Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable ... · Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2...

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Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture System (SSIAS) in Korea Ik Kyo Chung and Y.H. Kang Department of Marine Science, Pusan National University, Korea Y.-F. Yang Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, China

Transcript of Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable ... · Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2...

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Seasonal Assembly of Seaweed Species in the Sustainable

Seaweed Integrated Aquaculture System (SSIAS) in Korea

Ik Kyo Chung and Y.H. Kang

Department of Marine Science, Pusan National University, Korea

Y.-F. Yang

Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, China

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Overview

Background

Aquaculture and environment

Sustainability of the aquaculture

Integrated aquaculture

Polyculture experience in Korea

SSIAS project

Significance of seaweed culture

Concepts, results, etc.

Coastal zone management

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Team Work

Ik Kyo Chung, S.J. Ryu and Y.H. Kang

Dept. of Marine Science, Pusan National Univ., Korea

Y.-F. Yang Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan Univ., China

J.A. Lee

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Inje Univ., Korea

J.-A. Shin

Division of Aquatic Science, Yosu National Univ., Korea

C. YarishDept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut,

USA

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Bilateral Project

China

“Bioremediation effects of cultivation of

large-sized seaweeds in the eutrophic mariculture areas”

P.I. Dr. Yu-Feng Yang

Korea

“The development of environmentally sound

integrated polyculture system”P.I. Ik Kyo Chung

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Interactions between Aquaculture and Environment

Direct habitat modification

Waste products - eutrophication

Interactions with wildlife

Use of resources

Example

Caged salmon farmingWater movement and quality

Sedimentation and benthic enrichment

Introduction of exotic species

Chris Frid and Mike Dobson (2002)“Ecology of aquatic management”

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Priority Areas for Further Research (FAO)

The adoption of aquaculture by poor rural households;

• technologies for sustainable stock enhancement, ranching programmes and open ocean aquaculture;

• the use of aquatic plants and animals for nutrient stripping;

• integrated systems to improve environmental performance;

• managing the health of aquatic animals;

• nutrition in aquaculture;

• the quality and safety of aquaculture products;

• emerging technologies, including recirculating systems, offshore cage culture, integrated water use, artificial upwelling and ecosystem food web management, domestication and selective breeding and genetic improvement.

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Question - Old Wisdom

Can seaweed aquacultureseaweed aquaculture reduce the environmental impact of cultural eutrophicationin the coastal environment?

Can the integration of seaweed aquaculturethe integration of seaweed aquaculture with fed aquaculture be the solution of bioremediation of eutrophication caused by nutrient rich effluents from finfish and other forms of fed aquaculture in the coastal ecosystem?

Why do we consider the Sustainable Seaweed

Integrated Aquaculture System (SSIAS)?

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Production Technology

Social and Economic Aspects

Environmental Aspects

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTUR

E SYSTEM

Productive

Socially relevant and profitable

Environmentally compatible

SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMOF AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMAsian Institute of Technology (1994)

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Integrated Culture Examples

Israel: Sea bream+Ulva; abalone+fish+Ulva; abalone+fish+mollusc+UlvaChina: Shrimp+crab+seaweeds; mussel+scallop+Laminaria/UndariaJapan: shrimp+UlvaEuropean estuary: integrated polyculture system

Norway: salmon+mussel+seaweed

Canada (northwest): salmon+PorphyraHawaii: shrimp+GracilariaChile: seaweed biofilter - Gracilaria + salmon

Philippine (with Norway): sea urchin/sea cucumber+Eucheuma/GracilariaFrance: sewage treatment system-UlvaSouth Africa: finfish aquaculture effluent+GracilariaSoutheast Asia: shrimp + seaweeds

Australia: shrimp + oyster + Gracilaria, Saccostrea

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SSIAS Project Overview

Concept - Sustainability

Integrate and balance

extractive and fed aquaculture

Sustainability

Fed and extractive culture system

Seaweeds & shellfish

Environmentally soundness

Biofilter/production system : Seaweeds

Socio-economic viability

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Polyculture Experiences in Korea

Studies on the development of polyculture system in the coastal waters of Korea

BackgroundDecreased aquaculture productivity

Over-stocking, loss of culture grounds, increase in land-fills, pollution - i.e. cultural eutrophication, industrial contamination, etc.

Sustainability

ObjectivesTo do feasibility study and analyses of polyculture

To develop practical guidelines for polyculture

National Fisheries Research Institute

Period: 1990-1994

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Aquaculture Production in Korea

YEAR

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Pro

duct

ion

(in 1

000

M/T

)

0

200

400

600

800

Fish

Pro

duct

ion

(in 1

000

M/T

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

seaweeds mollusca others crustacea fishes (fishes)

YEAR

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

(in M

/ T)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

Total productionCultureCulture/Total (%)

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Polyculture

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Polyculture

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Polyculture

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Study Areas and Species

Southeastern coastal areaSea squirts (Halocynthia roretzi)

Seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica)

Mid-western coastal areaAbalone (Haliotis discus hannai)Seaweeds (Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiformis)

Southwestern coastal areaShort necked clams (Ruditapes philippinarum)

Surf clams (Macta veneriformis)

Seaweed (Porphyra tenera)

Southern coastal areaOyster (Crassostrea gigas), sea squirts (Halocynthia roretzi), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)

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Previous Experiences

monoculture vs. polyculture systems Production

Baseline of the previous work Simple

Same cultivation methodslong-line and raft structure

Limited funds

Simple combinations of species (cf. multitrophic)

