SEA LAMPREY SPAWNING · 2017. 3. 1. · Inordertospawn,adultlampreysreq-ulre(1)watertemperaturesof...

SEA LAMPREY SPAWNING:

MICHIGAN STREAMS

OF LAKE SUPERIOR

Marine Bioiogical Laboratory

MAY 2 3 1952

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT: FISHERIES No. 70

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Explanatory Note

The series embodies results of investigations, usually of restrictedscope, intended to aid or direct management or utilization practices andas gioides for administrative or legislative action. l'=^ is issued inlimited quantities for the official use of Federal, State or cooperatingagencies and in processed form for economy and to avoid delay in publica-tion.

Washington, D„ C.

February, 19^2

United States Department of the Interior^ Oscar L« Chapman, SecretaryFish and Wildlife Service, Albert M. Day, Director

SEA LAMPREY SPAWNING s MICHIGAN

STREAMS OF LAKE SUPERIOR

by

Howard A. Loeb and Albert E. Hall, Jr.Fishery Research Biologists

Special Scientific Reports Fisheries No. 70

CONTENTS

Introduction „ <, . c . « . « . .

Digest of principal findings . <

Standards and methods . . » <, .

E'/aluation of streams . . . o >

Control procedures .......Recotimendations for future workLiterature cited . » . . . . . <

9 O 9 O O O

Pageo , 1

, . 2

. , 5, . 8

. . 65

. . 66

. . 67

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE

2o

3.

6,

7.

8.

9.

10.11,

12 o

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15

Lake Superior; showing the areas, and theirarbitrary subdivisions, surveyed in 1950 and 195l<

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Area 5 «

Area 6 .

Area 7 .

Area 8 „

Area 9 »

Area 10

Area 11Area 12

Area 13

_ - Area lUl6. Area l517 o Area l6

Area 1?Area 18

Area 19Area 20

Area 21

Area 22

18

19.

20.

21.

22,

23,

Page

9

11

13

15

17

1922

25

27

29

31

33

3538

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Sk5660

Introduction

During the three decades since the capture of the first specimen in

Lake Erie in 1921, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has establisheditself in great numbers in the upper Great Lakes. Partial destructionof the commercial and sport fisheries of Lakes Huron and Michigan has

resultedo Details of the problem in those lakes have been presented inrecent papers (Applegate 1950| Hile 19h9s Hile et_ al_<, 1951) =

The present situation in Lake Superior differs from that in LakesHuron and Michigan in that the sea lamprey is still in its initial statesof dispersal and establishment (first specimen taken at Isle Royale^

I9U6) o The lamprey appears already to have caused some damage to the

fish populations (especially lake trout) in the Superior basin. Commer-cial catches have declined (owing partially, perhaps, to increased fish=ing pressure) throughout the lake, but the greatest decrease has takenplace in the eastern areas. If the relation between the fish populationsand the sea lamprey follows the pattern established in Lakes Huron and

Michigan, commercial fishing for lake trout and certain other speciesof present importance in Lake Superior will be unprofitable within threeor four years

o

Control of the sea lamprey in all of the lakes will probably beeffected by attacking the parasite during one of the stream phases ofits life cyclej for example, the upstream migrations of sexually matureindividuals can be blocked by dams, mechanical weirs, and electricalbarriers in streams suitable for spawning (Applegate and Smith 19^1)

»

The relative importance of most of the watersheds of the Lake Huronand Lake Michigan basins as sea-lamprey spawning areas has been determined,Suitable spawning habitat is present in only a small percentage of streamsin these basins » Unfortunately, those streams that do possess this facil=ity have a tremendous potential for reproducing the species.

Before the stream surveys reported herein, little was known of thecharacteristics of the majority of the streams flowing into Lake Superioror of their relative importance as present or future producers of sealampreys

.

