Sculptured Decoration of Monumental Nymphaea at the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire

8/6/2019 Sculptured Decoration of Monumental Nymphaea at the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sculptured-decoration-of-monumental-nymphaea-at-the-eastern-provinces-of-the 1/30

]ejg v `g~ s}erfknfg~?jeia`e v ifbq~fþk

F

Aifye}g~

Y}fkfigi Kedg`a~

F~gma` ]eiã



Aifnfþk ia` re`qjak ?Y}fkfigi Kedgà~F~gma` ]eiã

Nee}ifkgnfþk aifye}fg` ?Jg}êg Oe~æ Sæ}az ia` Ng~yf`è

If~a÷e v jgwqaygnfþk?Naba}fke @þsaz

S}evanye S]F32M=<2Be}e~ ]ejgke~ ia A|y}ajgiq}g+ Gkç`f~f~ v Ifbq~fþk ia` Sgy}fjekfe A|y}aja÷e+

Rfnas}a~fiaknfg ̂ adqkig v Nek~aoa}êg ia Anekejêg Neja}nfe a Fkkergnfþk ia `g Oqkyg ia A|y}ajgiq}g+

S}evanye S]F36G793 G}ya ]ejgke ak A|y}ajgiq}g F+ N}agnfþk ia jeiaè~ ak a` ennfiakya lf~sgke+

Rfnas}a~fiaknfg ̂ adqkig v Nek~aoa}êg ia Anekejêg Neja}nfe a Fkkergnfþk ia `g Oqkyg ia A|y}ajgiq}g+

S}evanye LG]=336*3<4=4S}ed}gjg~ iane}gyfre~ ak @q~fygkfg }ejgkg? e}fdak v are`qnfþk+

Jfkf~ya}fe ia Nfaknfg a Fkkergnfþk+

D]QSE IA A^YQIFE^ IA@ JQKIE GKYFDQE LQJ*372

S}evanye LG]=33<*39233

A|sèygnfþk, q~e a fkya}ngjmfe ia jgya}fg~ s}fjg~ fke}dçkfng~ ak a` ke}ya ia Lf~sgkfg v ̀ e~ sqa}ye~ ia ]ejg+Jfkf~ya}fe ia Nfaknfg a Fkkergnfþk+ S}evanye LG]=336*7346< Gkyfdqe e jeia}ke+ Aknqgi}a ia ̀ g a~nq`yq}g ia a~yfè n`ç~fne ak ~q sa}feie ne}}a~sekifakya+

Jfkf~ya}fe ia Nfaknfg a Fkkergnfþk+

\F NE@EWQFE FKYA]KGNFEKG@ IA G]YA ]EJGKE S]ERFKNFG@Fk~yfyqnfeka~ E}dgkfzgie}g~?

Fk~yfyqnfeka~ Ne`gme}gie}g~?

Lf~sgkfg Gkyfdqg ne``gkg if}ayyg ig Oq`fçk Dekzçàz Qkfra}~figi ia ̂ arf``g * Iasg}ygjakye ia Bfèèdêg D}fadg v @gyfkg+

]ejg v ̀ g~ s}erfknfg~? jeiaè v ifbq~fþk+,Lf~sgkfg Gkyfdqg ̂ a}fa G}wqae`þdfng >&

F^MK 64<*<<*<=21*23=*4

Nesv}fdly =377 ¦ ‐@¹A]JG‚ if M]AY^NLKAFIA]Rfg Ng~~feie}e 76 „ 3376> ]ejglyys?%%ttt+à}jg+fy

Yqyyf if}fyyf }f~a}rgyf+ Æ rfaygyg ̀ g }fs}eiqzfeka if ya~yf a f``q~y}gzfekf ~akzg f` sa}ja~~e ~n}fyyye ia``¹Aifye}a+@e~ ya|ye~ a f`q~y}gnfeka~ ia a~ya re`qjak ~ek }a~sek~gmf`figi ia ~q~ }a~sanyfre~ gqye}a~+

Fjs}a~fþk? G}ya~ D}çng~ ]aog~ ,Jæ}fig&+Beyed}gbêg nqmfa}yg? Ngmazg ra`gig ia Gqdq~ye+ Jq~ae Kgnfekg` ia G}ya ]ejgke+ Beyed}gbêg? Naba}fke @þsaz+



]ejg v `g~ s}erfknfg~?jeia`e v ifbq~fþk

Y}fkfigi Kedg`a~

F~gma` ]eiã

Aifye}g~

Re +̀ F



Êkifna



RE@QJAK F

74 S}a~akygnfþk

NEKBA]AKNFG IA FKGQDQ]GNFÞK

=> Sf`g} àþk*ng~y}e gèk~e? G}ya }ejgke s}erfknfg`? kqare akbewqa vrgè}gnfþk+

FYG@FG, ]ADFE \

9> `qn}azfg qkdg}e? F` ngkyfa}a ia` Be}e if Gqdq~ye `qede if ~sa}fjakygzfeka ajeia`è be}jgà+

2> gkyekfeJekya}}e~e? Ie~ fjçdaka~ ~fjmþ`fng~+ @g~ a~ygyqg~ ia `g~ sqa}yg~}adfg~ ia è~ yagy}e~ ia Jg}naè v G}à~+

47 Sgeè Mg}}a~f? @g ‐neèkkg nen`fia‚ if Ngygkfg? qkg ya~yfjekfgkzg ia`àebnfka jg}je}g}fa kaegyyfnla fk ^fnf`fg+

46 igkfaàJg`bfygkgvng}Ja`g b}gkne? ‐G}nlaeèdfg ia``‖g}yfdfgkgye‚ ka``g s}erfknfg ^fnf`fg? Kqera s}e~sayyfra if fkigdfka ig` ‐ ]ejgk ^fnf`v S}eoany?

na}gjfn~ gki y}gia ‚+

6> Sgeè ng~g}f? Fqssfya} Gjjek a Jaiq~g ka``g iane}gzfeka g}nlfyayyekfng

be}ak~a ia``‖Gi}fgyfne ke}ie}fakygà+737 bq`rfgnf`fMa}ye? Rf}f yedgyf? be}ja if gqye*}gss}a~akygzfeka ia`à æ`fya~ èng`f

gi Gwqfàfg+

777 a}tfk SenlJg}~hf? Ifa df}`gkiaky}gdakiak A}eyak rej Be}qj fk Gwqfàfg+]a`fab~ ztf~nlak ia} ~ygiy}òjf~nlak qki ia} s}erfkzfg`}òjf~nlak Hqk~y+

7=7 ra~kgdf}g}ifOq}hfĄ? ^ygyqa~ eb ]ejgk Ajsa}e}~ fk Sq`g N}egyfg+

7=6 h}f~yfkgiŻfk? G}nlfyanyq}g` Iane}gyfek eb yla Ngsfye`fka Yajsà~ fk yla ]ejgkNeèkv Fq`fg Se`g gki yla Jqkfnfsg`fyv eb Ka~gnyfqj+

7>4 g`hg ~yg}gn? ]ejgk ~nq`syq}a fk Sq`g? yla }~y }a~q`y~ eb say}ed}gslfng`gkg`v~fa~+

E]FAK^

796 dae}dfgg+g}f~yeiaJeq? ^nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek eb jekqjakyg` kvjslgag gyyla ag~ya}k s}erfkna~ eb yla ]ejgk Ajsf}a+

727 fèkg~hqSfk~hg*èr~ay? Yla ]ejgk Sa}fei Bqka}g}v Se}y}gfyq}a fk S}erfknfg^v}fg+ G Wqa~yfek eb ̂ enfg` Bqknyfekg`fyv+

726 bf`fSSeJg~fke v dfe}dfe~eM}ã? G jekqjakyg` g`yg} b}ej yla Lgi}fgkfn gda gyLfa}gse`f~ fk Sl}vdfg+



7<> aJgkqaàJ+nfgJSfkf? ]fa~~f fjsa}fg`f fk ^qigk? f nejsà~~f sg`gyfkf ia`Dama` Mg}hg` ,Kgsgyg&+

DG@@FGA

76> g`gfkMgifa,Oagk*nlg}à~Je}ayyf,aJJgkqa`à}e~~e v ieJfkfwqayg}iv? @‖e}kajakygyfek ia `g b}ek~ ~ngakga iq ylæíy}a i‖E}gkda? @‖æ`ærgyfek ia ̀ g zeka

naky}gà+

=3> iOgJf`gba``gdqa v }akgqi}eMa}y? @g b}f~a e}kæa ~q} `‖qka ia~ g}ngia~ iqbe}qj ia Rfakka? ia~ }as}æ~akygyfek~ iq ifaq ygq}fk ã ̀ ‖æsewqa oq`fe*n`gqifakka+

=7> Ja`gkfaOekg~nl? M}eya}ta}m qki Tafkhek~qj+ _q} S}ejfkakz ia~ Manla}~gqb iak D}gm~yaàk ia~ }òja}zafy`fnlak Mq}dqki+

==> Jg}fgkka ygMgnzah? Jvyleèdf~nla Ylajak gk D}gmiakhjéà}k ia} Dg``fg

Ma`dfng+

=>> Jg}fg*Sfgig}M`gia*gqiefk? ]ajg}wqa~ s}æ`fjfkgf}a~ ã ̀ ‖æyqia ia~ ~nq`syq}a~iq ~gknyqgf}a dg`è*}ejgfk ia Yfya`ma}d ,@q|ajmeq}d&+

=97 Jg}hq~y}qkh? Afk kaqa~ ]a`fab jfy Hgjsb~zakak gq~ Y}fa}+

=17 lgkkaè}a }e~a? Yvseèdfa qki ]ag`fyéy „ _taf G~sahya }òjf~nla} Hqk~ygqbdazafdy gj Maf~sfa` ia} D}gm}a`fab~ gq~ Jayz+

DA]JGKFG

=2> yfyq~g+~+J+Sgklqv~ak? Yla Jgg~y}fnly dfdgkyejgnlv ngsfyg` gki fy~ jeia`~+

=4> g`b}ai ~nléba}? Reyfrmànla gq~ Màf ^f`ma} qki Deì+ Ðma}}adfekgàRa}m}afyqkd qki èhgà Be}jak~s}gnla+

=46 qyah`gyy? Mg}mg}akig}~ya``qkdak fj Ke}iak ia~ ]òjf~nlak ]afnl~+ Afk Jeyfrztf~nlak òbbaky`fnlaj La}}~nlgby~gk~s}qnl qki iaj ]as}é~akygyfek~maið}bkf~Afkza`ka}+

IG@JGYFG KE]FNRJ, SGKKEKFG, JEA^FG YL]GNFG

=67 Jf}Ogkg ~gkgia}? Kaqa Ðma}àdqkdak ðma} afka ^ygyqa gq~ Gawqqj fkIg`jgyfak+

=64 M}qkgkg}ia``f? F` jeia`è ia``g ngsfygà a `g s}eiqzfeka d`fyyfng fk Ig`jgyfg+

>31 Og~kgOa`fĊfĄ*}giekfĄ? Rakq~ Rfny}f| fk yla ^gèkg Q}m~ E}fakyg`f~+

>7> Jgkb}ailgfkzJgkk? Ifa ke}f~nla D}gm~yaà gq~ @amfkd ,^yafa}jg}h& qki fl}anl}ekeèdf~nla Afke}ikqkd+

>=> gkya }akifĄ*JfeĊarfĄ? Jg}mà G`yg}~ eb Ngqya~ gki Ngqyesgya~ b}ej yla~q}}eqkifkd~ eb Āgheran fk Ke}ylta~y N}egyfg+

>>4 JeOngreJa}deOherfĊ? ̂ lgsa~ eb }ejgk g}nlfyanyekfn aàjaky~ b}ej Seayerfe+



>91 frgkŻfŻah? Yla ]ejgk Na}gjfn G}y~ b}ej Seayerfe+

>17 Jg}fOgMqzer? Yla ~yeka jekqjaky~ b}ej ^f~nfg+

>16 frgkgSeSerfĄ? Dajjg Gqdq~yag gki @gya Gkyfwqa Jg}mà ]a`fab b}ej Rfnfkfyv

eb ^f}jfqj+>21 gkkgJç}fg}+bgn~çiv? ^ygyqayya~ ay }a`fab~ ia Rakq~ ã Gwqfknqj Mqigsa~y+

>4> Sfey}ivnzah? Yla ‐eii girakyq}a~‚ eb Jg|fjfkq~ Yl}g| fk Kerga+

><1 gàh~gki}gkfheè~hg? Yla fneked}gslv eb Jgdkg Jgya} ek yla jekqjaky~b}ej yla ]asqm`fn eb N}egyfg+

>61 nek~qaèJgkayyg? ^f~yajf iane}gyfrf ia`à yejma ifsfkya if ayã yg}ie gkyfng asgàen}f~yfgkg ia``g Mq`dg}fg? qkg s}ese~yg if n`g~~fngzfeka yfseèdfng+

IGNFG IG]IGKFG, D]GANFG

936 a|l`gà ieM}qkg*~g`flq? Nefbbq}a eb tejak ek yla ~yeka jekqjaky~ fkIg}igkfg+

976 Jg}dla}fygMekgkkeg}grgkyfke~? Y}ebaf if ayã }ejgkg ia``g Maezfg? qkg mg~aig @frgiafã+

9=6 fSlfdakafgàrakyf? ]ejgk ^nq`syq}a~ b}ej yla âg ebb yla F~`gki eb Hvylke~D}aana+

GB]FNG, GADVSYR^

9>6 JgyylatJ+Jnng}yv? Maveki jeia`~ gki ifbbq~fek naky}a~ gki sa}fsla}fa~?}a`fdfeq~ g}y fk ]ejgk Gb}fng+

996 Oe~æ}gJþkgOg~çknlaz? Q~e se`êyfne ia `g }a`fdfþk? a~ya`g~ ia eb}akig ia`‐bg}gþk‚ Gqdq~ye+

92> Jv}fgJtf~~g? Ajma``f~lfkd ]eja? Fjsa}fg` nek~qjsyfek eb Advsy‖~ d}gkfyaEma`f~h~+

