Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable ... · Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2...
Transcript of Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable ... · Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2...
Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable
Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture System (SSIAS) in Korea
Ik Kyo Chung and Y.H. Kang
Department of Marine Science, Pusan National University, Korea
Y.-F. Yang
Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, China
Overview
Background
Aquaculture and environment
Sustainability of the aquaculture
Integrated aquaculture
Polyculture experience in Korea
SSIAS project
Significance of seaweed culture
Concepts, results, etc.
Coastal zone management
Team Work
Ik Kyo Chung, S.J. Ryu and Y.H. Kang
Dept. of Marine Science, Pusan National Univ., Korea
Y.-F. Yang Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan Univ., China
J.A. Lee
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Inje Univ., Korea
J.-A. Shin
Division of Aquatic Science, Yosu National Univ., Korea
C. YarishDept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut,
USA
Bilateral Project
China
“Bioremediation effects of cultivation of
large-sized seaweeds in the eutrophic mariculture areas”
P.I. Dr. Yu-Feng Yang
Korea
“The development of environmentally sound
integrated polyculture system”P.I. Ik Kyo Chung
Interactions between Aquaculture and Environment
Direct habitat modification
Waste products - eutrophication
Interactions with wildlife
Use of resources
Example
Caged salmon farmingWater movement and quality
Sedimentation and benthic enrichment
Introduction of exotic species
Chris Frid and Mike Dobson (2002)“Ecology of aquatic management”
Priority Areas for Further Research (FAO)
The adoption of aquaculture by poor rural households;
• technologies for sustainable stock enhancement, ranching programmes and open ocean aquaculture;
• the use of aquatic plants and animals for nutrient stripping;
• integrated systems to improve environmental performance;
• managing the health of aquatic animals;
• nutrition in aquaculture;
• the quality and safety of aquaculture products;
• emerging technologies, including recirculating systems, offshore cage culture, integrated water use, artificial upwelling and ecosystem food web management, domestication and selective breeding and genetic improvement.
Question - Old Wisdom
Can seaweed aquacultureseaweed aquaculture reduce the environmental impact of cultural eutrophicationin the coastal environment?
Can the integration of seaweed aquaculturethe integration of seaweed aquaculture with fed aquaculture be the solution of bioremediation of eutrophication caused by nutrient rich effluents from finfish and other forms of fed aquaculture in the coastal ecosystem?
Why do we consider the Sustainable Seaweed
Integrated Aquaculture System (SSIAS)?
Production Technology
Social and Economic Aspects
Environmental Aspects
SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTUR
E SYSTEM
Productive
Socially relevant and profitable
Environmentally compatible
SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMOF AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMAsian Institute of Technology (1994)
Integrated Culture Examples
Israel: Sea bream+Ulva; abalone+fish+Ulva; abalone+fish+mollusc+UlvaChina: Shrimp+crab+seaweeds; mussel+scallop+Laminaria/UndariaJapan: shrimp+UlvaEuropean estuary: integrated polyculture system
Norway: salmon+mussel+seaweed
Canada (northwest): salmon+PorphyraHawaii: shrimp+GracilariaChile: seaweed biofilter - Gracilaria + salmon
Philippine (with Norway): sea urchin/sea cucumber+Eucheuma/GracilariaFrance: sewage treatment system-UlvaSouth Africa: finfish aquaculture effluent+GracilariaSoutheast Asia: shrimp + seaweeds
Australia: shrimp + oyster + Gracilaria, Saccostrea
SSIAS Project Overview
Concept - Sustainability
Integrate and balance
extractive and fed aquaculture
Sustainability
Fed and extractive culture system
Seaweeds & shellfish
Environmentally soundness
Biofilter/production system : Seaweeds
Socio-economic viability
Polyculture Experiences in Korea
Studies on the development of polyculture system in the coastal waters of Korea
BackgroundDecreased aquaculture productivity
Over-stocking, loss of culture grounds, increase in land-fills, pollution - i.e. cultural eutrophication, industrial contamination, etc.
Sustainability
ObjectivesTo do feasibility study and analyses of polyculture
To develop practical guidelines for polyculture
National Fisheries Research Institute
Period: 1990-1994
Aquaculture Production in Korea
YEAR
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Pro
duct
ion
(in 1
000
M/T
)
0
200
400
600
800
Fish
Pro
duct
ion
(in 1
000
M/T
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
seaweeds mollusca others crustacea fishes (fishes)
YEAR
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
(in M
/ T)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
Total productionCultureCulture/Total (%)
Polyculture
Polyculture
Polyculture
Study Areas and Species
Southeastern coastal areaSea squirts (Halocynthia roretzi)
Seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica)
Mid-western coastal areaAbalone (Haliotis discus hannai)Seaweeds (Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiformis)
Southwestern coastal areaShort necked clams (Ruditapes philippinarum)
Surf clams (Macta veneriformis)
Seaweed (Porphyra tenera)
Southern coastal areaOyster (Crassostrea gigas), sea squirts (Halocynthia roretzi), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
Previous Experiences
monoculture vs. polyculture systems Production
Baseline of the previous work Simple
Same cultivation methodslong-line and raft structure
Limited funds
Simple combinations of species (cf. multitrophic)
Guidelines for polyculture
Large-scale practice (not applied yet)
Aquaculture Production in Korea
19801985
19901995
20002005
Pro
duct
ion
(1,0
00 M
/T)
0
200
400
600
800
(1,0
00 M
/T)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200FinfishCrustaceanShellfish OthersSeaweedsTotal
19801985
19901995
20002005
Pro
duct
ion
(106 W
on)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
(1,0
00 W
on)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400FinfishCrustaceanShellfishOthers SeaweedsTotal
SSIAS Project Overview
Concept - Sustainability
Integrate and balance
extractive and fed aquaculture
Sustainability
Fed and extractive culture system
Seaweeds & shellfish
Environmentally soundness
Biofilter/production system : Seaweeds
Socio-economic viability
First Step : Selection of Species(Lab Experiments and Field Survey)
Cultivars and wild speciesPorphyra, Undaria, Laminaria, Enteromorpha, etc.
