System DevelopmentSystem DevelopmentLife Cycle (SDLC)Life Cycle (SDLC)

Seminar TopicsSeminar TopicsSystem Concepts - Information Concepts -Decision Support System -Organization and MIS -SAP - Case Studies on

◦ Effect of MIS on Business - ◦ Use of Wireless technologies in business -◦ Use of Internet technology in business -◦ Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -◦ Business Development Process (Ex of

SDLC) -

“System Development” refers to the process of –

Examining a business situation with the intent of improving it, through better procedures and methods.

System Development is having two major component in it

System Analysis – Analysis of current system for Problems & Demerits in it and Additional requirements in new system

System Design – Process of planning new system which will replace the old one

What is SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ?What is SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ?

Why System DevelopmentWhy System Development

New design idea to smoothen the process in the organization.

Evolving environmental changes such as Competition.

Adding new business or product line to present business.

Present system does not satisfy the users information needs.

Present system no longer efficiently and effectively meets the Goals of organization.

Excessive time spent in correcting errors.

Current Reports / Outputs not meting users decision making skills.

Escalating customer and vendor complaints.

System Development “Methodology”System Development “Methodology”

A system development methodology is a formalized, standardized, documented set of activities used to manage a system development project. It can be characterized as follows:

DIVISION OF PROJECT into the identifiable phases which can be managed without having any problem.

REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS by TOP Management on periodically by getting deliverables.

APPROVALS from all the participants of the Development (i.e. Users, Managers, Analyst and Auditors).

TESTING OF SYSTEM thoroughly prior to implementation to ensure that it meets user’s needs.

TRANNING of user who will operate the new system.

POST IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW for effectiveness and efficiency of new system

Steps of System Steps of System DevelopmentDevelopmentSystem Investigation

◦ Conduct of Product feasibility◦ Development of project management plan

System Analysis◦ Analyze the information needs of all stakeholders in a

business◦ Development of functional requirements ◦ Development of Logical Models of existing system

System Design◦ Development of specifications◦ Development logical modes of new system

System Implementation◦ Develop S/W, Acquire H/W, Testing the system, Training,

ConvertSystem Maintenance – Post implementation reviews

SDLC PhasesSDLC Phases

Preliminary Investigation

System Operation & Maintenance

System Analysis

SystemImplementationn

System Design

System Development

Six Phases of the Six Phases of the System Development System Development Life CycleLife Cycle

Preliminary Investigation ◦Assesses feasibility and practicality of

system System Analysis

◦Study old system and identify new requirements

◦Defines system from user's viewSystem Design

◦Design new/alternative system◦Defines system from technical view

Six Phases of the Six Phases of the System Development System Development Life CycleLife Cycle

System Development

◦New hardware and software is acquired, developed, and tested

System Implementation

◦System installation and trainingSystem Operation & Maintenance

◦Daily operation

◦Periodic evaluation and updating

Who participates in the system development life cycle?

Systems AnalystSystems Analyst

A person responsible for A person responsible for designing and developing designing and developing

information systeminformation system

He is the Liaison between He is the Liaison between users and IT users and IT professionalsprofessionals

Phase 1: Phase 1: Preliminary Investigation / Preliminary Investigation / Feasibility StudyFeasibility Study

The objective of this phase is to review all requests and identify those proposals that are most beneficial to the organization.

Three primary tasks:

◦Define the problem By observation and interview, determine what

information is needed by whom, when, where and why

◦Suggest alternative solutions

◦Prepare a short report

Phase 1 Cntd…Phase 1 Cntd…

Preliminary Investigation object can be achieved in following steps:

Request ClarificationFeasibility studyEstimating Costs and BenefitsRequest Approvals

Request ClarificationRequest Clarification

Defining the Scope and Objective of Request:

◦ An analyst has to define for which objective a request for development is submitted.

Conducting the Investigation

◦ This is nothing but the Collection of data / inputs by:

Reviewing internal documents (i.e Organizational Charts, operating procedures etc.

Conducting interviews of User, Supervisory Personal and Managers

Questionnaire

Joint-Application Design (JAD) session

Research

Evaluation of alternative systems through

cost and benefit analysis:

Measure of how suitable

system development will be to the

company

Operational feasibility

Schedule feasibility

Four feasibility tests:

Technical feasibility

Economic feasibility

(also called cost/benefit feasibility)

Feasibility StudyFeasibility Study

Legal feasibilit

y

Feasibility (Possibility) Feasibility (Possibility) StudyStudyTechnical Feasibility: Hardware

and software availability, Technical Guarantee of Accuracy, Reliability, Easy to Access, Data security, technical capacity to hold data and future expansion.

Economical Feasibility: Evaluation of cost & Benefits expected.

Benefits- Cost Savings, Increased Revenue, Decreased Investment Requirement, Increased profits.

Feasibility (Possibility) StudyFeasibility (Possibility) Study

• Operational Feasibility: Finding the possibilities on

• How well the proposed system supports the business priorities of the organization.

• How well the proposed system will solve the identified problem

• How well the proposed system will fit with existing system

• Finding views of workers, employees, customers & suppliers about the use of new system.

• Schedule Feasibility: Estimation of time to take for new system to become operational.

• Legal feasibility: Testing whether new system will comply the patent, copyright and licensing policies of company, Government etc.

Estimating Cost & BenefitEstimating Cost & BenefitCOSTS:

• Development Costs: This includes cost of testing, training, start up costs, salary to designers, acquisition cost of hardware & software.

• Operation Costs: This includes operator salary, maintenance costs, etc.

