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SCIENCE CHAPTER 8 SUPPORT & MOVEMENT
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The Support System In Animals
The support system of humans and land vertebrates is an endoskeleton (internal skeleton)
The functions of the endoskeleton is to :
1. Support the weight of the body2. Give the body its structure and
shape3. Produce blood cells4. Produce soft organs of the
body such as the heart and the kidneys
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Support System In Land Vertebrates
Land vertebrates are also supported by endoskeletons
The land vertebrates ‘ endoskelton :
1. Give them shape2. Support their weight3. Protect their soft tissues
and organs of the body
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Support System In Aquatic Vertebrates
The body weight of aquatic vertebrates is supported by the buoyancy of water
Their pectoral and pelvic girdles are very small and weak compared to those of land vertebrates
Aquatic vertebrates like the whale can grow to enormous sizes. This is because their body is supported by water so their bones do not have to support all of their weight
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Support System In
Land Invertebrates
Exoskeleton (external skeleton)
Hydrostatic skeleton
(fluid-filled skeleton)
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Exoskeleton
Some invertebrates have hard external structures for :
1. Maintaining their shape2. Supporting their bodies 3. Protecting their internal body
organs4. Aiding movement The hard external structures
are called exoskeletons The exoskeletons consists of
a hard substance called chitin
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
Invertebrates with soft bodies have body fluids to provide them with shape and support
The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton
The hydrostatic skeleton has the following functions :
1. Provides support2. Maintains body shape3. Aids movement
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Support System In Aquatic
Invertebrates
ExoskeletonHydrostatic
Skeleton
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Exoskeleton
Aquatic invwertebrates such as prawns, crabs, cockles and snails are supported by hard exoskeleton
The exoskeletons are very hard because they contain calcium
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
Aquatic invertebrates such as the starfish and the jellyfish are supported by a hydrostatic skeleton
The fluid pressure in their bodies gives them support and shape
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Support System in Plants
Support System in Land Plants
Support System in Aquatic Plants
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Support System in Land Plants
There are 2 types of support system of land plants, which are :
1. Woody plants2. Non-woody plants (herbaceous plants) Woody plants are supported by woody
tissue. Woody tissue is hard and provides the shape and strength of the stem to hold itself erect
Woody plants are also supported by special structures such as thorns, buttress roots or clasping roots
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Various Support Systems Of Woody Plants
WOODY TISSUE THORNS
Woody tissues enables the plants to grow tall and erect in order to obtain sunlight
Plants such as the rattan, rose and bougainvillea have thorns to help them climb and obtain support by clinging onto other plants
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Various Support Systems Of Woody Plants
BUTTRESS ROOTS CLASPING ROOTS
Plants such as the casuarina tree have buttress roots to give them additional support
Plants such as the money plant have clasping roots to help them climb on other plants for support and to obtain sunlight
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Support System In Herbaceous Plants
Turgor Pressure Special Structures
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Turgor Pressure
Herbaceous plants such as balsam, mustard and water convolvulus are supported by turgor pressure
The water in the cells presses against the cell walls and keeps the stem hard and erect
Herbaceous plants will wilt if there is insufficient water
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Special Structures
PROP (ADVENTITIOUS) ROOTS
TENDRILS
Plants such as corn and sugar cane have prop (adventitious) roots to provide additional support for plants
Plants such as bitter gourd and cucumber plants have tendrils that twine around the stems of other plants in order to climb and grow upwards
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Support System in Aquatic Plants
Water provides support to the aquatic plants such as water lily, hydrilla, water hyacinth and duckweed
Aquatic plants have lots of air sacs in their stems and leaves that make them light and buoyant (able to float) or suspend in the water
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