RG]FG

94> gkkg}akg gJM}edf? ]fnazfeka fk gjmfye sa}fba}fne a s}erfknfgà iaf jeia``fq}mgkf? f` ng~e iaf `gm}g jg}je}af+

9<1 JflgfMĎ}Mqà~nq? @fma}g igk~ ̀ a~ s}erfkna~ }ejgfka~+ Qka ifrfkfyæ ay s`q~faq}~jeia`~ fneked}gslfwqa~+

961 JfnlgaÒ+hàfk? G`yg}a~ ak ]ejg ak Fyg`fg v ak `g~ s}erfknfg~+ @g iane}gnfþkdq}gyfrg ia è~ sq`rfke~+

13> n`gf}ah+`fkid}ak? Jagkfkd~ gki Fjs`fngyfek~ fk Nlgkdfkd Iasfnyfek~ eb

Gsl}eifya%Rakq~+



177 yaeie}ge`yagkq? Gse}ygnfeka~ ~em}a a` s}eyeyfse ia `g Rfnye}fg ia `g Nq}fg

Fq`fg+

176 Magy}fna Sg`Jg rakayqnnf? Qk jeia`è naàm}a? à Ng}fgyfif ia``‖A}ayyae g]ejg y}g ~sgzfe sqmm`fne a s}frgye è}e ifbbq~feka fk ^sgdkg+

1>7 gkkgSgqà? êja b}gdjaky~ eb ]ejgk awqa~y}fgk m}ekza ~ygyqa~? gk era}rfatgmeqy ylaf} e}fdfk gki ifbbq~fek+

197 Jg}Êgf~gMa`}ei}Êdqaz`þSaz? Fneked}gbêg ia Enægke ak a` Fjsa}fe ]ejgke?a` jeiaè jay}ese`fygke v ~q~ fkya}s}aygnfeka~ s}erfknfgà~+

117 g`Ma}ye~arf``gnekia? Ifbq~fþk ia è~ jeiaè~ n`ç~fne~ ak `g fneked}gbêg ia`seia} g y}græ~ ia `g Lf~ye}fg+

116 bgM}fzfe ~`grgzzf? Nf}ne`gzfeka if yfsf ~nq`ye}af b}g ]ejg a à s}erfkna? ~qg`nqka nesfa if esa}a if ayã n`g~~fng a ~q` è}e ‐jekese`fe‚+

124 Jekfhg ra}zç}*Mg~~? Gnlaèe~ g~~enfgye g Oqssfya} Gjjek ka``‖aif`fzfgsqmm`fng }ejgkg+

RE@QJAK FF

LF^SGKFGA

LF^SGKFG? MGAYFNG

161 gkg}qfzv ia~fia}fergwqa}fze? Yesed}gbêg v a~sgnfe~ bqka}g}fe~ ak Mgayfng?jgyfna~ s}erfknfgà~+

231 èq}ia~}eìçkdþJaz? A~nq`yq}g~ }ejgkg~ ia Ng}yafg ,^gk ]ewqa Nçifz&+@g~ a|ngrgnfeka~ ia Oq`fe Jg}yêkaz ^gkyg*E`g``g ak è~ g÷e~ nfknqakyg+

274 Ja}naia~ e}fg ~adq}g? Qk kqare yg`à} lf~sgàk~a ia `qna}kg~+ Jeiaè~ vifbq~fþk ak çjmfye s}erfknfg`+

2=4 f~gMa ̀`þSazdg}nÊg? Jf~na`çkag ia sfazg~ ‐fkæifyg~‚ ia` yg`à} ia R}~e ,E~qkgârf``g&+

2>1 f}akaJg÷g~}eJa}e? @g n}agnfþk ia `g a~nqa`g jq~frg}fg ia` Dqgig`wqfrf}?jeiaè~ fyç`fne~ a fkya}s}aygnfþk }adfekg`+

LF^SGKFG? @R^FYGKFG

291 Sai}eJgyae~,gkyekfe Sa÷g,g}Jfk ~yvèt v çkda`rakyq}g? Keraigia~g}wqfyanyþkfng~ v asfd}çng~ ~em}a a` }anfkye ia nq`ye fjsa}fg` s}erfknfg` ia `g@q~fygkfg+

21>

y}fkfigikedgà~Mg~g}}gya? S`ç~yfng }ejgkg aja}fyak~a ak a` nekya|ye ia Lf~sgkfg? jeiaè~ v ifbq~fþk+



247 `qÊ~ig~f̀ rgba}kgkia~? S`gng~ bqka}g}fg~ iane}gig~ ia` nekqakyq~ Aja}fyak~f~+]qyg~ ia ifbq~fþk ia qk jeiaè+

2<7 rf}dÊ`fe lfSþ`fye ne}}afg? Jay}ese`fygk g}yf~yfn jeia`~ fk @q~fygkfg? ylaa|gjsà~ eb yla ieja~yfn g}nlfyanyq}a eb Nekfjm}fdg ,Se}yqdg`&+

26> Oe~æa~yara~ v `qÊ~ Oe}dadekäg`ra~? Yla ~nq`sye}~‖ yanlkfng` jg~ya}v? ytea|gjsà~ fk ~nq`syq}a~ eb Jv}yf`f~ gki eb Nekfjm}fdg+

266 bfèJakg `fJîe? @e~ Ngsfyaà~ ia Maog ,Sg| Oq`fg& v Jæ}ye`g , Jv}yf`f~&?a|s}a~fþk ia `g gigsygnfþk ia jeiaè~ }ejgke~ ak a` ~q} ia @q~fygkfg ak a`nekya|ye }ejgke ia `g Gkyfdðaigi Yg}iêg ,~fdè~ FFF v FR&+

434 `fkeygrg}a~ifg~? Q}mgkfzgyfek gki g}nlfyanyq}a ek yla eqy~hf}y~ eb yla ]ejgkAjsf}a+

471 Oa~ÿ~gna}e Sæ}az v gkyekfe Sfzze? Sqakya~ ]ejgke~ ia @q~fygkfg? G}ya v

Yænkfng+

4=4 gkyþkfe ng}rg`le v Oe}da b}af}a? Ng~ngf~ v `g ]qyg ia` Gy`çkyfne+ Aà~ygmànfjfakye ia qk sqa}ye ia gm}fde ak `g ne~yg ia Ng~ngf~+ Qkg s}fja}gs}esqa~yg+

LF^SGKFG? YG]]GNEKAK^F^

4>6 Oe~æJg}Êg M`çzwqazJg}yÊkaz v Jg}Êg Sgz dg}nÊg*da`gMa}y Sæ}az? G}ya

lf~sgke }ejgke ak a` ke}ea~ya ia `g Sakêk~q`g Fmæ}fng+41> Oe~æ Jgkqa` ne~yg dg}nÊg? ]arf~fygkie è~ g~akygjfakye~ jf`fyg}a~ ak `g

gkyfdqg Dg`fnfg µnaky}e~ ia s}eiqnnfþk e ia nek~qje g}yê~yfne5

42> gq}a`fgMg`~af}edg}nÊg v J¯eba`fgng}ka}erçzwqaz? Jqa~y}g~ a~nq`yþ}fng~ia` g}ya s}erfknfg` }ejgke ak a` Jq~ae S}erfknfg` ia @qde+

447 ~gkyfgdeJg}yÊkazngMg`à}e? A` Be}e }ejgke ia Ya}ja~ , Lf~sgkfg Nfya}fe}&+S}ena~e ia jqkfnfsg`fzgnfþk v ifbq~fþk èng` ia jeiaè~ g}wqfyanyþkfne~+

4<4 na~ç}ae Sæ}az dekzçàz, aJf`fe f``g}}adqf dþJaz v SgMèg}}fMg~ èMe?Kqare~ lg``gzde~ ia a~ygyqg}fg ak Yfa}ja~+

464 e`frfgr+}ava~ la}kgkie v na~ç}ae Sæ}azdekzçàz? Ngqng? g}wqfyanyq}gjekqjakyg` yg}iegkyfdqg+

<34 ~aMg~yfçk }g~nþk Jg}wqæ~ v gkg `qnÊg ~çknlaz Jekya~? Jeiaè~g}wqfyanyþkfne~ ia mg~ê`fng~ v aifnfe~ gijfkf~y}gyfre~ ak a` fkya}fe} ia A~sg÷g+]aa|feka~ g sg}yf} ia `g nfqigi }ejgkg ia Nejs`qyqj+

<74 J¯çkdaà~dqyfa}}azMalaJa}fi? @g fkya}s}aygnfþk ia ̀ e~ jeiaè~ q}mgke~ ak`g nfqigi ia N`qkfg+

<=6 ng}JakJg}nh~*OgneM~? _q} Fheked}gslfa afka} Hfylg}g~sfaà}fk gq~ âdem}fdg+



<>6 Ogrfa}gki}aqSfkygie,Jg}Êg`g~qækgàd}a,f}akaJg÷g~}eJa}e v çkda`g+Oe}içkè}akze? Keraigia~ ia g}ya }ejgke s}erfknfg` ak ya}}fye}fe rg~nþk?qk je~gfne jg}fke fkæifye s}enaiakya ia Ngjse ]ag`%Bf`à}g ,ê~ ia` ]avNgyþ`fne%^gkdða~g&+

<17 Ogrfa}ç+ieJfkde,gkgdg}}fie v }fng}ie Jg}? Yg`à}a~ v jeiaè~ iane}gyfre~ak `g g}wqfyanyq}g sÿm`fng ia` ke}a~ya ia `g Yg}}gnekak~a ak ye}ke g` ngjmfe iaa}g? a` ng~e ia Mg}nfke, Yg}}gne v Gq~e+

<2> Jg}n`gJqã,igrfirfrþ,}fng}ieJg} v OegwqÊk}qfziag}Mqè? @g bgnlgige}fakyg` ia `g mg~ê`fng be}ak~a ia Yg}}gne+ A` jekqjakye ia è~ ngqyfre~ v a`nlg`nfifnqj ia nq`ye fjsa}fg`+

<4> Oe~aSJg}fgJgnfg~~e`æ,gki}aqJq÷ezJa`dg},fkJgyaf|a``kgrg}}e v

OegkJaknlek Ma~? Kqare~ aàjakye~ a~nq`yþ}fne~ ia` }anfkye ia nq`ye ia`Neknf`fqj S}erfknfga Lf~sgkfga Nfya}fe}f~ ,Yg}}gne Lf~sgkfg Nfya}fe}&+

<<4 Oe}if`þSazrf`g},``qÊ~Sf÷e`Jg~de}ay v rÊnye}}arf``gng`re? Jeiaè~fyç`fne~ v g}ya~gkgie s}erfknfg`? `g~ `g~y}g~ Ngjsgkg ia Yg}}gne v ~q ya}}fye}fe+

<64 Jeky~a}}gyn`gra}fg? ]anasnfþk ia jeiaè~ v n}agnfeka~ èngà~ ak a` }a`farabqka}g}fe ia` ke}ia~ya lf~sgke+

634 }eJgkg a}fna `gngMa? êm}a `g fneked}gbêg ia `g~ Jq~g~ ak Lf~sgkfg? qksawqa÷e gs`fwqa ia m}ekna s}enaiakya ia Mq`mqakya ,_g}gdezg&+

674 Oe~æ Jfdqa` kedqa}g naì}çk, Jg}Êg Oe~æ Jgi}fi Mg`gkzg v g`fnfg ba}kçkiaz iÊgz? Kqarg~ sfkyq}g~ jq}gà~ ak Ng}ylgde Keqg ,Ng}ygdakg+

Lf~sgkfg Nfya}fe}&? è~ nfnè~ gkyekfkfgke~ ia` Aifnfe ia` gy}fe+

6=4 ~gkyfgdeJe}ake,Jg}dg}fyg e}bf`g,J¯a~yla} nlçraz v Jfdqa ̀ çkda`ngq? @g~ ç}ag~ }a~fiaknfgà~ ia Se`àkyfg ,G`nqifg Jg`è}ng& v ~q~ jgya}fgà~dq}gie~ ak ~ese}ya~ s`ç~yfne~+

RG]FG LF^SGKFNG

6>6 zavkaS ghyð}a? Ylagy}a*nek~y}qnyfek fk yla nq`yq}g` jf`faq eb yla ]ejgks}erfkna~ eb yla Fma}fgk Sakfk~q`g? s}anaiaky~ gki gkyanaiaky~+

617 Magy}fnangnnfeyyf? ]fa~~f ia``g jay}ese`f ka``g ifbbq~feka iaf nq`yf jf~ya}fnfka``g Lf~sgkfg }ejgkg+

62> `qf~ Mgakg ia`g`nçzg}? @g y}gifnfþk n`ç~fng ak `g~ jgy}ekg~ ~aiakya~ ia Lf~sgkfg+

647 Sf`g} ba}kçkiaz q}fa`,Jg}yg Mgf`þk dg}nÊg v ya}a~g a~Sfke~g? Gkç`f~f~lf~yþ}fne a fneked}çne ia Be}yqkg Iag ak è~ `g}g}fe~ s}erfknfgà~ lf~sgke~+

6<7 n}qna~M`çzwqazna}}gye? Sg}gà`f~je~ v ifra}daknfg~ aky}a `g gjekaignfþklf~sgkg s}erfknfg` v `g jay}ese`fygkg+



NEKBA]AKNFG IA N@GQ^Q]G

667 aqdakfe `g }enng? F` be}e if Gqdq~ye a à s}erfkna ia``‖Fjsa}e+

SE^YA]^

737> Ogrfa}gki}æ~Sæ}az? ]ejg Gaya}kg+ Neknasye fneked}gbêg v ifbq~fþk ak `g~s}erfknfg~ ia` Fjsa}fe+

7376 Jgng}akgMq~ygJgkyaç`rg}az,aq`g`fgdfOþkdgM}fa` v gkgJg}Êge`Jaied}gOa}g? G kat ya}}gneyyg jeqì fk Gqdq~yg Aja}fyg+

73=1 e`frfgnlçrg}}fq}ayg? A` nq`ye ia Jfka}rg ak Lf~sgkfg? nq~ye~ q}mf~ ia ]ejgv `g~ s}erfknfg~+