The surveys of Lake Superior streams were instituted to determinethe following;

}lo The extent of sea lamprey penetration westerly in Lake Superior

as judged by actual observations of lampreys, spawning activities, andnests in the tributary streams (sea lampreys are now distributed throughout the lake)

»

2o The location and extent of potential spawning and larval habitats

in the streams of the basin« Criteria used to determine the relativesuitability of streams were established by Applegate (1950) and otherworkers! specific water temperatures^ velocities, and bottom types neces-sary for successful completion of the stream phases of the life cyclewere determined

o

3o The best sites for control structures in streams which areapparently suitable or are actually used by sea lampreys for spawningo

During the summer of 19^0, all of the streams from the TahquamenonRiver (Chippewa County, Michc) west to the tip of the KeweenawPeninsula were examined (figSol-17)o The personnel included, in additionto authors, Clifford Brynildson, Daniel Garn, William Gaylord, CarlJacoby^ Alberton McLain, and Phillip Parker „ The 19^1 survey was con-ducted by Howard Loeb^ William Gaylord, Carl Jacoby, and George Simmons;this party examined streams in the area between the tip of the KeweenawPeninsula and the Michigan-Wisconsin border (figs. 1, 18-23)

»

Appreciation is extended to the Institute for Fisheries Research,Michigan Department of Conservation, for data on the Two Hearted River,and to Leo Fo Erkkila of the Fish and Wildlife Service for data onutilization by the lamprey of several streams (table 23=. Alan C.

Bennett prepared the maps, and William Gaylord identified lamprey larvae,.

Digest of principsil findings

Results of the 19^0 and 195l stream surveys in the Lake Superiorwatershed are summarized as follows (figSo 2-17 and 18-23):

Number of streams and tributaries examined ;

1950s 869 (Tahquamenon River west to the tip of KeweenawPeninsula)

195ls 178 (tip of Keweenaw Peninsula west to Michigan-Wisconsinborder)

Of the streams examined in 19?0, detailed data were obtained for330. (Tables I-I6 present information on the 112 streams which possessedsome potential for reproducing the sea lamprey„) The remaining 539streams which appear on large-scale maps of the area were found to fallin one of the following categories:

±o Nonsjcisten:.,,

2o Crnsidered frotr or'-'^lrlnary examination as not s-Jiitable for

the reproduction of sea lampreys.

3o Tributaries not in need of examination because extensive

potential spawning habitat had already been found in the

watershed.

Detailed data were collected for all of the 178 streams examined

in 19^1 (tables 17-22). The 1951 survey was less extensive than that

of 19^0 in that most of the minor tributaries of each watershed were

not examined.

However, all of the 3l5 watersheds flowing directly into Lake

Superior from the Tahquamenon west of the Michigan-Wisconsin border

(1950 and 1951 survey areas) have now been examined in sufficient

detail for the purposes of this surveyo

Streams with a large productive potential (Space for more than' ~~

"

"^75 nests) t 53

Streams with a medium productive potential (Space for 6 to ?5 nests) s 11?

Streams with a small productive potential (Space for 1 to 5 nests) s 75

The standards on which the above groupings are based are, of course^

arbitrary and are intended only to provide a convenient s3''stem of classi-

fication. Productive potential is defined as the capacity of a stream

to produce sea lampreys, expressed as the number of nests which may be

constructed on the spawning sites available when;

1. Certain less variable factors such as quality of gravel(Spawning material), gradients, velocities, and streamsizes are believed to be satisfactory for reproduction.

.2. Highlj/- variable factors such as temperature and effects offreshets^ which cannot be accurately evaluated (in m.ost

situations) on the basis of available information, areconsidered as favorable.

3. S'jrvival of larvae from the nests may be anticipated to benormal.

Streams in which adult sea lampreys were observed or reported (see also

table 2377

1950 survey areas 7 (Additional records available from 1951rechecks will be presented in a later report.)

1951 survey areas none (Most of the streams were examined afterthe spawning season.)

streams in which sea lamprey nests were observed or reported (see also

table 2'3yt

1950 siirvey areas lli (Additional records available from rechecks

made in 1951 will be presented in a later report),

1951 survej'- area: 1

It is nrobable that nests were present in other streams but were

not observed because:

1. The general rarity of nests in the Lake Superior region

would make it entirely possible to miss an occasional single

nesto

2o The brown color of many streams may have obscured some nests.

3. Nests may have been destroyed in streams examined long after

the spawning seasono

Streams in which sea-lamprey larvae were obtained (see also table 23)

;

19$0 survey areas 1 (Almost all streams were examined for larvae|

lamprey larvae of several species were obtained from 23

streams)

.