• Intangible Costs: Loss of employee productivity, self confidence etc.

BENEFITS:

• Tangible Benefits: Increase in sales / Contribution / Profits Decrease in investment, operating and

processing cost. Improved information availability, analysis,

Management Decision skill

• Intangible Benefits: Increase in Goodwill / Improved Image of

Business

Phase 2: Phase 2: System System AnalysisAnalysisEvery system is built to meets some set of needs

and to assess these needs, the analyst often interact extensively with the people, who will be benefited from the system In order to determine the requirement of those peoples he can use following facts finding techniques:

•Documents: This includes the Manuals, diagrams, forms, organizational charts etc. It should be ensured that all documents are accurate & up to date

•Questionnaires: These are skillfully drafted group of standard question which can be given to all personal and can be analyze quickly.

•Interviews: To get a complete picture of problems and opportunities.

•Observation: Surprise Visit of users work palace to get a clear picture of user’s environment.

Collection of data and factsAnalysis of Present SystemAnalysis of Proposed system

Phase 2: System Analysis Phase 2: System Analysis Tools UsedTools Used

Checklists - list of questionsTop-down analysis - start with top level

components, break down into smaller parts through each successive level

Grid charts - to show relationship between inputs and outputs

System flowcharts - charts flow of input data, processing, and output which show system elements and interactions

Phase 2: System Analysis Phase 2: System Analysis Documentation ProcedureDocumentation Procedure

Complete description of current system and its problems

Requirements for new system including:◦Subject

◦Scope

◦Objectives

◦BenefitsPossible development schedule

Phase 3: Phase 3: System DesignSystem Design

In depth study of the existing system to determine what the new system should do.◦ Expand on data gathered in Phase 1, examine:◦ Formal lines of authority (organization chart)

In addition to observation and interviews◦ Standard operating procedures ◦ How information flows

Reasons for any inefficiencies

Uses specifications from the systems analysis to design alternative systems

Evaluate alternatives based upon:◦ Economic feasibility - Do benefits justify costs?

◦ Technical feasibility - Is reliable technology and training available?

◦ Operational feasibility - Will the managers and users support it?

Phase 3: System DesignPhase 3: System DesignTools UsedTools Used

Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools are software-based products designed to help automate the production of information systems.

Examples:◦ Diagramming Tools◦ Data Repositories◦ Prototyping Tools◦ Test Data Generators◦ Documentation Tools◦ Project Management Tools

Phase 3: System DesignPhase 3: System DesignDocumentation ProducedDocumentation Produced

System Design Report◦Describe Alternatives including:

Inputs/Outputs Processing Storage and Backup

◦Recommend Top Alternative based upon: System Fit into the Organization Flexibility for the future Costs vs. benefits

Phase 4: Phase 4: System DevelopmentSystem Development

Build the system to the design specifications ◦Develop the software

Purchase off-the-shelf software OR Write custom software

◦Acquire the hardware◦Test the new system

Module (unit) test - tests each part of system Integration testing - tests system as one unit

◦Create manuals for users and operators

Phase 5: Phase 5: System ImplementationSystem Implementation

Convert from old system to new systemTrain usersCompile final documentationEvaluate the new system

Phase 5: System ImplementationPhase 5: System ImplementationTypes of ConversionTypes of Conversion

Direct/plunge/crash approach – entire new system completely replaces entire old system, in one step

Parallel approach - both systems are operated side by side until the new system proves itself

Pilot approach - launched new system for only one group within the business -- once new system is operating smoothly, implementation goes company-wide

Phased/incremental approach - individual parts of new system are gradually phased-in over time, using either crash or parallel for each piece.

Phase 5: System Phase 5: System ImplementationImplementation

User Training◦Ease into system, make them

comfortable, and gain their support◦Most commonly overlooked ◦Can be commenced before equipment

delivery◦Outside trainers sometimes used

Phase 6: Operations & Phase 6: Operations & MaintenanceMaintenance

Types of changes:◦Physical repair of the system◦Correction of new bugs found

(corrective)◦System adjustments to environmental

changes◦Adjustments for users’ changing needs

(adaptive)◦Changes to user better techniques when

they become available (perfective)

Phase 6: Operations & Phase 6: Operations & MaintenanceMaintenance

Evaluation Methods

◦Systems audit - performance compared to original specifications

◦Periodic evaluation - “checkups” from time to time, modifications if necessary

Deliverables of the SDLCDeliverables of the SDLC

Begin buildingnew system

System convertedUsers trained

Coded and Tested System

Design Specifications

Preliminary Investigation

System Analysis

SystemDesign

System Implementation

System

Development

SystemMaintenance

Approved Feasibility Study

Operational System Documentation completed

Abort Project Goto next phase Goto Previous phase Problem

Specifications

MIS SyllabusMIS SyllabusManagement Information Systems

1. Information Systems: data vs Information, Strategic role of information in management, Organization as an information system. TPS, MIS, DSS, ESS, OAS, Networking concepts, telecommunications networks.

2. Systems Development: the concept of systems development life cycle (SDLC),Types of SDLC, Use of flow charts. .

Application Technologies: ERP concepts, Evolution of ERP, ERP packages, SAP, Baan, MFG-PRO, Oracle, ERP Evaluation, ERP and BPR, ERP Implementation, Extended ERP, Case studies.

4. Web Publishing: web publishing, Types of websites, Web surfing, E-commerce, B2B, B2C, C2C, E-commerce security issues, Ethical issues

5. Practicals on ERP -. Functional modules in business.