73>7 a~yla}nlangdþJaz? Rfi}fe }ejgke ak Seèkfg+

73>1 }gJekne`` a f~gMa`}eiã? Q`f~a~ ak qk s`gye ia gb}fngkg N lg``gie ak S}ajfãia Ig`y ,Mg}naèkg&+

73>6 nl}f~yfka a}ya`? G}nlfyahyq}hesfak qki Fjgdfka~ n`fsagyga fj Ifak~ya ia~Hgf~a}hq`y~+

7394 b}gknf~neOgrfa}la}g~Je}g v gkyekfeSa÷gOq}gie? Qk yg`à} ia }anfn`gieia jç}jeà~ ak Jæ}fig+ ^q rgè}gnfþk lf~yþ}fng g y}græ~ ia è~ ‐}a~fiqe~‚ iayg``g+

731> a~Sa}gkzgJg}yÊkla}kçkiaz? Kqarg~ be}jg~ na}çjfng~ v yg`à}a~ jf`fyg}a~ia` ke}ea~ya ia `g Sakêk~q`g Fmæ}fng+ A` ng~e ia @aþk v @gknfg+

7327 Sf`g}Ja}nlçk ~gkyfgde ~g`gJgknggkyekfegiçk v y}fkfigikedgà~? >Iifdfyg`fzgyfek eb `g}da ~nq`syq}g` sfana~+ ]a~yfyqyfek eb Gakag~ D}eqs+

7324 }qfJe}gf~? Ie~ m}ekna~ ia akyfigia~ yqya`g}a~ ia ̀ g nfqigi }ejgkg ia M}gng}g

Gqdq~yg+

7341 gkda`gSg`Jakyfa}f? @g kan}ese`f }ejgkg jekqjakygà if Gma``g+ Ifbbq~fekaia` yfse if yejmg “g Nekennlfg‖ fk Ngjsgkfg+

73<7 }aMangng}èyg}anfeJg}yÊk? Ianek~y}qvakie g Ifgkg qkg a~nq`yq}g }ejgkg

ak a` Jq~ae Na}}g`me+

73<4 n`gqifkg}eJa}eJgve}dg? Fneked}gbêg jfy}gfng ak Lf~sgkfg? ~ajaogkzg~ vifba}aknfg~ nek è~ jeiaè~ ia `g jay}þse`f~+

7367 gkg`qnÊg~çknlazJekya~? Qkg fky}eiqnnfþk g `g sfkyq}g jq}g` }ejgkg ia `gNg~g ia è~ D}fbe~+ Nejs`qyqj+ G`ng`ç ia Lakg}a~ Jgi}fi+

7361 Made÷g~eà}lqa}yg~ v Oe~æJfdqa`kedqa}gnaì}çk? Q}mgk iaraèsjakygki jekqjakyg`f~gyfek fk yla }ejgk neèkv R}m~ Fq`fg Kerg Hg}ylgde ,Ng}ygdakg Lf~sgkfg Nfya}fe}&+



’ 796 ’

~nq`Syq}ai iane}gyfek eb JekqJakyg` kvJSlgag gy ylaag~ya}kS}erfkna~ebyla}eJgkaJSf}a7

Dae}dfg G+ G}f~yeiajeq

Jekqjakyg` beqkygfk ~y}qnyq}a~ mqf`y mv ajsa}e}~ gki tag`ylv sgy}ek~ fk nfyfa~ yl}eqdleqy yla ]ejgkAjsf}a lgra g`tgv~ maak ~y}fhfkd bagyq}a~ eb yla }ejgk g}nlfyanyq}a+ Ylav ta}a ia~fdkai afyla} g~g `g}da mg~fk eb tgya} e} g~ gk a`gme}gya jq`yf*~ye}fai aifna tfyl g ne`qjkg} bgägia fk yla jeiaeb g ylagy}fng` ~ngakga b}ek~ ~ejayfja~ tfyl s}eoanyfkd ~fia tfkd~ awqfssai tfyl sgrf`fek~=+ Yla~afjse~fkd aifna~ ta}a naky}g``v ̀ engyai gki bqknyfekai g~ ̀ gkijg}h~ fk jgoe} nfyfa~ eb yla }ejgk Ag~y>+Ylav leq~ai ~nq`syq}g` g~~ajm`gda~ ylgy ebyak fkya}gnyai tfyl yla etfkd tgya} ye n}agya fkkergyfra

hfkayfn if~s`gv~ ng}abq``v g}}gkdai ye lfdl`fdly yla s}a~yfda eb yla makabgnye} gki yla ̀ eng` nejjqkfyv9+

Ylf~ sgsa}‖~ sq}se~a tg~ ye gss}egnl ~eja f~~qa~ ~qnl g~ yla iakfyfek eb yla ya}j beqkygfk dq}afy~ se~fyfek gki bqknyfek fk yla jekqjaky yla ~aànyfek gki fk ~eja ng~a~ yla fkya}s}aygyfek eb yla~nq`syq}g` if~s`gv s}ed}gj~+

Beqkygfk Bfdq}a~+ G ~nq`syai dq}a f~ nlg}gnya}fzai g~ g Beqkygfk Bfdq}a tlak fy mag}~ rf~fmà yanlkfng`bagyq}a~ ,a+d+ g tgya} sfsa nlgkka`& fk e}ia} ye bqknyfek g~ g ~seqy gki gy yla ~gja yfja fy lg~ maaka|ngrgyai gy g kvjslgaqj1+ G }an`fkfkd }fra} dei b}ej yla Lvi}anienlafek eb N+ @gangkfq~ Mg~~q~fk Asla~q~2 g ~agyai bajgà dq}a leìfkd g ~seqyfkd mf}i b}ej yla Jfàyq~ Kvjslgaqj4 e} gk

7 Ylf~ sgsa} ia}fra~ b}ej yla gqyle}‖~ SlI If~~+ nejsàyai gy yla G}f~yeyà Qkfra}~fyv eb Yla~~gèkfhf ,D}aana&+ Fy f~ mg~ai ek yla ~yqiv eb ng+ 933 ~nq`syq}a ki~ b}ej beqkygfk ~y}qnyq}a~ eb yla ag~ya}k }ejgk s}erfkna~+ F a|s}a~~ ~fkna}a gss}anfgyfek ye jv S}eba~~e} Yl+ ^yabgkfieq*Yfra}feq be} ~la lgi yla s}ebeqki fk~fdly ye nek~y}qny yla sa}bany `gv eqy eb g s}eoany gjekd g nekbq~ai et eb fiag~ fk jv jfki+

= Be} g if~nq~~fek ek yla g}nlfyanyekfn be}j~ gki yvseèdv eb }ejgk kvjslgag ~aa Kaqa}mq}d ,7623&8 @ayzka} 7663 74*=728 D}e~ 766297<*9998 Dfkeqrì~ 766< 6=*7338 Gdq~yg*Meq`g}ey =3378 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337 =7*278 @ekdba`èt =331 >>9*>9=+ G}f~yeiajeq =33<71*=<+ âa g`~e Sg}}g J+ N+ ,7642&? ‐Sa} `g iakfzfeka ia` }gsse}ye b}g yagy}f a kfkbaf‚ ^yNÈ} =1? <6*77<8 Mq}}a`` M+ ,=332&? ‐Bg`~a B}eky?âsg}gyfkd yla Gaifnq`gyai Bg~~gia be}j yla Fjsa}fg` Nq`y fk ]ejgk G~fg Jfke}‚ GOG 773? 9>4*926+

> Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337796*7138 Mgqa} 7662 >6=8 Qĕq}`q =339 =6*>>+

9 Ma}d I+ ,7669&? ‐Beqkygfk~ gki G}yf~yfn Tgya} If~s`gv~ fk N`g~~fng` Gkyfwqfyv+ E}fdfk~ gki Iaraèsjaky b}ej 433 ye >3 M+N+‚ G}nl+Yla~f~Qkfra}~fyv eb Ya|g~ gy Gq~yfk+

1 G}f~yeiajeq =33< <<*6>+ S}arfeq~ ~yqifa~ ek beqkygfk dq}a~? Nq}yfq~ 7<428 @gkda 76=38 Hgse~~v 76268 Haky Lf`` 7649 734*73<8 HakyLf`` 76<7 <9bb8 ^òìka} 76<2 =61*=6<8 D`g~a} 76<4 73>*77>8 Bqnl~ 76<4 797*79>8 @ayzka} 7663 =1<*=2=+

2 Asla~q~ G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+ K}+7%>2%4=? Afnlà} 762> 1<8 Hgse~~v 7626 =>8 Bàf~nla} 764=*41 9==+ Gq}aklgjja} 7663739

ngy+ke+<1 s`+23m8 Hàjakyg 766>792 ngy+ke+R7+4 Nek~ygkyfkesà G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+=332? Lð`~ak 7676 11 k}+7 d+78 @FJN FF ,76<9& 69 k}+<67 ~r+ Gsl}eifya ,G+ Ia`fre}fg~&+

Gm~y}gny

Jekqjakyg` kvjslgag g}a naky}g``v ̀ engyai fk jgoe} nfyfa~ eb yla }ejgk Ag~y gki g}a q~qg``v kgknai mv ylaAjsa}e} e} tag`ylv sgy}ek~+ Ylaf} ~nq`syq}g` g~~ajm`gda~ nek~f~y eb jvyleèdfng` dq}a~ dak}a ~nq`syq}agki se}y}gfy~ fkya}s}ayai fk }a`gyfek ye tgya}? ~eja dq}a~ nekkany ye tgya} if}any`v ,Se~afiek tgya} iafyfa~&eyla}~ g~~enfgya tfyl tgya} fkif}any`v yl}eqdl ylaf} iaai~ ,Ifekv~q~ Gse`è La}gnà~& tlfà eyla}~ }aanyèng` jvyl~ gki nq`y~+ Fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya se}y}gfyq}a qkia}`fka yla fjsa}fg` seta} gki yla s}a~yfda eb èngÀ`fya+ Jekqjakyg` kvjslgag gira}yf~a yla nfyv‖~ s}e~sa}fyv tlfà ylaf} iane}gyfek be}j~ yla jaifqj ye}anek~y}qny ylaf} a~~akyfg` }eà fk g }ejgk nfyv+



^nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek eb jekqjakyg` kvjslgag gy yla ag~ya}k s}erfkna~ eb yla ]ejgk Ajsf}a

’ 713 ’

Gsl}eifya ~ygyqa eb yla Sqifng yvsa b}ej yla Slf`giaslafg ,Gjjgk& Kvjslgaqj< g}a ek`v yl}aa eb yla kqja}eq~ a|gjsà~+ Gkv ~nq`syq}a tfyl g rf~fmà tgya} eqyày g~na}ygfkfkd g ~seqyfkd bqknyfekarak tfyleqy g nek}jai s}erakgkna f~ g`~e nek~fia}ai g beqkygfk dq}a+ ^qnl ~nq`syq}a~ g}a g ~agyaiKvjsl ,e} Jq~a5& be}j Ja~~aka6 g ~àasfkd }fra} Dei b}ej Ylg~e~73 ,Bfd+ 7& e} g ~ygkifkd veqkd jgkleìfkd g tgya} ra~~a` b}ej Yla~~gèkfhf77+ ^ygyqg}v d}eqs~ beqki fk~fia yla tgya} mg~fk iam}f~ iq}fkd

g kvjslgaqj a|ngrgyfek arak tfyleqy s}a~a}rfkd g ~seqyfkd leà e} ~ygyqa~ s`gnai gy yla qssa} ee}~eb g jq`yf ~ye}av kvjslgaqj*tla}a ylav g`je~y kara} bqknyfekai g~ ~seqy~* g}a g`~e nlg}gnya}fzai g~beqkygfk dq}a~7=+

Yanlkfng` Bagyq}a~+ Beqkygfk dq}a~ ngk ma if~yfkdqf~lai fkye yte jgfk d}eqs~ gnne}ifkd ye ylaf}fkre`rajaky ye yla tgya} et+ Yla jgfk ifbba}akyfgyfek `fa~ ek tlayla} yla dq}a }ajgfk~ fkygny e} fylg~ maak sa}be}gyai+

Tlak yla}a f~ ke if}any fkya}rakyfek ye yla ~ygyqa fy~a`b tgya} et~ b}ej g sfsa nlgkka` i}f`ài gy ylas`fkyl e} mg~a eb yla ~ygkifkd ~agyai e} }an`fkfkd dq}a7>+ Gjekd yla~a dq}a~ g}a ~agyai Sgk~ s`gvfkdyla ~v}fk| ~agyai Kvjsl~ }an`fkfkd }fra} Dei~ ~àasfkd A}eya~79+ ,Bfd+ =& Fk ~eja ng~a~ tgya} ~y}agj~eqy b}ej g leà gy yla ~ygyqa‖~ ~qsse}y tlfnl f~ be}jai g~ g y}aa y}qkh gk gkfjg` e} g ~l71+ ,Bfd+ >&

< Gjjgk G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Ke Fkr+K}+? Tama} =33= 17= ngy+ke I79 s`+711N*A8 ]fai` =33> =29 9<9 ngy+ke SL+7+

6 Jgr}ejgyf Ja~~aka ,G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Jgdgzfka& Fkr+K}+?42? \gde}g}f*DàfÕka} =33= 41*<3 d+7*1+

73 Ylg~e~ G}nlaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+ K}+733? Yleqrakey ]+ ,7649%41&? ‐Ifrfkfyæ ia~ agq|‚Ylg~e~ G}nlaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+ K}+733? Yleqrakey ]+ ,7649%41&? ‐Ifrfkfyæ ia~ agq|‚? Yleqrakey ]+ ,7649%41&? ‐Ifrfkfyæ ia~ agq|‚Yleqrakey ]+ ,7649%41&? ‐Ifrfkfyæ ia~ agq|‚ MGSg}f~ \%\F ? 62 d+=8 Hàjakyg 7663 71>ngy+ke+R 28 G}f~yeiajeq =33< ngy+ke+4< s`+7=+<+

