Bee Culture Solutions
1 ,JU
1 JUL.
1
J\UG. 1
SEfYr.
■ Worker Bees (1975) -0 Scaled Brood (1975)
-e- Wo1·kc1· B<'<', (1976) -( Scaled Brood (197G)
1 0 'I'.
1 ov.
J\pproximalc Calendar Dal<'
1 DEC.
Colony C
onditions Contributing to B
ee Population D
ynamics and the Initiation of Sw
arming
Genetics
Old queen
Congested adult
population
Bee C
ulture Solutions
Hive space -
overcrowded
Large brood population
Poor ventilation
,. .~.
.. ··(i::;;,:-
Bee Culture Solutions
Mean Frames of Bees (±SD) in Russian, Ontario and Hybrid Colonies Measured Each 14d for 126d
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126Day
Num
ber o
f fra
mes
of b
ees
o
or
r
ro
■
----J;.----
--•-----♦---
Building Bee Population and Starting to Store Honey in Honey Supers
Bee Culture Solutions
Bee Genetics and Impacts of Population Dynamics Wilson 2004-2005
Bee Culture Solutions
* Differences are noted by different letters α = 0.05
StockHoney
production(Kg)
Over-wintering
Ontario 77.5 ± 37.39 1.8 ± 0.26a
Ontario X Russian 95.7 ± 30.23 1.8 ± 0.43ab
Russian X Ontario 61.5 ± 15.26 1.4 ± 0.43ab
Russian 56.6 ± 16.21 1.3 ± 0.54b
Swarming Impacts on Seasonal Cycles of the Honey Bee Colony: Starting Time, Feeding
Bee Culture Solutions
Num
ber o
f Bee
s Honey flow
Num
ber o
f Bee
s Honey flow
A
B
C
Start of the season End of the season
Swarming
Summary of Seasonal Cycles of the Honey Bee Colony: Genetical, Environmental and Seasonal
Aspects
Bee Culture Solutions
Bro
od A
rea
Spring
Winter bee brood
Summer
Bee.s
Autumn Winter
Summary of Genetical, Environmental and Seasonal Factors That Impact Seasonal Cycles of the Honey
Bee Colony
Bees
• Genetics- Prolific queen• Bee population
Resources
• Adequate resources: Native plants and agriculture crops
Management
• Management (Space, feeding, swarming, queen age, etc.)
Locations
• Latitude• Geographic location
Climate• Favorable climate
Time• Acclimatization of bees
Bee Culture Solutions
0
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
ent S
urvi
val
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Time (days)
7
12
34
56
Cohort
Seasonal Cycles of the Honey Bee Colony in Canadian Parries (Worker Longevity and Survival Through Winter)
Harris, L. 2016. BEE CULTURE June 2016
August -September
Bee Culture Solutions
Bee Culture Solutions
Seasonal Cycles of the Honey Bee Colony in Canadian Parries (Worker Longevity and Survival Through Winter)
9 b C d e f g h
f ~ ~
~ @-
~ ®
31 Aug. 12 Sept. 24 Sept. 18 Oct. 30 Oct. 11 Nov. 23 Nov. SDcc.
Calendar Date
Bee Colony Development Plant Phenology
Soil
Rainfall
Temperature
Plant Communities
Ø Colony development:Ø Initial colonyØ Birth rate (egg laying
rates) Ø Death rates (natural
and diseased bees)Ø DriftingØ Swarming
Ø SeasonalityØ ClimateØ Food Sources
When Do Pant and the Bee Seasonal Cycle Meet?
Bee Culture Solutions
Bee Food Supply§ Less Varity§ Less quantity
In hive used acaricides
§ Acaricides§ Antibiotics and
other agents
Residues in bee hives and bee
products
Beneficial microbes
§ Susceptible to antibiotics
§ Competition with pathogens
Beekeeper practices
§ Attitudes§ Pest management§ General care§ Pollination
services
Pests and Pathogens§ Varroa mites§ Nosema§ Viruses & Bacterial § Small hive beetle
Farmer practices§ Monoculture§ Field size§ Pest management
Climate and Weather
§ Planting season§ Bee cycle § Spring timing§ Winter severity
Pesticides§ Application
process§ Types
(Systemic vs contact)
The Honey Bee Real World
Bee Culture Solutions
Bee Culture Solutions
Ø Cc
Ø Many variables control the development and bee population cycle:Ø Bee genetics Ø Latitude and geographical locationØ ClimateØ Food sources
Ø Acclimatization of bees and bee management are important for bee population development
Ø Honey bees live for 4-6 weeks in summer, but in winter they live for several months
Ø Winter bees are important for colony survivorship through the winter. These bees develop in late august through September
Ø Many factors are involved in colony health and survivorship
Summary
Bee Culture Solutions