1951 survey area; none (No streams in this area were checked for

larvae) .

Streams upon which some type of control may eventually be necessary;

19^0 survey area; 112

1951 survey area: I36

Tributary streams in this group can be controlled by devices

placed on main streams. The need for control on many of these streams

can be determined only by future examination

„

Stream mileages; Over 1,300 miles of stream were surveyed in 19^0;

the combined lengths of all streams in the area amount to considerably

more than that. The lengths of all streams in the 195l area aggregate

over 1,500 miles, of which several hundred miles were surveyed.

S oandai'ds and methods

Criteria used i;. esoiraating the productive potentials of LakeSuperior basin streams were established during a studj'- of the lifehistory of -".re sea lamprey by Applegate (1950),

The life history of the sea lamprey in the Great Lakes can besummarized a.s follows « In the spring the adults ascent streams and

spawn on gravels After a short period of incubation the eggs hatchand the larvae emerge,, These larvae, carried downstream by the current,dive for and burrow into the bottom when quiet water is reachedoMetamorphosis takes place after a larval life of about h years « Theresulting sexually immature adults are carried by high water to the

lakes where the parasitic life of 12 to 20 months begins

«

For successful completion of the stream phases of the life cycle,certain known basic conditions among others must prevail in the streams.Suitable larval habitat consisting of soft (sand or silt) bottommaterial must be present in the streams proper or in their estuaries.In order to spawn, adult lampreys req-ulre (1) water temperatures of

about 53° Fo or above, (2) water velocities of 1 to 5 feet a second,and (3) the presence of suitable gravel formations (or other hardelements such as clam shells) for nest building (Applegate 19^0)

«

These factors were found to be of optimum quality in certain streamswhen (1) water temperatures were between 60° Fo and 70° ¥<,; (2) watervelocities ranged from 1 to 3 feet a secondj (3) stream-bed formationsconsisted of concentrated grav^tel of ideal size (3/it inch to 3 inches indiameter) in bars or ridges which formed riffle areas » These criteriaare based on studies of lampreys in streams flowing into Lakes Huron andMichigano It is suspected that spaiming may be inhibited in many LakeSuperior streams by certain conditions which are common in that area,such as colder water temperatures, steep gradients, sudden freshets, andheavy turbidity due to lake clay.

The streams were examined by walking or canoeing along their coursesfor the distance required to determine their productive potentials j ifabundant spawning habitat or an obvious barrier was found in a streamsection just above the mouthy, examination of that stream was discontinued!streams in which gravel was lacking were surveyed from mouths to head-waters to make certain of the lacko

Standardized methods and techniques were employed so far as it waspractical to do soo The necessity for covering a large amount of terri-tory demanded deviation from preferred methods (usually the employmentof visual estimates instead of measurements) often enough to wai-rant anexplanation of those actually used in this particular survey.

stream lengths s Computed from county maps (Michigan Department of

Conser-'ation) | a crrrection factor (variable) based on the estimated

increase due to meandering^ was applied to each computed lengtho

Stream widths i Average widths were computed from a series of measure-

raents and visual estimates taken at varying distances apartj accurate

measurements (steel tape) were made at potential control sitesj and

at most points where lampreys, nests^ and suitable spawning habitat

were located. At the beginning of the 1950 survey^ the majority of

widths were determined by direct measurement » As the season progressed

and biologists became more experienced^ most widths were determined by

visual estimates checked frequently by tape measurementso

Stream depths ; Depths were determined at the time widths were recordedo

Accurate depth measurements in shallow streams were made with a yardsticks

The average depth of a stream at any one point was calculated frommeasurements at the stream center and at points midway between the

center and the edges. Individual depths in deep streams (often turbid)

were obtained ^^ri.th a sounding line.

Water velocities; Velocities were determined at the time widths and

depths were recorded. At the beginning of the survey, velocities at

individual points were taken by the "chip" method (velocity in feet persecond was calculated from the time required for a small glass vial half

filled with water to float over a measured distance; an average was

obtained from three measurements) « As the survey progressed,velocities were determined by visual estimates, checked frequently bythe chip method. The chip method was impracticable in many small streams

because of obstructions

»

Water temperatures ; Taken with Taylor pocket thermometers to the nearestdegree Fahrenheit.