77 Yla~~gèkfhf G}nlaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+ K}+<61? Ia~sfkf~ ay g`+ 7664 7=2*7=< ngy+ke+6< d+ =4>*=44 ,^yaslgkfieq*Yfra}feq&8G}f~yeiajeq =33< ngy+ke+<7 s`+7>+=+

7= Hgse~~v 7626 73 148 Haky Lf`` 76<7 <98 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337 6= 698 G}f~yeiajeq =33< <<+Hgse~~v 7626 73 148 Haky Lf`` 76<7 <98 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337 6= 698 G}f~yeiajeq =33< <<+G}f~yeiajeq =33< <<+=33< <<+

7> Hgse~~v 7626 11+ Haky Lf`` 76<7 <9*<18 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 63*67+Hgse~~v 7626 11+ Haky Lf`` 76<7 <9*<18 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 63*67+Haky Lf`` 76<7 <9*<18 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 63*67+=33< 63*67+

79 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 77> 7=9 7=2 7=4 79= 714+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa 7&G}f~yeiajeq =33< 77> 7=9 7=2 7=4 79= 714+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa 7&G}f~yeiajeq =33< 77> 7=9 7=2 7=4 79= 714+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa 7& Sgk tfyl g ~v}fk| Ne}fkyl G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+^=><1>?]emfk~ek =337 >49*>44 d+<+<+8 =& ^àasfkd A}e~ Ia`slf G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Ke Fkr+K}+? Jg}ngiæ O+ ,766>&? ‐Æ}e~ akie}jf ãIa`sla~‚ Fk Æyqia~ ia ~nq`syq}a ay i‖fneked}gslfa gkyfwqa~ ^n}fsyg Rg}fg 7697*7667 941*9<9 d+7*>+ >+& ]an`fkfkd }fra} Dei Asla~q~

Nek~ygkyfkesà G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+A+9=<7? Hàjakyg 766> ngy+ke

R> s`+>3+16 >7+2=+71 ^ygkifkd^ygkifkd ^gyv} ekna leìfkd g qya Hf~gje~ G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+269? G}f~yeiajeq =33< ngy+ke+>4= s`+13+>+

Bfd+ 7+ ̂ àasfkd }fra} Dei+ Ylg~e~ G}nl+ Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+733+ Sleye? Neq}ya~v eb yla FL¹ Asle}gya eb Hgrg`g+



’ 717 ’

dae}dfg g+ g}f~yeIaJeq

Fk ng~a~ eb lqjgk e} jvyleèdfng` dq}a~ ,a+d+ nlfì}ak Kvjsl~ ^fàk~ ^gyv}~ A}eya~& leìfkdgkfjg`~ mf}i~ gki ~la~ tgya} ra~~a`~ tfka*~hfk~ e} ~ag*~la``~ yla tgya} et~ b}ej g yqma }qkkfkdyl}eqdl yla gkfjg` e} yla emoany laì mv yla ~ygkifkd ~agyai e} }an`fkfkd dq}a72+ Fk yla nejsà|a~ eb ylamgyyà maytaak La}nqà~ gki yla Kajagk @fek tgya} }qk~ yl}eqdl yla mag~y‖~ jeqyl74+ ,Bfd+ 9&

Tlak yla dq}a fy~a`b f~ e}dgkfng``v fkre`rai tfyl yla et eb tgya} yla ye}~e f~ sa}be}gyai mv g sfsa a+d+g nlfì dq}a b}ej Gkyfenl*ek*yla*E}ekya~7<+ G~ g }a~q`y tgya} ~seqy~ b}ej g kgyq}g` meiv esakfkd a+d+

jeqyl m}ag~y e} dakfyg`~76+ Kvjsl~ leìfkd ~la``~ nek~yfyqya g ~fdkfngky d}eqs eb ~ygyqa~ tle~a ye}~ef~ le}fzekyg``v sakay}gyai mv g sfsa gy yla ̀ eta} gmiejfkg`=3+ G~ g }a~q`y yla tgya} ~seqy~ gy g ̀ g}da ~la``laì mv yla dq}a gy yla àra` eb yla sqiakig ,Bfd+ 1&+

72 G}f~yeiajeq =33<67+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa 7&G}f~yeiajeq =33<67+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa 7&=33<67+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa 7& N}eqnlfkd ^fàkGylak~ Kgyfekg` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+431>? ^yaslgkfieq*Yfra}feq Yl+ ,7661&?‐ήζθδκπύ Οημαϊιφκ‚ G}nlAsl? 24*43 σΥκ+>3m*>>m+ =& ^gyv} leìfkd g tfka ~hfk La}ghàfek G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+92?G}f~yeiajeq =33< ngy+ke>47 s`+13+=+

74 G}f~yeiajeq =33< =31*=34+ Be} fk~ygkna ~aa F~yljfg G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+ Ζ^ 931? ^yq}daek 76<4 774 ngy+ke >3 s`+1= 1>g+

7< G}y Jq~aqj S}fk~yekQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvG}y Jq~aqj S}fk~yekQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvG}y Jq~aqj S}fk~yekQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyv S}fk~yekQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvS}fk~yekQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvekQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvQkfra}~fyv Fkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvFkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvFkr+K} =333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyv=333*><? Jfnlga` Sgidayy O+ Ai ,=337&? ]ejgk ̂ nq`syq}a fk yla G}y Jq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyvJq~aqj S}fknayek Qkfra}~fyv==9*==1 ngy+ke49+

76 Hgse~~v 7626 198 Haky Lf`` 76<7 63*678 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6=+=3 Hgse~~v 7626 19*118 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6= 796+Hgse~~v 7626 19*118 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6= 796+G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6= 796+=33< 6= 796+

Bfd+ =+ ^àasfkd A}e~+ Ia`slf G}nl+ Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+ Sleye? D+ G}f~yeiajeq+

Bfd+ >+ ^ygkifkd ^gyv}+ Hf~gje~ G}nl+ Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+269+ Sleye? Neq}ya~v eb yla HA¹ Asle}gya eb Nlgkfg+




’ 71= ’

êja ~nq`syq}a~ lgra maak nekra}yai fkye beqkygfk dq}a~ gy g `gya} slg~a=7+ Fk ~qnl ng~a~ tgya} ebyak~seqy~ gthtg}i`v g~ ~letk fk g nlfì dq}a leìfkd g }gmmfy b}ej F~yljfg ==+ G d}eqs iasfnyfkd ylam`fkifkd eb Se`vslajq~ f~ }ajg}hgmà=>+ Igyai gy yla 7~y nakyq}v G+I+ fy tg~ }aq~ai fk yla IejfyfgkBeqkygfk fk Asla~q~ gbya} lgrfkd maak nekra}yai ye bqknyfek g~ g ~seqy gki ye iane}gya g beqkygfk~y}qnyq}a eb g `gya} igya=9+

]anek~y}qnyfek+]anek~y}qnyfkd yla e}fdfkg` se~fyfek eb g ~nq`syq}a fk g jekqjaky‖~ bgägia f~ gnlg`àkdfkd s}ena~~+ G daka}g` ifbnq`yv f~ ylgy je~y jekqjakyg` kvjslgag s}a~a}ra ek`v g ~jg``

sg}y eb ylaf} e}fdfkg` ~nq`syq}a g~~ajm`gda=1+ Je}aera} gki g`yleqdl ki*~sey igyg f~ s}a~a}rai be}jgkv a|gjsà~ yla e}fdfkg` ~ayyfkd~ g}a ebyak ifbnq`y ye a~ygm`f~l g~ jgkv eb yla~a tla}a beqki fk

=7 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6=*6>+G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6=*6>+G}f~yeiajeq =33< 6=*6>+=33< 6=*6>+

== F~yljfg G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+ K}+ F^ 7>2? ^yq}daek 76<4 772 ngy+ke+=2 s`+19n b+

=> Asla~q~ G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj+ Fkr+ K}+736> 7114 711< 7116 7123 7127 712= 79%><%4=? Gki}aga 7644 7*778 Gki}aga 76<=26*638 Gki}aga 76<18 Gq}aklgjja} 7663 72<*744 ngy+ke+794+7*76 s`+73=*7368 G`rfke 7662 =33*=368 Gki}aga 7666g72=*7448 Gki}aga7666m1>7*1>>8 @ekdba`èt =331 64*73=+

=9 Yla }aq~a eb ~nq`syq}a gki g}nlfyanyq}g` aàjaky~ fk nfrfn jekqjaky~ f~ ta`` ienqjakyai fk `gya gkyfwqfyv+ Yla Beqkygfk eb Iejfyfgks}erfia~ rf~qg` nekkanyfek tfyl yla n`g~~fng` sg~y gki jekqjakyg`fza~ yla dera}ke}‖~ nekkanyfek~ tfyl yla ajsa}e} fk ]eja @ekdba`èt M+,=336&? ‐Yla ]aq~a eb ^ygyqa~ fk Gknfaky ]ejgk Beqkygfk~‚+ G Sqm`fn @anyq}a dfrak gy N}afdlyek Qkfra}nfyv ,=4 Jg}nl =336&+ G`~e Gqfkda}

gki ]gyljgv} ,=334&+=1 ]fnlg}i~ =33< =43+]fnlg}i~ =33< =43+

Bfd+ 9+ La}gnà~ gki yla Kajagk @fek+ F~yljfg G}nl+Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+F^931+ Sleye? ^yq}daek 76<4 s`+ 1=+

Bfd+ 1+ Kvjsl leìfkd ~aa*~la``+ Ne}fkyl G}nl+Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+=32>+ Sleye? D+ G}f~yeiajeq+



’ 71> ’


`gya e} see}`v qkia}~yeei nekya|y~ e} ylav `gnh yanlkfng` bagyq}a~ a+d+ sfsa leà~ ylgy teqì la`s}a~ye}a yla dq}a‖~ se~fyfek gy yla jekqjaky=2+ ̂ ejayfja~ yla jekqjaky fy~a`b s}a~aky~ q~ tfyl la`sbq`fkbe}jgyfek+ Be} a|gjsà yla kfnla~ eb yla ~e ng`ài Ση Kvjslgaqj fk Kfhese`f~ ,Asf}q~& s}a~a}rayla ~wqg}a ~lgsai leà~ tlfnl fkifngya yla a|gny ~sey~ tla}a yla beqkygfk ~ygyqa~ ekna ~yeei=4+ G`yleqdl

yla}a f~ ke arfiakna eb yla jekqjaky‖~ ~nq`syq}g` g~~ajm`gda yla g}nlfyanyq}g` }ajgfk~ s}erfia s}eeb eb ylaf} a|f~yakna+

Yl}aa awqg``v fjse}ygky gki fkifngyfra bgnye}~ g}a g ~nq`syq}a‖~ kifkd ~sey fy~ fneked}gslv gki fy~ bqknyfek=<+ Gnne}ifkd ye M+ Hgse~~v yla lfdla} g dq}a ~ygki~ fk yla lfa}g}nlv eb yla E`vjsfgk Dei~yla à~~a} f~ nekkanyai tfyl yla tgya} bqknyfek=6+ Ylf~ lfa}g}nlv ngk mv em~a}rai fk yla if~s`gv s}ed}gjeb g kvjslgaqj ~fkna yla je~y fjse}ygky dq}a~ yaki ye ma s`gnai gy yla qssa} ee}~+ Bq}yla}je}a fyf~ q~qg``v nek~fia}ai ylgy ~nq`syq}a iasfnyfkd tgya} }a`gyai ylaja~ g}a ke}jg``v s`gnai fk nekygny ye ylatgya} eb yla mg~fk maèt+ Tgya} ~seqyfkd ~ygyqa~ g}a q~qg``v s`gnai gy yla èta} ee} ~e ylgy yla tgya}b}ej yla ~la`` yla ra~~a` e} yla tfka*~hfk laì mv yla dq}a }qk~ if}any`v fkye yla mg~fk maèt>3+ Yla~gja g`~e leì~ be} yla ~agyai gki }an`fkfkd dq}a~+ Fk ylf~ tgv yla dq}a ne}}a`gya~ ye yla jekqjakyrf~qg``v e}dgkfng``v g~ ta`` g~ ylajgyfng``v+ G ~ygyqa‖~ s}a~a}rgyfek ~ygya f~ g`~e ~qdda~yfra ~fkna g ta``

s}a~a}rai ~ygyqa g~~qjfkd`v ~yeei gy g èta} ~ye}av gki }a~sanyfra`v g ~ygyqa m}ehak fk jgkv sfana~lgi je~y se~~fm`v bg`àk b}ej gmera+

Yla Jfàyq~ Kvjslgaqj g yl}aa*~ye}fai `grf~lfkd jekqjaky s}a~aky~ g yvsfng` g}}gkdajaky eb ~nq`syq}a fk g }ejgk jekqjakyg` kvjslgaqj>7+ Mg~ai ek yla g}nlgaeèdfng` igyg yla a|ngrgye}~s}ese~ai ylgy ~agyai }an`fkfkd gki tgya} }a`gyai ,mv bqknyfek e} ~qmoany& dq}a~ ~yeei gy yla }~y ee}fk e}ia} ye lgra if}any nekkanyfek tfyl tgya}+ Fy f~ key g nefknfiakna ylgy a|gny`v yla~a ~nq`syq}a~ g}a ylama~y s}a~a}rai gjekd yla eyla}~ beqki gy yla jekqjaky+ Gy yla ~aneki gki ylf}i ee} a|ngrgye}~ s`gnaidq}a~ eb ̀ eng` Dei~ gki la}ea~ g~ ta`` g~ yla fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya se}y}gfy~+ A|gny`v yla~a ~ygyqa~ ta}am}ehak fk jgkv sfana~ fkifngyfkd ylgy ylav lgi bg`àk b}ej g lfdl g`yfyqia+