Field survey (all seasons)
Ecophysiological studies (biofiltration capabilities)
Physiology under high ammonia concentrationPhotosynthetic rates
Nutrient (ammonium) uptake rates
Growth rates
Environmental factors
Seed stock
Simple uptake and growth modelSimulation
Surge Uptake (Local Cultivar Seaweeds Species)
Porphra yezoensis Enteromorpha sp.
NH4+
(µM)Uptake rate
(µmol � g-1dw � min-1)NH4
+
(µM)Uptake rate
(µmol � g-1dw � min-1)
v0-20 40 0.160±0.117 40 0.394±0.044
75 0.245±0.031 75 0.570±0.103
150 0.885±0.187 150 1.673±0.115
250 1.449±0.008
v60-120 40 0.105±0.081 40 0.116±0.079
75 0.211±0.077 75 0.057±0.005
150 0.506±0.198 150 0.125±0.066
250 0.775±0.173
(Jan. 2003, Yongwon)
Lab Scale Experiments Field Survey
Short - term Long - term
Tank Culture Study
Tank Culture Study(Finfish – Seaweed)
AcanthopagrusAcanthopagrus schlegelischlegeli ((BleekerBleeker))
UlvaUlva pertusapertusa KjellmannKjellmann
Time (hr)
0 10 20 30 40 50
NH
4+ (µM
)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time (hr)
0 10 20 30 40 50
NH
4+ (µM
)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
NH
4+ (µ
M)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Fish tankSeaweed tank(Difference)
Time (hr)
0 10 20 30 40 50
NH
4+ (µM
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
NH
4+ (µ
M)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fish tankSeaweed tank(Difference)
flow system failure
Closed Circulation Tank Study(Porphyra yezoensis & Undaria pinnatifida)
Reciruclating integrated system (Porphyra sp.)
Time (hour)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
NH
4+ conc
entr
atio
n ( µ
M)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Fish tank Sedimetation tank Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2Seaweed tank 3
Undaria pinnatifida
Time (hour)0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
NH
4+ conc
entr
atio
n ( µ
M)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Fish tank Sedimetation tank Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2 Seaweed tank 3Seaweed tank 4
(A)
(B)
Summer SSIAS (problem: high T)
Summer SSIAS Seaweed SpeciesNH4
+ Uptake in Codium fragile
(A) Ammonium conc. 300µM
Low light (Codium fragile)
Time (hour)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350 Dark (Codium fragile)
Time (hour)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
10 152025
High light (Codium fragile)
Time (hour)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NH
4 + Con
cent
ratio
n ( µ
M)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
High light (Codium fragile)
Time (hour)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NH
4+ C
once
ntra
tion
( µM
)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180 Low light (Codium fragile)
Time (hour)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
30
60
90
120
150
180 Dark (Codium fragile)
Time (hour)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
30
60
90
120
150
180
10152025
(B) Ammonium conc. 150µM
Summer SSIAS Seaweed SpeciesPhotosynthetic Efficiency (Fv/Fm) in C. fragile
before after0
1
before after
fv/fm
0
1
10152025
High Light (300µM)
before after
fv/fm
0
1Low Light Dark
fv/fm
before after0
1
before after
fv/fm
0
1
10152025
High Light (150µM)
before after
fv/fm
0
1Low Light Dark
fv/fm
(A) Ammonium conc. 300µM
(B) Ammonium conc. 150µM
Closed Circulation Tank in Summer(flatfish & Codium fragile)
Fish & Seaweed tank- Circulation system
Time (Day)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
NH
4+ con
cent
ratio
n ( µ
M)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Fish tankSediment tankSeaweed tankSeaweed tank Fish tank
SSIAS SummaryThe local cultivar seaweed species are good candidates for the SSIAS.
Porphyra
Laminaria
Undaria
Enteromorpha
Seasonal assemblageWinter: Undaria, Laminaria and Porphyra
Summer: Conium and Gracilaria
SSIAS
Simultaneous coupling of nutrient removalbetween fed and extraction culture
Long-term delayed seasonal removal of nutrients
summer fed culture & winter extraction culture
Any kind of seaweed cultivation could be a part of the SSIAS
Good measure of EBM in coastal watersprovides higher water quality and
primary production
감사합니다감사합니다
Acknowledgements
MOST (KISTEP)
MOMAF (NFRDI)