Gradients

;

Determined by visual estimation, and classified as follows

5

Slight? Stream bed appearing to be flat or with slight evidence

of gradients

Steep's Appearing to be approximately 1° or more.

Moderates Between slight and steep

»

Visual estimates were accurate enough for the purposes of this

survey^ Gradients were noted frequently.

Bo^':-Oiii cypes i The t-otal aiiiojnts oi eacn type were arrived at by visualestimates.. Soft bottom was classified as sand^ silt^ mudj and clay. The

prese-.ice of hardpan was also noted. Hard bottom was classified as bed-rock., boulders (12 inches in diameter and up), rubble (3 inches to 12

inches in diameter) j, large gravel (3/U inch to 3 inches in diameter) j and

small gravel (l/U inch to 3/U inch in diameter)

„

Spawning sites ; Gravel deposits were classified as follows (in order of

suitability) ;

lo Concentrated

a. Gravel bars and ridges on riffles.

bo Continuously flat,, pavement-like formations inriffle areas o

2c Scattered

a. Patches of large gravel.

bo Discontinuous^ variable amounts of gravel in orupon other substrata,

Co Gravel mixed with rubble and boulders.

Possible number of nests; A visual estimate was made of the possiblenumber of nests which could be constructed on the gravel formationspresent.

Barriers ? Classified as natural or man-made o Great Lakes sea lampreyscannot ascent smooth perpendicular barriers which are 3 feet or more inheight. Their ability to ascend broken and irregular rock formations is

greater; they have been observed negotiating a falls 7 feet high, whichhad a f ace of irregularly eroded limestone.

Adult lampreys and nests s Locations and numbers of nests were recordedwith accompanying notes on type of spawning material, quality of gravelformations, and other factors. The numbers of adult lampreys wererecorded in relation to activity (swimming, resting, spawning), condi-tion (unspawned, oartially spawned, spent, dying, or dead), and location.Samples of lampreys were collected and preserved.

Larval lampreys; During the 19^0 survey, almost all streams wereexamined at various distances below spawning habitat for larvae, whichwere collected from all types of habitat by digging. All larvae werepreserved for identification. No attemot was made to collect larvaein 1951

o

Color of streams ; Classified as brown or colorless^ by visual examina-tion.

Turbidity of streams; Classified as clear^ or slightly, moderatelyj or

heavily turbid

»

Water levels ; Annual fluctuations were determined by noting high=»water

marks and condition of stream at time of examlnationo When possible,,

the characteristics of individual streams in relation to extent of pre-cipitation were recorded^ Special attention was paid to water-levelconditions at proposed control sites

c

Pollution; Sources of industrial and domestic pollution were noted(visually) and recorded.,

General topography and geographical features

;

Stream banks, flood plains,and the surrounding coijntry were described,, General measurements suchas heights, widths and contour vjere recorded. Soil and plant types tvere

noted, although not in great detail „ Road conditions, location of powerlines, and relative accessibility of streams and proposed control siteswere noted

„

Location of control sites ; Potential control sites were located in moststreams which were found to have productive possibilities.. Criteria forselecting control sites (for mechanical weirs | barrier dams^ and electricaldevices) were established during experimentation with various types ofcontrol devices (Applegate and Smith 19^1) = Flora and fauna ; Only limitedobservations were made^ Exceptional conditions (for example, extremeabundance of aquatic plants) were noted. A limited amount of seining forfish was done.

Evaluation of streams

For the sake of convenience and simplicity, the entire Michiganwatershed of Lake Superior has been divided into 22 areas (figs. 2-=23

tables 1=22), each of which is discussed separately.s

With each figure and table are brief comments on the area and itsstreams, factors which may inhibit or prevent spawning in the future,and control possibilities.

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LEGEND FOR MAP AREAS

Control procedures

Control de-vices may have to be installed on I9U ot* more streams

between the Tahquamenon River and the Michigan-Wisconsin border. Tenta-

tive sites have been located on the majority of the streams, subject to

change as warranted by conditions on individual streams and future

developments of control devices

»

The majority of streams in possible need of control are small (S to

l5 feet in width) . A considerable number are in the l5= to 35- foot

class. However, at least 57 are large or very large (tables 1-22).