Fneked}gslv+ Yla ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek eb g jekqjakyg` kvjslgaqj ia}fra~ b}ej g `g}da }asa}yef}aeb iane}gyfra ylaja~ hketk b}ej yla jgoe}fyv eb sqm`fn }ejgk aifna~>=? 7& Fiag`f~yfn*jvyleèdfng`

dq}a~+ Ylf~ d}eqs fkn`qia~ E`vjsfgk gki ̀ eng` Dei~ jfke} iafyfa~ gki jvyleèdfng` dq}a~ }a`gyai yetgya} gki kgyq}a>>+ =& Dak}a ~nq`syq}a gki gkfjg` dq}a~>9+ Gjekd ylaj g}a nlfì dq}a~ gki ara}vigvsaesà ,a+d+ ~la}jak ~lasla}i~ aìa}~&+ >& Fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya se}y}gfy~+ Ylf~ d}eqs nek~f~y~ eb leke}fn ~ygyqa~ eb yla Ajsa}e} gki lf~ bgjf`v jajma}~ g~ ta`` g~ se}y}gfy~ eb ]ejgk gki èngèbna*leìa}~ s}fa~y~ jf`fyg}v nejjgkia}~ gki ̀ eng` g}f~yen}gy~>1+ Yla~a fkifrfiqg`~ lgra q~qg``v maakkgknfg``v fkre`rai ye yla nek~y}qnyfek e} yla ajma``f~ljaky eb yla jekqjaky+

=2 G}f~yeiajeq =33< > 6>*61+G}f~yeiajeq =33< > 6>*61+G}f~yeiajeq =33< > 6>*61+=33< > 6>*61+

=4 Tg`ha} 7646 7938 _gle~ H+ gki Dae}dfeq G+ ,7664&? ‐Κπύ Σαηύ‚Tg`ha} 7646 7938 _gle~ H+ gki Dae}dfeq G+ ,7664&? ‐Κπύ Σαηύ‚Κπύ Σαηύ‚Σαηύ‚Σαηύ‚‚ ΗΙ 1=? 142*2338 Nl}v~e~yejeq gki Haslg`èkfyeq =337=6*>> d+==*=18 @ekdba`èt =331 749*7<3+

=< @ayzka} 7663 =238 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 61+@ayzka} 7663 =238 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 61+G}f~yeiajeq =33< 61+

=6 Hgse~~v 7626 <>+Hgse~~v 7626 <>+

>3 Bàf~nla} 76<= 7=98 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 69+Bàf~nla} 76<= 7=98 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 69+G}f~yeiajeq =33< 69+=33< 69+

>7 Lð`~ak 76768 He~ya} ]+ ,=339&? Ifa Mgqe}kgjakyfh ia} b}ðlak qki Jfyyà}ak hgf~a}zafy Fk Jfày R? Ifa Mgq}e}kgjakyfh rek Jfày 7 21*Lð`~ak 76768 He~ya} ]+ ,=339&? Ifa Mgqe}kgjakyfh ia} b}ðlak qki Jfyyà}ak hgf~a}zafy Fk Jfày R? Ifa Mgq}e}kgjakyfh rek Jfày 7 21*8 He~ya} ]+ ,=339&? Ifa Mgqe}kgjakyfh ia} b}ðlak qki Jfyyà}ak hgf~a}zafy Fk Jfày R? Ifa Mgq}e}kgjakyfh rek Jfày 7 21*44+ Ma}`fk*Kat Ve}h? T+ ia D}qvya}8 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 97>*979+ G`~e ]+ Me` ^hq`syq}ak ia} }òjf~nlak Hgf~a}zafy gq~ Jfày fk Bqkia gq~Jfày, R= ,be}ylnejfkd&+

>= Be} yla ~nq`syq}g` iane}gyfek eb ylagya}~ ~aa ^nltfkdak~yafk 7644 gki Ngk Òz}ak 76628 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aaBe} yla ~nq`syq}g` iane}gyfek eb ylagya}~ ~aa ^nltfkdak~yafk 7644 gki Ngk Òz}ak 76628 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aaBe} yla ~nq`syq}g` iane}gyfek eb ylagya}~ ~aa ^nltfkdak~yafk 7644 gki Ngk Òz}ak 76628 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aala ~nq`syq}g` iane}gyfek eb ylagya}~ ~aa ^nltfkdak~yafk 7644 gki Ngk Òz}ak 76628 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aa^nltfkdak~yafk 7644 gki Ngk Òz}ak 76628 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aa8 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aabe} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk }ejgk yla}jga ~aaJgkia}~nlafi 76<78 be} ~nq`syq}ai iane}gyfek fk Fyg`fgk }ejgk rf``g~ ~aa Kaqianha} 76<<+ Ek yla Sq}se~a gki ̂ ayyfkd eb D}gane*]ejgk G}y fkFyg`v gki yla D}aah Fjsa}fg` Ag~y ~aa Ra}jaqà 76448 be} yla âyyfkd eb D}aah ^nq`syq}a~ gki Dg}iak ^nq`syq}a ~aa ]fidtgv 7647 ]fidtgv76<7 gki Haky Lf`` 76<7+

>> Hgse~~v 7626 7=*938 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 739*=>=8 Ek tgya} iafyfa~ Mangyyf D+ 7643%47&? ‐Kfkba a ifrfkfyã jg}fka+ ]fnla}nla jfyeèdfnlaHgse~~v 7626 7=*938 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 739*=>=8 Ek tgya} iafyfa~ Mangyyf D+ 7643%47&? ‐Kfkba a ifrfkfyã jg}fka+ ]fnla}nla jfyeèdfnla 7=*938 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 739*=>=8 Ek tgya} iafyfa~ Mangyyf D+ 7643%47&? ‐Kfkba a ifrfkfyã jg}fka+ ]fnla}nla jfyeèdfnlaG}f~yeiajeq =33< 739*=>=8 Ek tgya} iafyfa~ Mangyyf D+ 7643%47&? ‐Kfkba a ifrfkfyã jg}fka+ ]fnla}nla jfyeèdfnla]fnla}nla jfyeèdfnlafneked}gnla a ~yf`f~yfnla‚ ^y+Jf~n+ 74? 74*1<8 @gyyfje}a ^y+ ,7642&? Yla Jg}fka Ylfg~e~ fk D}aah ^nq`syq}a ,Jekqjakyg G}nlgaeèdfng6&8 Gjaifnh =334+

>9 Hgse~~v 7626 97*91 9<*1>8 G}f~yeiajeq =33< =>>*=9=8 ]anaky`v ek dak}a ~nq`syq}a Hqkza 76668 Hqkza =33=+>1 Hgse~~v 7626 92*948 G}f~yeiajeq =33< =17*>338Hgse~~v 7626 92*948 G}f~yeiajeq =33< =17*>338G}f~yeiajeq =33< =17*>338 Be} }ejgk se}y}gfy~ fk nekya|y, ̂ jfyl 766<8 Aqà =3378 Baoba} =33<+




’ 719 ’

Fkya}s}aygyfek+ Yla iane}gyfra s}ed}gj eb g }ejgk kvjslgaqj ngk ma qkia}~yeei yl}eqdl yla fkya}gnyfra}a`gyfek maytaak ~nq`syq}a gki tgya}+ Dei~ `fha Se~afiek gki Gsl}eifya jvyleèdfng` dq}a~ gki tgya}iafyfa~ `fha }fra} Dei~ gki Kvjsl~ e} arak e}ifkg}v saesà `fha ~la}jak g}a if}any`v nekkanyai yetgya} mangq~a eb ylaf} tgya}v lgmfygy>2+ Jgkv eb yla~a bqknyfek g~ tgya} ~seqy~+ Letara} yla jgoe}fyv

eb dq}a~ g~~enfgya tfyl tgya} fkif}any`v yl}eqdl ylaf} iqyfa~ gki iaai~>4

+ ^qnl dq}a~ g}a Ifekv~q~gki Gse`è gki ylaf} Ylfg~ef A}eya~ E`vjsfgk Dei~ ,_aq~ La}ja~& lag`fkd Dei~ ,G~nàsfq~ Lvdafg&Ag~ya}k Dei~ ,a+d+ F~f~& la}ea~ ,a+d+ La}gnà~&+ Yla}a g}a g`~e dq}a~ tle~a s}a~akna gy yla jekqjakyf~ fkya}s}ayai yl}eqdl èng` jvyl~ gki nq`y~><+ Yla~a nek~f~y eb jgoe} e} jfke} E`vjsfgk gki èng` dei~la}ea~ gki jvylfng` nfyv*beqkia}~ tle~a nekkanyfek ye yla nfyv f~ awqg``v fjse}ygky ye ylaf} nekkanyfektfyl tgya} gki ylav g}a q~qg``v jakyfekai gy yla jekqjaky‖~ fk~n}fsyfek>6+ Ylaf} s}a~akna gy yla ~nq`syq}gìf~s`gv s}ed}gj eb g kvjslgaqj a|s}a~~a~ yla nfyv‖~ d}gyfyqia be} yla ifrfka s}eyanyfek gki ~y}a~~a~ ylama`fab ylgy èng` dei~ ~qsse}y gki ~q~ygfk key ek`v yla fjsa}fg` bgjf`v mqy yla nfyfzak~ yee s}erfifkd ylajtfyl g`` yla kana~~g}v deei~ be} g s}e~sa} ̀ fba+ Giifyfekg``v ~ygyqa~ eb ̀ eng` dei~ gy kvjslgag kgknai mvèng` makabgnye}~ qkia}`fka yla nfyv‖~ nekiakna gki seta}93+

Fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya se}y}gfyq}a be`èt gk g`je~y ~ygkig}ifzai yvseèdv fk e}ia} ye }aany yla fjsa}fg`seta} gki yla s}a~yfda eb èng` A`fya97+ Jgà ~ygyqa~ g}a se}y}gvai fk ifrfka e} la}efn kqifyv tag}fkdnqf}g~~ lfjgyfek yedg e} nl`gjv~+ Yla rg~y jgoe}fyv eb yla bajgà ~ygyqa~ tg}a~ nlfyek gki lfjgyfekbe`ètfkd je}a e} à~~ nè~a`v dq}a ~nlaja~ ia}frai b}ej `gya n`g~~fng` gki La`àkf~yfn ~ygyqa yvsa~,@g}da gki ^jg`` La}nq`gkaqj Tejak Sqifnfyfga ayn+&9=+ Yla dq}a yvsa~ ta}a nle~ak gnne}ifkd ye ylaifbba}aky se~a~ gki gnyfek~ ylav ajmeifai9>+

If~s`gv S}ed}gj~+ ^nq`syq}a~ gie}kfkd yla jekqjakyg` bgägia~ eb }ejgk kvjslgag iasèv gnne}ifkds}a*~nlaiqài fneked}gslfng` s}ed}gj~ tlfnl ifbba} maytaak }adfek~ gki jekqjaky~+ Agnl kvjslgaqjf~ qkfwqa mangq~a fy~ nek~y}qnyfek gki ajma``f~ljaky g}a g nejmfkgyfek eb rg}feq~ fjse}ygky bgnye}~? ylatag`yl gki yla fkyakyfek~ eb yla sgy}ek lf~ aiqngyfekg` gki nq`yq}g` mgnhd}eqki yla ngsgmf`fyv eb yla

g}nlfyany gèkd tfyl yla èng` lf~ye}fng` nq`yq}g` gki daeje}sleèdfn sg}yfnq`g}fyfa~+Ifbba}aky iane}gyfra s}ed}gj~ }aany ifbba}aky sq}se~a~? êja kvjslgag g}a yg}dayai ek yla dè}fngyfekeb yla Ajsa}e}99+ Je~y eb ylaj g}a kgknai mv yla Ajsa}e} lfj~a`b+ Lf~ fjgda f~ s`gnai gy yla je~ys}ejfkaky s`gna gy yla jekqjaky e} f~ rf~qg``v nekkanyai tfyl yla et eb tgya}+ Yla Kvjslgaqj fk

G}de~ ,D}aana& tg~ kgknai mv yla ajsa}e} Lgi}fgk91+ Lf~ neè~~g` ~ygyqa kgknai mv yla nfyv be} ylafjsa}fg` rf~fy eb 7=9 G+I+ iasfny~ Lgi}fgk fk g dè}fai kqifyv92+ Yla tgya} at b}ej g leà gy yla tg``

>2 Hgse~~v 7626 438 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >3>*>>=+Hgse~~v 7626 438 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >3>*>>=+Hgse~~v 7626 438 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >3>*>>=+7626 438 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >3>*>>=+

>4 Hgse~~v 7626 478 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >=2*>4=+Hgse~~v 7626 478 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >=2*>4=+Hgse~~v 7626 478 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >=2*>4=+7626 478 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >=2*>4=+78 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >=2*>4=+8 G}f~yeiajeq =33< >=2*>4=+

>< G}f~yeiajeq =33< >4=*><9+ âa g`~e ]emfk~ek M+ G+ ,=337&? ‐Beqkygfk~ gki yla Nq`yq}a eb Tgya} gy ]ejgk Ne}fkyl‚+ Sl+I+ Qkfra}~fyveb Sakk~v`rgkfg gmeqy yla nekkanyfek maytaak beqkygfk~ gki yla be}jgyfek eb nq`yq}g` fiakyfyv gy ]ejgk Ne}fkyl+

>6 Yla Kvjslgaqj eb La}eia~ Gyyfnq~ fk E`vjsfg f~ iaifngyai ye _aq~? Me` 76<9736 ngy+ke+7 s`+=+>+ Yla Y}gogkfn Kvjslgaqj fk Asla~q~f~ iaifngyai ye yla Asla~fgk G}yajf~ oq~y g~ yla jgoe}fyv eb yla asla~fgk kvjslgag? FrA FF k}+9=9 ,g`~e FrA FF k}+9=9G k}+97> k}+979&+ Ylaêqyl Kvjslgaqj XB=Z fk Sa}da f~ iaifngyai ye G}yajf~ Sa}dgfg? ΖΟ Sa}da F η+761*762+

93 Yla ~gja gss`fa~ be} yla jgoe}fyv eb nfrfn aifna~ kgknai mv èng`~+ Be} yla nfrfn s}fia gki sgy}feyf~j ~aa Jgn}e 76<3 2<=*2<9+Yla ~gja gss`fa~ be} yla jgoe}fyv eb nfrfn aifna~ kgknai mv èng`~+ Be} yla nfrfn s}fia gki sgy}feyf~j ~aa Jgn}e 76<3 2<=*2<9+