Guidelines for polyculture

Large-scale practice (not applied yet)

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Aquaculture Production in Korea

19801985

19901995

20002005

Pro

duct

ion

(1,0

00 M

/T)

0

200

400

600

800

(1,0

00 M

/T)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200FinfishCrustaceanShellfish OthersSeaweedsTotal

19801985

19901995

20002005

Pro

duct

ion

(106 W

on)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

(1,0

00 W

on)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400FinfishCrustaceanShellfishOthers SeaweedsTotal

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SSIAS Project Overview

Concept - Sustainability

Integrate and balance

extractive and fed aquaculture

Sustainability

Fed and extractive culture system

Seaweeds & shellfish

Environmentally soundness

Biofilter/production system : Seaweeds

Socio-economic viability

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First Step : Selection of Species(Lab Experiments and Field Survey)

Cultivars and wild speciesPorphyra, Undaria, Laminaria, Enteromorpha, etc.

Field survey (all seasons)

Ecophysiological studies (biofiltration capabilities)

Physiology under high ammonia concentrationPhotosynthetic rates

Nutrient (ammonium) uptake rates

Growth rates

Environmental factors

Seed stock

Simple uptake and growth modelSimulation

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Surge Uptake (Local Cultivar Seaweeds Species)

Porphra yezoensis Enteromorpha sp.

NH4+

(µM)Uptake rate

(µmol � g-1dw � min-1)NH4

+

(µM)Uptake rate

(µmol � g-1dw � min-1)

v0-20 40 0.160±0.117 40 0.394±0.044

75 0.245±0.031 75 0.570±0.103

150 0.885±0.187 150 1.673±0.115

250 1.449±0.008

v60-120 40 0.105±0.081 40 0.116±0.079

75 0.211±0.077 75 0.057±0.005

150 0.506±0.198 150 0.125±0.066

250 0.775±0.173

(Jan. 2003, Yongwon)

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Lab Scale Experiments Field Survey

Short - term Long - term

Tank Culture Study

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Tank Culture Study(Finfish – Seaweed)

AcanthopagrusAcanthopagrus schlegelischlegeli ((BleekerBleeker))

UlvaUlva pertusapertusa KjellmannKjellmann

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Time (hr)

0 10 20 30 40 50

NH

4+ (µM

)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Time (hr)

0 10 20 30 40 50

NH

4+ (µM

)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

NH

4+ (µ

M)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fish tankSeaweed tank(Difference)

Time (hr)

0 10 20 30 40 50

NH

4+ (µM

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

NH

4+ (µ

M)

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Fish tankSeaweed tank(Difference)

flow system failure

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Closed Circulation Tank Study(Porphyra yezoensis & Undaria pinnatifida)

Reciruclating integrated system (Porphyra sp.)

Time (hour)

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

NH

4+ conc

entr

atio

n ( µ

M)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Fish tank Sedimetation tank Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2Seaweed tank 3

Undaria pinnatifida

Time (hour)0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

NH

4+ conc

entr

atio

n ( µ

M)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Fish tank Sedimetation tank Seaweed tank 1 Seaweed tank 2 Seaweed tank 3Seaweed tank 4

(A)

(B)

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Summer SSIAS (problem: high T)

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Summer SSIAS Seaweed SpeciesNH4

+ Uptake in Codium fragile

(A) Ammonium conc. 300µM

Low light (Codium fragile)

Time (hour)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 Dark (Codium fragile)

Time (hour)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

10 152025

High light (Codium fragile)

Time (hour)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

NH

4 + Con

cent

ratio

n ( µ

M)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

High light (Codium fragile)

Time (hour)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

NH

4+ C

once

ntra

tion

( µM

)

0

30

60

90

120

150

180 Low light (Codium fragile)

Time (hour)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

30

60

90

120

150

180 Dark (Codium fragile)

Time (hour)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

30

60

90

120

150

180

10152025

(B) Ammonium conc. 150µM

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Summer SSIAS Seaweed SpeciesPhotosynthetic Efficiency (Fv/Fm) in C. fragile

before after0

1

before after

fv/fm

0

1

10152025

High Light (300µM)

before after

fv/fm

0

1Low Light Dark

fv/fm

before after0

1

before after

fv/fm

0

1

10152025

High Light (150µM)

before after

fv/fm

0

1Low Light Dark

fv/fm

(A) Ammonium conc. 300µM

(B) Ammonium conc. 150µM

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Closed Circulation Tank in Summer(flatfish & Codium fragile)

Fish & Seaweed tank- Circulation system

Time (Day)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

NH

4+ con

cent

ratio

n ( µ

M)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Fish tankSediment tankSeaweed tankSeaweed tank Fish tank

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SSIAS SummaryThe local cultivar seaweed species are good candidates for the SSIAS.

Porphyra

Laminaria

Undaria

Enteromorpha

Seasonal assemblageWinter: Undaria, Laminaria and Porphyra

Summer: Conium and Gracilaria

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SSIAS

Simultaneous coupling of nutrient removalbetween fed and extraction culture

Long-term delayed seasonal removal of nutrients

summer fed culture & winter extraction culture

Any kind of seaweed cultivation could be a part of the SSIAS

Good measure of EBM in coastal watersprovides higher water quality and

primary production

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감사합니다감사합니다

Acknowledgements

MOST (KISTEP)

MOMAF (NFRDI)