Electrical devices have been recommended for 65 streams which are

too large for mechanical weirs or barrier dams or in which good sites

for such devices are lacking. Many of these sites are some distance(several miles') from the nearest power lines. Mechanical weirs are

recommended for 6I streams ^ although it is possible that this type of

device will be discarded in favor of more practical structures on

individual streams (Applegate and Smithy 195l)

.

Barrier dams are recommended for 68 streams, many of which are

difficult of access. Most of these streams are located in Ontonagan

and Gogebic Counties, Banks are ravine-like and the substratum at

the potential barrier sites is bedrock. Gradients are generally steepi

it is believed that mechanical weirs would be difficult or impossible

to hold due to the sudden rises in water levels following heavy rains.

A number of these barrier dams can be constructed on bedrock out-

croppings which are already partial barriers.

Beyond the usual engineering problems accompanying the installa-tion of control devices, the main problem to be faced in the Lake

Superior basin is that of relative inaccessibility. Many potential

control sites are miles from the nearest roads,, and can be reached

only by compass course through rugged areas often covered with almostimpenetrable slash and second growth.

The control program in Lake Superior logically should be initiated

by constructing ccntrol devices in those watersheds in which adult sea

lampreys, nests, or sea lamprey larvae have already been observed. At

the close of the 1951 season these watersheds numbered l5. At the

recommended control sites, the main streams of eleven of these watersheds

are large, three are of moderate size, and one is small. Details con-

cerning utilization in these particular streams are presented in

table 23.

-66-

Recommendations for future work

It \rl'^l be necessarys in the future, to recheck all streams with aproductive potential, to determine whether or not they are being used byadult sea lampreys „ It is probable that a large number of these streamswill never be in need of control measures; spawning may be inhibited bylovf temperatures

J,steep gradients ^ high velocitiesj relatively small

size of a number of streams, and excessive turbidities (lake clay areasof Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties) , The more questionable or marginalstreams should be rechecked during the regular spawning season to deter-mine accurately their temperatures, velocities, and water levels o Thetrue extent of spawning activity in many streams (notably in Ontonagonand Gogebic Counties) can be determined only by rechecking during thespawning season before most of the nests are destroyed by freshets

»

It will be necessary also to carry out further initial surveys ofall of the remaining unsurveyed streams flowing into Lake Superior^ ifthe sea lamprey is to be successfully controlled (Wisconsin^ Minnesota,Ontario streams, and those on Isle Royale and other islands which havenot yet been examined) . Many of the unsurveyed areas are relativelyinaccessible, and will call for much more highly organized surveys thanthose carried out to date.,

Despite the fact that various types of control structures havebeen recommended for streams which have a productive potential^ it willbe necessary to experiment further in order to develop the most practicaltypes o Many Lake Superior streams have characteristics (steep gradients,high velocities, rapid fluctuations in water levels, and extremely heavyturbidity) which, when combined with relative inaccessibility, may presentcontrol problems not encountered in previous experimental control opera=tions (Applegate and Smith, 19^1)

o

-67-

Literature Cited

Applegatej Vernon C.

I95O0 Natural history of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in

Michigan, U«S, Fish and Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rpt.

s

Fisheries Noo 55, 237 pp.

Applegatej Vernon C.j and Bernard R« Smith

195l« Sea lamprey spaiming runs in the Great Lakes, 1950.

UoS„ Fish and Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rpt. ; Fisheries No. 61,

U9 PPo

Hilej RalphI9I4.90 Trends in the lake trout fishery of Lake Huron through I9U6.

Trans o Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 76 (I9U6) , pp. 121-1U7.

Hile, Ralph, Paul H. Eschmeyer, and George F. Lunger

1951 o Decline of the lake trout fishery in Lake Michigan. The

Fisherman, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 5, 10.

-68-

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SEA LAMPREY SPAWNING · 2017. 3. 1. · Inordertospawn,adultlampreysreq-ulre(1)watertemperaturesof...

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