97 G~ iajek~y}gyai gy G}f~yeiajeq ,=33<? 9>>& gy àg~y 777 dq}a~ g}a }anedkfzai g~ se}y}gfy~ ,fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya& tlfnl }f~a~ g`je~y gy ylaG~ iajek~y}gyai gy G}f~yeiajeq ,=33<? 9>>& gy àg~y 777 dq}a~ g}a }anedkfzai g~ se}y}gfy~ ,fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya& tlfnl }f~a~ g`je~y gy ylay àg~y 777 dq}a~ g}a }anedkfzai g~ se}y}gfy~ ,fjsa}fg` gki s}frgya& tlfnl }f~a~ g`je~y gy yla° sa}nakygda eb yla yeyg` gjeqky eb yla 933 ~nq`syq}a ~yqifai+ Gnne}ifkd ye yla ~ygyf~yfn~ s}frgya se}y}gfy~ fk yla ag~ya}k kvjslgag eqykqjma}yla fjsa}fg`+

9= G}f~yeiajeq =33< ><9*93>+G}f~yeiajeq =33< ><9*93>+

9> ^yatg}y =33> 46*741+^yatg}y =33> 46*741+ 99 @ekdba`èt =331 <<*7938 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 93>*973+@ekdba`èt =331 <<*7938 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 93>*973+

91 Re``d}gbb T+ ,7699*91&? ‐Fk~n}fsyfek~ i‖G}de~‚ MNL 2<*26? >64*933 ngy+kRe``d}gbb T+ ,7699*91&? ‐Fk~n}fsyfek~ i‖G}de~‚ MNL 2<*26? >64*933 ngy+kRe``d}gbb T+ ,7699*91&? ‐Fk~n}fsyfek~ i‖G}de~‚ MNL 2<*26? >64*933 ngy+kngy+ke+48 Jgia}kg 76<< ==38 D`g~a} 76<> <6 ngy+ke+23 d+729*7248Tg`ha} 76<4 29 s`+RF+g8 @ekdba`èt =331 713*7168 G}f~yeiajeq =33<, 9>6+

92 Re``d}gbb 761< 113*111 d+=1*=48 Jg}ngiæ*]gbyeseqèq 762> 96 ngy+ke+1> d+72*7<8 Tg`ha} 7646 733 731 d+>38 Kfajava} 762<

>1 777 ngy+ke+77>8 Jgia}kg 76<< ==3 ngy+ke QI< s`+=1+78 Sgsgzgslaf}feq =339 7>9 =46*=<3 ngy+ke+ΞΔ< s`+=<8 G}f~yeiajeq =33< 9>6ngy+ke+6 s`+=+>+



’ 711 ’


n}agyfkd yla f``q~fek ylgy fy tg~ }qkkfkd yl}eqdl yla Ajsa}e}‖~ }gf~ai }fdly lgki+ YlaY}gogk‖~ Kvjslgaqj fk Asla~q~ tg~ kgknai mv yla s}fa~y Yf+ N`gqifq~ G}f~yfek g}eqki 73=*779 G+I+ gki tg~ iaifngyai ye Asla~q~G}yajf~ gki yla Ajsa}e} Y}gogk94+ Yla s}fjg}v tgya} eqyày tg~ ̀ engyai qkia}kagyl yla neè~~g` ~ygyqa eb ylaAjsa}e} Y}gogk tlfnl tg~ leq~ai gy yla naky}g` kfnla eb yla kvjslgaqj+ Fk meyl kvjslgag yla Ajsa}e}‖~

fjgda te}h~ g~ g ~vjme` eb seta}+ La tle neky}e`~ yla tgya} neky}e`~ yla `fba eb lf~ ~qmoany~9<

+Eyla} kvjslgag s}a~aky yla Ajsa}e} fk g s}ejfkaky s`gna gy ylaf} bgägia letara} yla ~fdkfngkna eb èng`Dei~ f~ ket lfdl`v ajslg~fzai+ Gy yla Ke}yl Kvjslgaqj ,B>& eb Sa}da yla Ajsa}e} Lgi}fgk f~ }as}a~akyaimv yte ~ygyqa~ g kghai gki g nqf}g~~ai eka96+ Vay yla iejfkgyfkd s}a~akna eb yla }an`fkfkd ]fra} Dei Ha~y}q~f~ la}a qkif~sqygmà13+ Lf~ ~ygyqa s`gnai gy yla ra}v naky}a eb yla jekqjaky f~ e}dgkfng``v nekkanyai tfylyla et eb tgya}+ Ylf~ f~ g rf~qg` ~ygyajaky ylgy Sa}da f~ g }emq~y nfyv tfyl nfyfzak~ iasakifkd ek`v ek ylaf}kgyq}g` ~eq}na~ lakna yla }fra} Ha~y}q~17+

Bata} kvjslgag `fha yla Yl}aa Mg~fk Kvjslgaqj fk ^fia e} yla Kvjslgaqj eb N+ @gangkfq~ Mg~~q~ fk Asla~q~ g}a }a~y}fnyai ye jvyleèdfng` ~qmoany~ s}emgm`v g``qifkd èng` nq`y~ letara} s}a~akyfkd q~ tfylifbnq`yfa~ ek iayanyfkd ~sanfn ~ygyajaky~ e} fkyakyfek~1=+

Na}ygfk kvjslgag gnnakyqgya yla }eà eb yla èng` A`fya+ Yla yte*~ye}fai kvjslgaqj eb La}eia~ Gyyfnq~ fkE`vjsfg tg~ mqf`y fk ng+ 71> G+I+ mv La}eia~ Gyyfnq~ fk yla jaje}v eb lf~ tfba ]adf``g 1>+ Yla m}ekza }fra}Dei G`slafe~ fk gkfjg` be}j iejfkgya~ yla naky}g` tgya} mg~fk ~ygyfkd ylgy la ~qss`fa~ E`vjsfg tfyl lf~tgya}+ Yte ~ygyqa~ eb _aq~ yla sgy}ek dei eb yla G`yf~ g}a s`gnai gy yla naky}a eb agnl ee}19+ Yla ~ygyqa~ eb yla fjsa}fg` bgjf`v iasèv gèkd yla kfnla~ eb yla èta} 7~y ee} tlfà yla ~ygyqa~ eb yla bgjf`v eb La}eia~Gyyfnq~ g}a s`gnai gy yla s}ejfkaky =ki ee} ~q}s}f~fkd`v ~ygkifkd key ek`v gmera yla fjsa}fg` ~ygyqa~ mqyka|y ye yla Bgyla} eb yla Dei~+ Fy f~ fjs}a~~fra let seta}bq` La}eia~‖ bgjf`v nek~fia} ylaj~a`ra~ ye gny fkg ~e s}erengyfra jgkka}11+ Ylf~ }arag`~ yla s}ejfkaky se~fyfek eb èng` g}f~yen}gy~ fk yla se`fyfng` gki ~enfg`~y}qnyq}a eb yla }ejgk ~enfayv+ G~ g }a~q`y ylav ig}a ye s`gna ylaj~a`ra~ ka|y ye ylaf} Ajsa}e} gki je}aera}ka|y ye ylaf} Dei~+

Jekqjakyg` kvjslgag ta}a kgknai mv Ajsa}e}~ gki tag`ylv sgy}ek~12+ Bfkgknfkd yla nek~y}qnyfek eb gkvjslgaqj gki ,e}& fy~ iane}gyfek f~ g se`fyfng``v jeyfrgyai gnyfek+ G~ gk fjsa}fg` makabgnyfek kvjslgags}en`gfj yla fjsa}fg` seta} rf}yqa gki nq`yq}a+ G~ emoany~ eb s}frgya sgy}ekgda ylav ~fdkgài yla ieke}‖~tag`yl bgja gki nekkanyfek~ ye yla fjsa}fg` }adfja14+

94 FrA, FF, k}+9=9+ ̂ nla}}a} =333, 7728 Lg`bjgkk =337, 21 *2<8 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337,64, 7<<*7<6 ngy+ke+=28 Qĕq}`q =339, 2>+ @ekdba`èt

=331, 734*7=1+ Wqgyajma} =332, 4>*448 Gqfkda} gki ]gyljgv} =334 =138 Yf+ N`gqifq~ G}f~yfek? S`fkv yla Veqkda} As+ 2 >7 >8 N}gjja=337 792*7138 Wqgyajma} Q+ ,=331&? Yf+ N`gqifq~ G}f~yfek qki ~afka Mgqyak fk Asla~e~ Be}qj G}nlgaeèdfga >1%RF ,lyys?%%bg}nl+kay&+

9< Tfkya} 7662 7<98 @ekdba`èt =331 774+Tfkya} 7662 7<98 @ekdba`èt =331 774+

96 Gkyg`vg G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqjFkr+K}+G><27><2> gki G>4>3? Fkgk*]e~akmgqj 7646 61*6< ngy+kGkyg`vg G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqjFkr+K}+G><27><2> gki G>4>3? Fkgk*]e~akmgqj 7646 61*6< ngy+kGkyg`vg G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqjFkr+K}+G><27><2> gki G>4>3? Fkgk*]e~akmgqj 7646 61*6< ngy+k? Fkgk*]e~akmgqj 7646 61*6< ngy+ke+91*92 s`+><*938 Jgia}kg 76<<=3> ngy+ke+I68 Ara}~ 7669 <=*<> ngy+ke+2*48 Sgsgzgslaf}feq =339 =26 ngy+ke HJ 1 s`+=>+

13 Sa}da Ke}yl Kvjslgaqj ,B>&Sa}da Ke}yl Kvjslgaqj ,B>& fk ~fyq? @FJN RF ,766=& >6 k}+2 ~+r+Ha~y}e~ ,L+ G+ Nglk&8 @ekdba`èt =331 =33*=3>+

17 Yla ~ygyqa eb Ha~y}q~ f~ la}a gnnejsgkfai mv yte bajgà se}y}gfy ~ygyqa~ je~y se~~fm`v eb yla yte bajgà sgy}ek~? Gkyg`vg G}nlgaeèdfng`Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+G><21 gki G><29? Fkgk 7649 21= ngy+ke+9*1 s`+=3=*=3>8 Gà|gki}fif~ =339 =>6 ngy+ke+71*728 G}f~yeiajeq =33< ngy+ke+=1>*=19 s`+>4+4*<+

1= ^fia Yl}aa Mg~fk Kvjslgaqj? Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337 =9= ngy+ke+7318 Lvi}ahienlafek eb N+ @gangkfq~ Mg~~q~ ? Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi=337 7<2 ngy+ke+=98 Oqkd =33246*<28 Gqfkda} gki ]gyljgv} =334 =1=+

1> Me` 76<9+

19 Eka kghai g~Eka kghai g~kghai g~ _aq~ Hgygnlkekfe~ gki eka fk yla yvsa eb I}a~iak _aq~? E`vjsfg G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj Fkr+K}+743 gki 73<? Me`76<9 =<*>3 7<4*76> ngy+ke+9<*96 s`+16*2>8 @FJN RFFF ,7664& >13 k}+=<= ~+r+ _aq~ ,S+ Hg}gkg~yg~~f& gki >=2 k}+4<m ~+r+ _aq~ ,J+ Yfra}fe~&8G}f~yeiajeq =33< 7<4*7<< ngy+ke+97*9= s`+4+=*>+

11 Be} yla bgjf`v eb La}eia~ Gyyfnq~ ~aa Yemfk O+ ,7664&?Be} yla bgjf`v eb La}eia~ Gyyfnq~ ~aa Yemfk O+ ,7664&?Be} yla bgjf`v eb La}eia~ Gyyfnq~ ~aa Yemfk O+ ,7664&? O+ ,7664&?O+ ,7664&?+ ,7664&? La}eia~ Gyyfhe~ gki yla Nfyv eb Gylak~? Sgy}ekgda gki Nekfny qkia} yla Gkyekfka~ ,G}nlgfg La``g~ 9& Gj~ya}igj? Dfamak+

12 Be} yla sgy}ekgda f~~qa ~aa g`~eBe} yla sgy}ekgda f~~qa ~aa g`~eBe} yla sgy}ekgda f~~qa ~aa g`~e Dgqylfa} 76<18 Tfkya} 76628 Gkie N`+ ,=333&? Fjsa}fg` Fiaeèdv gki S}erfknfg` @evg`yv fk yla ]ejgk

Ajsf}a+ Ma}haàv? Qkfra}~fyv eb Ng`fbe}kfg S}a~~8 N}gjja =3378 Lg`bjgkk =337 7*738 Afà}~ =33=+ @ekdba`èt =3318 Ylejg~ =334 47*63+14 Tag`ylv èng` bgjf`fa~ q~ai jekqjakyg` g}nlfyanyq}a ye nejsaya be} ~enfg` s}a~yfda gki ~a}ra ylaf} se`fyfng` gjmfyfek~? Léq~à L+ ,76<3&?Tag`ylv èng` bgjf`fa~ q~ai jekqjakyg` g}nlfyanyq}a ye nejsaya be} ~enfg` s}a~yfda gki ~a}ra ylaf} se`fyfng` gjmfyfek~? Léq~à L+ ,76<3&?Tag`ylv èng` bgjf`fa~ q~ai jekqjakyg` g}nlfyanyq}a ye nejsaya be} ~enfg` s}a~yfda gki ~a}ra ylaf} se`fyfng` gjmfyfek~? Léq~à L+ ,76<3&?Léq~à L+ ,76<3&?




’ 712 ’

Emrfeq~`v beqkygfk dq}a~ ie key nera} s}gnyfng` kaai~+ G kvjslgaqj‖~ tgya} ~qss`v f~ ak~q}ai mv ylanfyv‖~ tgya} if~y}fmqyfek kayte}h1<+ Letara} yla ~aànyfek eb yla fneked}gslfng` ~qmoany yla fkre`rajakyeb yla dq}a tfyl yla tgya} et gki fy~ s`gnajaky gy yla jekqjaky~ bgägia qkia}`fka yla e}dgkfn}a`gyfek~lfs maytaak yla mqfìfkd ~nq`syq}a gki tgya}+ Yla g}yf~yfn nejse~q}a ylgy ia}fra~ b}ej ylf~

fkya}gnyfek a|naai~ yla jekqjaky‖~ g}nlfyanyq}g` nekya|y gki nekkany~ fy tfyl yla kgyq}g` akrf}ekjakye} yla nfyv~ngsa tla}a yla jekqjaky maèkd~16+ Jekqjakyg` kvjslgag gki ylaf} iane}gyfra s}ed}gj~g}a g }aanyfek eb g nfyv‖~ fjgda gki y}gk~jfy ~sanfn ja~~gda~ yl}eqdleqy yla }ejgk te}ì23+ Ylaf}~yqiv y}fa~ ye }anek~y}qny yla ~enfg` se`fyfng` g~ ta`` g~ nq`yq}g` }eà ylgy ylav laì fk yla Ag~ya}k ]ejgkS}erfkna~+

MfM`fed}gSlv

g}f~yeiaJeq D+ ,=33<&? ‐Ε Ξθρσωπύ ιζΠοώύ κρςηΥφκ οηζ οδκϋκ ώω ηκηωθζοπ ωΫη ωδύΧφηϏοΫύ ηρωοηωΥηύ‚+ Sl+I+ If~~ G}f~yeyà Qkfra}~fyv eb Yla~~gèkfhf+

gdq~yg*Meq`g}ey ^+ ,=337&? ‐Bekygfka~ ay bekygfka~ jekqjakygà~ ak D}ìna ia `g nekwqïya }ejgfka ã`‖æsewqa grfakka? sa}jgkakna eq }akeqragq g}nlfyanyq}g`5‚ MNL ^qss`+ >6? 724*=>2+

gà|gki}fif~ G+ ,=339&? Ifa B}gqak ia~ }òjf~nlak Hgf~a}lgq~a~+ Afka Qkya}~qnlqkd fl}a} mfì`fnlak Ig}~ya``qkd rek @frfg mf~ Oq`fg Iejkg+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+

gJaifnh ]+ ,=334&? ‐^yafk qki Tg~~a}+ ]òjf~nla ^hq`syq}ak rek Jaa}ta~ak qki Tg~~a}deyylafyak‚fk ΐΕΡήΑΖΕΚ+ Mafy}éda zq} gkyfhak S`g~yfh+ Ba~y~nl}fby zq Al}ak rek Saya} N+ Me` aifyai mv L+r+^yaqmak D+ @glq~ak L+ Hey~fiq 9=>*9>>+ Mfm`fese`f~ Jòlkaa~a+

gki}aga M+ ,7644&? ‐Re}~nl`gd bð} afka ]ahek~y}qhyfek ia} Se`vslajd}qssa rek Asla~e~‚ fk

Ba~y~nl}fby bð} B+ M}ejja} aifyai mv Q+ Lenhjgkk gki G+H}qd 7*77+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+gki}aga M+ ,76<=&? Eiv~~aq~+ G}nléeèdfa ia~ aq}eséf~nlak Jak~nlakmfìa~+ B}gkhbq}y? ênfayéy~Ra}gd+

gki}aga M+ ,76<1&? ‐Ifa Se`vslaj*D}qssa rek Asla~e~‚ fk @amakifda G`ya}yqj~tf~~ak~nlgby?Ba~ydgma zq} Re`àkiqkd ia~ 43+ @amak~ogl}a~ rek La}jgkk Rayya}~ aifyai mv J+ Hgkià} =36*=77+Tfak? G+ Le`zlgq~ak+

gki}aga M+ ,7666g&? Eiv~~aq~+ Jvyle~ qki A}fkka}qkd+ Hq}za Gkàfyqkd+ ]ej ==+Bam*=+âsy+ Hgygèd]ej Jðknlak 66%33+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+

gki}aga

M+ ,7666m&? ‐Ζ~y ifa Lvseyla~a rek Se`vslaj Dfama` fk Asla~e~ ma}afy~ bg`~fzfa}y5‚ fk 733 Ogl}a Ò~ya}}afnlf~nla Be}~nlqkdak fk Asla~e~+ Ghyak ia~ ^vjse~fek~ ,Tfak 7661& aifyai mv L+B}fa~fkda}*B+ H}fkzfkda} 1>7*1>>+ Tfak? Mel`gq+

gqfkda} O+ }gylJgv} A+ ,=334&? ‐_q} ~séygkyfhak Gq~~ygyyqkd ia} Yla}jak qki Kvjsléak fkAsla~e~‚ fk ^ygyqak fk ia} ^séygkyfha aifyai mv G+ B+ Mgqa} gki Nl+Tfy~nla` =>4„=26+ Tfa~mgiak?]afnla}y Ra}`gd+

‐Ig~ Iakhjg` g`~ Dg}gky ia~ Kgnl}qlj~? Mafy}éda zq} Da~nlfnlya qki Ylajgyfh afka~ Jeyfr~ fk `gyafkf~nlak Fk~nl}fbyak‚ ,_ayajgyg 41&Jðknlak? Manh8 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =337 7=3*7=7^nle}kie}ba} 7664 <8 Ylejg~ =334 42+ G}f~yeiajeq =33< 1=*16+

1< ]anaky`v ]fnlg}i =33<+]anaky`v ]fnlg}i =33<+]anaky`v ]fnlg}i =33<+]fnlg}i =33<+

16 âdg` 76648 ]fnlg}i =373+23 Nlf =33=8 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =332 ><7*><2+Nlf =33=8 Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =332 ><7*><2+Ie}`*H`fkdak~nljfi =332 ><7*><2+H`fkdak~nljfi =332 ><7*><2+



’ 714 ’


gq}aklgJJa} J+ ,7663&? Ifa ^hq`syq}ak rek Asla~e~ Fiag`s`g~yfh F+ Be}~nlqkdak fk Asla~e~ \%7+Tfak? Ra}`gd ia} ÒGT+

Mgqa} B+ G+ ,7662&? ^ygiy S`gyz qki Iakhjg` fk ia} ^séygkyfha+ Qkya}~qnlqkdak zq} Gq~~ygyyqkd ia~òbbaky`fnlak ]gqj~ fk iak ~séygkyfhak ^yéiyak ]ej Hek~ygkyfkesa` qki Asla~e~+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek_gma}k+

Me` ]+ ,76<9&? Ig~ ^ygyqaks}ed}gjj ia~ La}eia~*Gyyfnq~ Kvjslgaqj~+ E`vjsf~nla Be}~nlqkdakMgki \R+ Ma}`fk? Tg`ya} ia D}qvya}+

ngk òz}ak G+ ,7662&? ‐Ifa ^hq`syq}akgq~~ygyyqkd hgf~a}zafy`fnla} Ylagya} fk ia} S}erfkz G~fg gjMaf~sfa` ia} Ylagya} fk Gsl}eif~fg~ Asla~e~ qki Lfa}gse`f~‚ Ylayf~ >? 66*7=<+

nlf O+ ,=33=&? ‐^yqifa~ fk yla S}ed}gjjgyfn ̂ ygyqg}v eb ]ejgk G~fg Jfke}‚+ Sl+I+ If~~+ KV Qkfra}~fyv+

n}gJJa ~y+ ,=337&? ‐Ifa Maiaqyqkd ia~ Aqa}dayf~jq~ bð} ifa Bfkgkzfa}qkd ~yéiyf~nla} Gqbdgmak fk ia}S}erfkz G~fg‚+ Sl+I+if~~+ Hò`k Qkfra}~fyv+

nq}yfq~ A+ ,7<42&? Ifa S`g~yfh ia} La`àkak gk Wqa`àk qki M}qkkak+ Gmlgki`qkdak ia} Ghgiajfa ia}Tf~~ak~nlgbyak+ Ma}`fk? Iðjjà} fk Nejj+

ia~Sfkf~d+~yabgkfieq*yfra}feqyl+reqyf}g~ aJ+,ai~+& ,7664&? Ngygèdqa eb ^nq`syq}a fk yla G}nlgaeèdfng` Jq~aqj eb Yla~~gèkfhf, Ζ+ Yla~~gèkfhf? Kgyfekg` Mgkh Nq`yq}g` Beqkigyfek+

ie}`*h`fkdak~nlJfiy n`+ ,=337&? S}qkhm}qkkak fk hàfkg~fgyf~nlak ^yéiyak+ Bqkhyfek fj Hekya|y+ Mgva}f~nla Ghgiajfa ia} Tf~~ak~nlgbyak+ ^yqifak zq} gkyfhak ^ygiy Mgki 4+ Jðknlak? I}+ B}fai}fnlSbaf`+

ie}`*h`fkdak~nlJfiyn`+ ,=332&? ‐M}qkkakmgqyak g`~ Jaifqj ia} fkya}hejjqkgàk Tayymata}m~‚

fk Nq}g Gwqg}qj fk Asla~e~+ S}enaaifkd~ eb yla 7=yl Fkya}kgyfekg` Nekd}a~~ ek yla Lf~ye}v eb Tgya}Jgkgdajaky gki Lvi}gq`fn Akdfkaa}fkd fk yla Jaifya}}gkagk ]adfek ITlD 7= ,â`äqh =* 73Enyema} =339& aifyai mv D+ Tfs`fkda} ><7*><2+ MGMa~nl ^qss`+ 9= ,@aqrak&+

afnlà} B+ ,762>&? ‐Ifa Ò~ya}}afnlf~nla Gq~d}gmqkdak fk Asla~e~ fj Ogl}a 762=‚ Gkz+Tfak 733? 91*16+

afà}~n`+,=33=&? ]ejgk sgy}ek~ eb D}aah nfyfa~+ E|be}i? E|be}i Qkfra}~fyv S}a~~+

aqàO+n+ ,=337&? La`àkf~yf~nla Mð}da}fkkak gq~ Hàfkg~fak? Tafm`fnla Datgki~ygyqak fk fl}ajgkyfhak Hekya|y+ F~ygkmq`? Yg}fl G}haeèof ̂ gkgy ra Hð`yð} Jf}g~fkf He}qjg Rgh+

ara}~N+ ,7669&? @a~ Se}y}gfy~ i‖Lgi}fak+ Yvseèdfa ay gya`fa}~+ Ne`ànyfek ia~ Jæjef}a~ ia `g N`g~~aia~ Magq|*G}y~ fk *<³+ >a ~æ}fa yeja RFF+ M}q|a`à~? Gngiajfa ]evgà ia Ma`dfwqa+

baOba} O+ ,=33<&? ]ejgk Se}y}gfy~ fk Nekya|y + Ma}`fk Kat Ve}h? Tg`ya} ia D}qvya}+

bàf~nla} ]+ ,764=*41&? ‐D}gmqkdak fk Asla~e~ rek 7623 * 7626 mzt+ 7643+ ^hq`syq}akbqkia‚ ÒOl13 Mafm`gyy ? 9=7*9>9+

bàf~la} ]+ ,76<=&? ‐_taf ahàhyf~nla ̂ ygyqak gq~ Asla~e~‚ fk S}e G}ya Gkyfwqg Ba~y~nl}fby bð} LaitfdHakka} F 7=>*7=6+ Iakh~nl}fbyak ,Ò~ya}}afnlf~nla Ghgiajfa ia} Tf~~ak~nlgbyak+ Slfè~eslf~nl*Lf~ye}f~nla H`g~~a& Mgki 7<+ Tfak? Ra}`gd ia} ÒGT+

bqnl~ J+ ,76<4&? Qkya}~qnlqkdak zq} Gq~~ygyyqkd }òjf~nla} Ylagya}+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+




’ 71< ’

dgqylfa} S+ ,76<1&? ‐@a~ nfyæ~ d}anwqa~ ay ̀ aq}~ mfakbgfyaq}~ ,FRa*Fa} ~+ gr+ O+*N+&+ Neky}fmqyfek ã ̀ ‖lf~yef}aia~ fk~yfyqyfek~‚ MNL ̂ qss`+7=+

dfkeqræ~ ]+ ,ai+& ,766<&? ‐G}nlfyanyq}a ia `¹agq‚ fk Ifnyfekkgf}a Jæyleifwqa ia `‖G}nlfyanyq}aD}anwqa ay ]ejgfka Yeja FFF ? A~sgna~ G}nlfyanyq}gq| Míyfjaky~ ay Ak~ajmà~ 6=*733+ ]eja? Aneàb}gkägf~a ia ]eja+

d`g~a} B+ ,76<>&? Gkyfha M}qkkakmgqyak ,HSLKGF& fk D}fanlak`gki + Iakh~nl}fbyak ,Ò~ya}}afnlf~nlaGhgiajfa ia} Tf~~ak~nlgbyak+ Slfè~eslf~nl*Lf~ye}f~nla H`g~~a& Mgki 727+ Tfak? Ra}`gd ia} ÒGT+

d`g~a} B+ ,76<4&? ‐M}qkkak qki Kvjsléak‚ fk Ifa Tg~~a}ra}~e}dqkd gkyfha} ^yéiya Mgki =+Sa}dgjek+ ]anly%Ra}tg`yqkd8 M}qkkak%Kvjsléak8 Mgqaàjakya aifyai mv B}ekyfkq~*Da~a``~nlgby 73>*7>7+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+

d}e~ S+ ,7662&? @‖G}nlfyanyq}a ]ejgfka iq iæmqy iq FFFa ~fìnà gr+O+*N+ ã `g k iq Lgqy*Ajsf}a Yeja7 @a~ Jekqjaky~ Sqm`fn~+ 97<*999+

lg`bJgkk L+ ,=337&? ‐^yéiyamgq qki Mgqla}}ak fj }òjf~nlak Hàfkg~fak+ Afk Ra}dàfnl ztf~nlakSa}dgjek qki Asla~e~‚+ F~y+Jfy+Maflaby 9>+ Yðmfkdak? A}k~y Tg~jqyl Ra}`gd+

fkgk O+ ,7649&? ‐Kaqa Se}y}éy~ygyqak gq~ Sa}da‚ fk Jæ`gkda~ G+ J+ Jgk~a` FF aifyai mv A+ Ghq}dg` ayg`+ 29>*227+ Gkhg}g? Yð}h Yg}fl Lq}qjq Mg~fjarf+

fkgkO+g`bòìf*}e~akMgqJ A+ ,7646&? ]òjf~nla qki b}ðlmvzgkyfkf~nla Se}y}éys`g~yfh gq~ ia} Yð}haf+Kaqa Bqkia+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+

Oqkd H+ ,=332&? ‐Ig~ Lvi}ahienlafek ia~ Dgfq~ @gangkfq~ Mg~~q~ fk Asla~e~‚ fk Nq}g Gwqg}qjfk Asla~e~+ S}enaaifkd~ eb yla 7=yl Fkya}kgyfekg` Nekd}a~~ ek yla Lf~ye}v eb Tgya} Jgkgdajaky gki

Lvi}gq`fn Akdfkaa}fkd fk yla Jaifya}}gkagk ]adfek 7=+ aifyai mv D+ Tfs`fkda} 46*<2+ MGMa~nl^qss`+ 9= ,@aqrak&+

hgSe~~v M+ ,7626&? M}qkkakdq}ak ia} la`àkf~yf~nlak qki }òjf~nlak _afy + _ð}fnl? Oq}f~*Ra}`gd+

hakylf`` I+ ,7649&? ‐Kvjsl~ gki Beqkygfk~‚ GkyH 74? 734*73<+

hakylf`` I+ ,76<7&? ‐êja ~nq`syq}a b}ej ]ejgk Ieja~yfn Dg}iak~‚ fk Gknfaky ]ejgk Dg}iak~aifyai mv A+ M+ JgnIeqdg`` gki T+ B+ Og~laj~hf <7*69+ Tg~lfkdyek I+N+

hàJakyg ^+ ,766>&? Da`gda}ya B`q~~dòyya} ia~ ^séyla`àkf~jq~ qki ia} }òjf~nlak Hgf~a}zafy+ Hò`k%Tafjg}%Tfak? Mòl`gq Ra}`gd+

hqkzanl+ ,7666&? ‐Ra}hgkkya Dòyya}b}aqkia+ _q Iaqyqkd qki Bqkhyfek la`àkf~yf~nla} Dak}a~hq`syq}ak‚ ]J 732? 9>*<=+

hqkzanl+ ,=33=&? _qj D}afbak Kgl+ ^yf`slékejaka fk ia} la`àkf~yf~nlak ^hq`syq} qki fl}a fklg`y`fnla Fkya}s}aygyfek+ Jðknlak? Mf}fkd " M}fkhjgkk+

`gkda A+ ,76=3&? ‐Ifa Akytfnh`qkd ia} gkyfhak M}qkkaks`g~yfh‚+ Sl+I+ if~~+ Dòyyfkdak Qkfra}~fyv+

àyzka} T+ ,7663&? ]òjf~nla M}qkkak qki Kvjslgag fk ia} ta~y`fnlak ]afnl~lé`bya+ Jðknlak?Nlg}vmif~+

`fkba}y G+ ,7642&? Hqk~yzaky}ak la`àkf~yf~nla} _afy? ^yqifak gk tafm`fnlak Datgkidq}ak+ Tfa~mgiak?

^yafka}+



’ 716 ’


èkdba`èt M+ ,=331&? ‐Fjsa}fg` Sgy}ekgda gki Q}mgk If~s`gv eb ]ejgk Jekqjakyg` Beqkygfk~ gkiKvjslgag‚+ Sl+I+ if~~+ Jfnlfdgk Qkfra}~fyv+

Jgn}e G+ I+ ,76<3&? ‐Yla Nfyfa~ eb G~fg Jfke} qkia} yla ]ejgk Fjsa}fqj‚+ GK]T FF+4+=? 21<*264+

Jgia}kg N+ ,76<<&? Oqssfya} Ifejaia~ qki Ja}hq} g`~ Re}mfìa} bð} ]òjf~nla Mfìkf~~ygyqak+Qkya}~qnlqkdak zqj }òjf~nlak ~ygyqg}f~nlak Fiag`se}y}éy + Lafia`ma}d? Ra}`gd G}nléeèdfa qkiDa~nlfnlya+

Jgkia}~nlafi L+ ,76<7&? Ifa ^hq`syq}akgq~~ygyyqkd ia} hgf~a}zafy`fnlak Yla}jakgk`gdak+ JekqjakygG}yf~ ]ejgkga \R Ma}`fk+ Tfa~mgiak? ]afnla}y Ra}`gd+

Jg}ngiæO+}gbyeSeqèq A+ ,762>&? ‐^nq`syq}a~ g}dfakka~ ,FF&‚ MNL <4? >>*7<4+

lð`~ak O+ ,ai+& ,7676&? Ig~ Kvjslgaqj+ Jfày+ A}damkf~~a ia} Gq~d}gmqkdak qki Qkya}~qnlqkdak ~afyiaj Ogl}a 7<66 Mgki F Laby 1+ Ma}`fk @afszfd? T+ ia D}qvya}+

kaqianha} ]+ ,76<<&? Ifa ^hq`syq}akgq~~ygyyqkd }òjf~nla} Rf`àk fk Fyg`fak+ Jgfkz? Slf`fss rek _gma}k+kaqa}Mq}d K+ ,7623&? Yla g}nlfyanyq}a eb beqkygfk~ gki kvjslgag fk gknfaky Fyg`v+ Sl+If~~+ Kat Ve}hQkfra}~fyv+

nl}v~e~yeJeqS+haSlg`èkfyeq B+ ,=337&? Κζοπσεθζύ + Jfkf~y}v eb Nq`yq}a+ Gylak~? G}nlaeèdfng`]anafsy~ Bqki+

kfaJava}L+ D+ ,762<&? ^yqifak zq} ~ygyqg}f~nlak Ig}~ya``qkd ia} }òjf~nlak Hgf~a}+ ,Jekqjakyg G}yf~]ejgkga RFF&+ Ma}`fk+ Tfa~mgiak? I}+ @qitfd ]afnla}y Ra}`gd+

SgSgzgSlaf}feq D+ ,=339&? ‐Εζ ζιαηθζώωζού ησαζοκΥώαζύ ωφκ ΧφηΥφκ ηρωοηωπφκ‚+ Sl+I+

if~~+ G}f~yeyà Qkfra}~fyv eb Yla~~gèkfhf+wqgyaJMa} Q+ ,=332&? ‐Yla Tgya} Jgkgdajaky gki Ia`fra}v ^v~yaj eb yla Kvjslgaqj Y}gfgkf gyAsla~q~‚ fk Nq}g Gwqg}qj fk Asla~e~+ S}enaaifkd~ eb yla 7=yl Fkya}kgyfekg` Nekd}a~~ ek yla Lf~ye}v eb Tgya} Jgkgdajaky gki Lvi}gq`fn Akdfkaa}fkd fk yla Jaifya}}gkagk ]adfek 7=+ aifyai mv D+ Tfs`fkda}4>*44 MGMa~nl ^qss`+ 9= ,@aqrak&+

}fidtgv M+ ^+ ,7647&? ‐Yla âyyfkd eb D}aah ^nq`syq}a~‚ La~sa}fg 93? >>2*>12+

}fidtgv M+ ^+ ,76<7&? ‐D}aah Gkyanaiaky~ eb Dg}iak ^nq`syq}a‚ fk Iqjmg}yek Egh~ Ne`èwqfqj eb yla lf~ye}v eb Dg}iak G}nlfyanyq}a RFF aifyai mv T+ B+ Og~laj~hf gki A+ M+ Jgnieqdg`` ,7646& 4*=<s`+Ζ*ΤΖΖ+

}fnlg}i O+ ,=33<&? ‐]ejgk Kvjslgag gki Jekqjakyg` Beqkygfk~ fk yla @argky? Tgya} ^qss`v r~+Q}mgk Ga~ylayfn~5‚ fk Nq}g Gwqg}qj fk Oe}igkfak+ S}enaaifkd~ eb yla 7>yl Fkya}kgyfekg` Nekba}akna ekyla Lf~ye}v eb Tgya} Jgkgdajaky gki Lvi}gq`fn Akdfkaa}fkd fk yla Jaifya}}gkagk ]adfek 7> ,Say}g %Gjjgk >7 Jg}nl „ 36 Gs}f` =334& aifyai mv El`fd N+ =2>*=<9+ ^fadmq}d ,Da}jgkv&? ITlD+

}fnlg}i O+ ,=373&? Yla “Kvjslgag‖ eb yla ]ejgk Ag~y g~ Ya~yfjekfa~ eb yla ]a`fdfeq~ gki ênfg` @fbagki eb Q}mgk ]as}a~akygyfek gki Nlg}gnya}fzgyfek fk yla Ag~ya}k ]ejgk S}erfkna~+ ,ÂJG 73&+Yq}kleqy ,Ma`dfqj&? M}ase`~+ Be}ylnejfkd+

}fai` K+ ,=33>&? ‐Deyylafyak qki Hq`ya fk ia} Iahgse`f~+ Iafyfa~ gki nq`y~ fk yla Iangse`f~‚+ Sl+I+if~~+ B}afak Qkfra}~fyéy Ma}`fk+

~nla}}a} S+ ,ai& ,=333&? Asla~q~+ Yla Kat Dqfia+ Y}gk~`gyai mv @+ Mfa} gki D+ J+ @q|ek+




’ 723 ’

~nle}kie}ba} ^+ ,7664&? Òbbaky`fnla Mgqyak lgi}fgkf~nla} _afy fk Hàfkg~fak+ Jðknlak? @fy Ra}`gd+

~nltfkda~yafk N+ ,7644&? Ifa Bfdq}akgq~~ygyyqkd ia~ d}fanlf~nlak Ylagya}daméqia~+ Jðknlaka}g}nléeèdf~nla ^yqifak Mgki <+ Jðknlak? Bfkh+

~adg` G+ ,7664&? B}ej Bqknyfek ye Jekqjaky+ Q}mgk @gki~ngsa~ eb ]ejgk Sgà~yfka ^v}fg gki S}erfknfg G}gmfg ,E|met Jeked}gsl~ 22& E|be}i+

~ΰζωδ ]+ ]+ ]+ ,766<&? ‐Nq`yq}g` Nlefna gki Se`fyfng` Fiakyfyv fk Leke}fn Se}y}gfy ̂ ygyqa~ fk yla D}aahAg~y fk yla âneki Nakyq}v G+I+‚ O]^ <<? 12*6>+

~òìka} J+ ,76<2&?Qkya}~qnlqkdak zq `fadakiak A}eyak fk ia} la`àkf~yf~nlak qki }òjf~nlak Hqk~y +B}gkhbq}y gj Jgfk? S+ @gkd+

~yatg}y S+ ,=33>&? ^ygyqa~ fk ]ejgk ênfayv+ ]as}a~akygyfek gki ]a~sek~a+ E|be}i? E|be}i Qkfra}~fyvS}a~~+

~yq}daek J+ N+ ,76<4&? ^nq`syq}a F? 761=*7624 ,F~yljfg FR&+ S}fknayek? G^N^G sqm`fngyfek+yleJg~ A+ ,=334&? Jekqjakyg`fyv gki yla ]ejgk Ajsf}a8 G}nlfyanyq}a fk yla Gkyekfka Gda+ E|be}i?E|be}i Qkfra}~fyv S}a~~+

qĕq}`q k+M+ ,=339&? ‐Yla ]ejgk Kvjslgag fk yla nfyfa~ eb G~fg Jfke}? Bqknyfek fk Nekya|y‚+ J+^n+Yla~f~ Gkhg}g Jfiià Ag~y Yanlkfng` Qkfra}~fyv+

ra}Jaqà FFF N+ N+ ,7644&? D}aah ^nq`syq}a gki ]ejgk Yg~ya+ Yla Sq}se~a gki âyyfkd eb D}gane*]ejgk G}y fk Fyg`v gki yla D}aah Fjsa}fg` Ag~y+ Jfnlfdgk? Gkk G}me}+

re``d}gbb T+ ,761<&? ‐Beqf`à~ ay ~ekigda~ ~q} à gkn e}fakyg` ia `g @g}f~~g ã G}de~‚ MNL <= ? 172*

143+tg`ha} ^+ ,7646&? ‐Yla G}nlfyanyq}g` Iaraèsjaky eb ]ejgk Kvjslgag fk D}aana‚+ Sl+I+ if~~+Qkfra}~fyv eb @ekiek+

tg`ha}~+,ai+& ,76<4&? ‐]ejgk kvjslgag fk yla D}aah te}ì‚ fk ]ejgk g}nlfyanyq}a fk yla D}aahte}ì+ XAfdlyl ]a~ag}nl âjfkg} @ekiek ==ki Jg}nl 76<1Z 23*47+

taMa} yl+ ,=33=&? Dgig}g„Qjj WĞ~ F+ Dgig}g Iangse`fygkg+ Qkya}~qnlqkdak zq} Yesed}gslfaDa~nlfnlya G}nlfyahyq} qki Mfìakiak Hqk~y afka} ¸Se`f~ La`àkf~¨ fj E~yoe}igk`gki ,GISR >3&Tfa~mgiak? Eyye Lg}}g~~etfyz Ra}`gd+

tfkya}A+ ,7662&? ^yggy`fnla Mgqse`fyfh qki Mgqbð}~e}da fk iak }òjf~nlak S}erfkzak ia~ hgf~a}zafy`fnlakHàfkg~fak ,G~fg Jfke} ^yqifak =3& Mekk? ]+ Lgma`y DjmL+

|gde}g}f*dàf~~ka} J+ ,=33=&? ‐Yvnla Jq~a eia} Kvjsla5 M}qkkakdq}ak gq~ Ja~~aka‚ Ylayf~ 6?41*<3+



OQKYG IA A\Y]AJGIQ]GRfnas}a~fiaknfg ̂ adqkig, Nek~aoa}êg ia Anekejêg,

Nek a` gseve ia?

Sculptured Decoration of Monumental Nymphaea at the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire

Documents

Transcript of Sculptured Decoration of Monumental Nymphaea at the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire